Cattlemen's Day, 1995
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Item Open Access Relationships between weaning weight, maternal weaning weight, and milk production in polled Hereford cattle(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-10T20:07:43Z) Glaze, J.B. Jr.; Schalles, R.R.Performance data from a Polled Hereford herd selected for improved feed conversion were used to calculate a variety of genetic parameters. Heritabilities were .14 for weaning wt, .18 for maternal weaning wt., and .19 for milk production. The genetic correlations were –.10 between weaning weight and maternal weaning weight and 0 between weaning weight and milk production. However, the genetic correlation between maternal weaning weight and milk was . 99, indicating they are essentially the same trait. Milk EPDs published by most breed associations are calculate d as the maternal weaning weight. Our study strongly supports this method of estimating an animal's genotype for milk production.Item Open Access Premature browning in cooked ground beef after modifying myoglobin(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-10T20:07:31Z) Hunt, Melvin C.; Warren, K.E.; Kropf, Donald H.; Hague, M.A.; Waldner, C.L.; Stroda, Sally L.; Kastner, Curtis L.; sstroda; ckastnerSome ground beef patties developed an internal, brown cooked color and looked well-done at temperatures as low as 131 ̊F, whereas normal patties were re d to pink. The premature brown color was not relate d to percent fat; patty compaction; animal source and maturity; pH (5.5 to 5.8); or concentrations of raw patty heme and nonhemeiron, myoglobin, and total pigment. Because oxidation-reduction potential and total reducing activities were higher (P<.05) and TBA numbers were lower (P<.05) in normal than prematurely brown patties, the brown color is apparently related to greater patty oxidation.Item Open Access Factors affecting premature browning in cooked ground beef(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-10T20:07:20Z) Hunt, Melvin C.; Warren, K.E.; Kropf, Donald H.; Hague, M.A.; Waldner, C.L.; Stroda, Sally L.; Kastner, Curtis L.; sstroda; ckastnerSome ground beef patties developed an internal, brown cooked color and looked well-done at temperatures as low as 13 1EF, whereas normal patties were re d to pink. The premature brown color was not relate d to percent fat; patty compaction; animal source and maturity; pH (5.5 to 5.8); or concentrations of raw patty heme and nonhemeiron, myoglobin, and total pigment. Because oxidation-reduction potential and total reducing activities were higher (P<.05) and TBA numbers were lower (P<.05) in normal than prematurely brown patties, the brown color is apparently related to greater patty oxidation.Item Open Access Display life and internal cooked color of ground beef from vitamin e-supplemented cattle(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-10T20:07:05Z) Lavelle, C.L.; Hunt, Melvin C.; Kropf, Donald H.Retail display life of ground beef and internal color of patties cooked to four endpoint temperatures (131, 149, 160, and 17 1EF) were determined for ground beef (9% fat) from vitamin E-supplemented (500 and 2000 IU per day) steers. Visual scores indicated that the display time required for the 500 and 2000 vitamin E samples to reach an objectionable reddish-brown/brown color was increased by 12 and 32 hours, respectively, as compared with the 0 vitamin E samples. Patties did not differ in internal cooked color regardless of vitamin E level. Vitamin E was effective in increasing retail display color stability and did not affect cooked color.Item Open Access Effects of hot-fat trimming on retail display color of three beef muscles(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-10T20:06:55Z) Stuewe, S.R.; Kropf, Donald H.; Hunt, Melvin C.; Campbell, R.E.; Kastner, Curtis L.; ckastnerSteaks from subprimal cuts from carcass sides that were either hot-fat-trimmed to .25 inch or not hot-f at-trimmed (control) were used to determine trimming effects on retail display color. After 14 days storage in vacuum bags at 30EF, subprimals were cut into 1-inch-thick steaks for evaluation. Specific muscles that were evaluated were the loin strip (longissimus lumborum) , inside round (semimembranosus only), an d the chuck clod (triceps brachii only). The steaks were packaged in polyvinylchloride (PVC) film and displayed. The loin strip steaks from hot-fat-trimmed sides were more discolored (P<.05) than from nontrimmed controls at 0, 3, and 4 days display, but both had acceptable color through 4 days of display. Treatments were not different for inside round steaks (P>.05) ; the deep location was less red (P<.05) than the location closer to the muscle surface. Chuck clod steaks were not affected by trimming (P>.05). The location closest to the muscle surface was brightest red, and the deep location was darkest (P<.05). All inside round and chuck clod steaks were unacceptable in appearance by day 3 of display. Hot-fat trimming did not degrade the display color of these two muscles and overall effect of hot-fat trimming on beef steak display life was minimal.Item Open Access Process intervention to assure sanitation of beef carcasses and cuts(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-10T20:06:45Z) Prasai, R.K.; Kenney, P.B.; García Zepeda, C.M.; Mease, L.E.; Vogt, L.R.; Willard, B.L.; Kropf, Donald H.; Phebus, Randall K.; Campbell, R.E.; Boyle, Elizabeth A. E.; Kastner, Curtis L.; Fung, Daniel Y. C.; ckastner; phebus; dfung; lboyleThe meat industry and Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) strive to minimize carcass contamination during slaughter and subsequent processing. Because microbial contamination during slaughter cannot be avoided completely, decontamination methods must be addressed. This overview emphasizes process intervention studies conducted at Kansas State University to determine the most effective intervention points and technologies to control microbiological hazards in meat and meat products. Our research shows that trimming of gross contamination followed by washing is a reasonable approach to minimizing microbial contamination on beef carcasses. We also found that sanitation of subprimal cuts may be just as effective as treating the carcass.Item Open Access Changes in nutrient content of rye, triticale, and wheat whole-plant forages with maturity(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-10T20:06:35Z) Hanson, K.L.; Schalles, R.S.; Harbers, L.H.; Thompson, Curtis R.; cthompsoWe compared upland and bottomland cereals seeded during 1991 at the KSU Agricultural Research Center - Hays. The five crops (three varieties of triticale, a winter wheat, and a winter rye) were harvested as whole plants during the latter part of the growing season. Crude protein (CP), ac id detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were estimated using near infrared spectroscopy. Compute r models were developed to describe nutrient changes. Crude protein content decreased whereas the two fiber components increased with maturity. Rye and wheat tended to have lower CP values when day 125 was used as the arbitrary harvest date. We observed only slight differences i n nutritional components between upland and bottomland plantings.Item Open Access Relating quality changes to storage time for baled alfalfa(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-10T20:06:23Z) Coblentz, W.K.; Fritz, J.O.; Bolsen, K.K.; Cochran, R.C.; agrojofThe relationships between storage time and several chemical indices for forage quality were established for alfalfa hay baled at two moisture levels (29.9 and 19.7%) in conventional and laboratory bale s made at 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 times the density o f parent, conventional bales. Bales were sampled after 0, 4, 11, 22, and 60 days. For the high-moisture bales, most quality indices indicated substantial nutrient loss early in the storage period, particularly between days 4 and 11, with little change after 22 days. A nonlinear mathematical model was constructed to describe how neutral detergent fiber and several other quality indices changed with storage time. Acid detergent fiber was related poorly to storage time. Little change occurred in the low (19.7%) moisture bales.Item Open Access Agronomic performance and silage quality traits of forage sorghum hybrids in 1994(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-10T20:06:11Z) Mitchem, M.S.; Pfaff, L.; Bolsen, K.K.; Young, Matthew A.; mayoungThe 1994 growing season was characterized by near norm al rainfall and temperatures. Both whole-plant DM and grain yields were excellent for all hybrid s. The middle-season Pioneer 947 hybrid had the highest grain yield. The two dual-purpose hybrids had the highest whole-plant DM yields, and the male sterile (Golden Harvest H-1) and the grain sorghum (DeKalb 42Y) had the lowest. Strong winds in the first week in September caused substantial lodging in three of the four tall middle- and late-season hybrids (DeKalb FS-5 and Golden Harvest H-2 and H-68). Two of the short height, dual purpose hybrids (Northrup King 300 and Golden Harvest H-45) were not affected. The 10 sorghum hybrids differed significantly in the three important silage quality traits – whole-plant DM, crude protein, and acid detergent fiber.Item Open Access Effect of bacterial inoculants on the preservation and nutritive value of whole-plant corn silages(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-10T20:05:59Z) Bolsen, K.K.; Rice, D.W.; Hinds, M.A.; Zimmermann, C.; Young, Matthew A.; mayoungInoculated and control corn silages were compare d using pilot-scale silos. Inoculated silages (Pioneer inoculant 117 4 and 1132) had significantly higher lactic to acetic acid ratios, and numerically lower values for DM loss, acetic acid, ethanol, and ammonia-nitrogen than the control silage—evidence that both inoculants produced a more efficient fermentation . Although the inoculated silage rations had higher DM intakes than the control, nutrient digestibilities were similar for the three silages . These results are consistent with numerous studies that compared untreated and inoculant-treated silages over a wide range of crops and ensiling conditions in our research during the past several years.Item Open Access Top spoilage losses for corn and forage sorghum silages stored in bunker silos(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-10T20:05:26Z) Holthaus, D.L.; Dalke, B.S.; Pfaff, L.; Boyer, John E.; Bolsen, K.K.; Young, Matthew A.; mayoung; boyerCorn and forage sorghum silages were stored in small bunker silos for 180 days. Dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) losses, fermentation characteristics , in-situ DM digestibility, and temperatures were measured at 10, 20, and 30 inches from the original silage surface. Sealing the exposed surface increased DM and OM recoveries and improved fermentation quality and nutritive value in both crops, regardless of depth. The unsealed corn silages were much hotter within the top 3 ft than sealed silages, indicating aerobic losses. As expected , the unsealed silages from both crops deteriorated severely i n the top 20 inches. Placing a roof over the unsealed silos increased the silage DM content at all three depths, but did not consistently improve the storage efficiency or silage quality of either crop.Item Open Access Losses from top spoilage in horizontal silos(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-10T20:04:59Z) Holthaus, D.L.; Brent, B.E.; Pfaff, L.; Bolsen, K.K.; Young, Matthew A.; mayoungThe top 3 ft of silage from 127 horizontal silos was sampled at three locations across the width of the silo during a 4-year period (1990 through 1993). Ninety-six percent of the silages were either corn or forage sorghum, and only 18 percent of the silos were sealed with polyethylene sheeting . Losses of organic matter (OM) from spoilage were estimated by using ash content as an internal marker. Sealing silos dramatically reduced the estimated spoilage losses in the top 3 ft. All silages had greater estimated spoilage losses in the top 18 inches in 1991 and 1993 than 1990 and 1992. Sealing reduced spoilage losses of OM in the to p 18 inches by 16, 37, 19, and 36 percentage units in 1990 through 1993, respectively , and in the second 18 inches by 4, 13, 3, and 7 percentage units. Dry matter (DM) contents were lower for forage sorghum silages in the top 18 inches than for corn silages in the first 3 years, and i n all 4 years, DM contents for sealed silages were lower than those for unsealed silages. Silage had higher pH values in the top 1 8 inches than in the second 18 inches.Item Open Access Kansas environmental regulations(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-10T20:04:45Z) Harner, Joseph P.; Hess, L.; Murphy, James P.; jmurphy; jharnerThe Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) enforces two different regulation s in the state of Kansas. One set of regulation s is from the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and applies to larger operations. The other is a set of Kansas regulation s created by our state legislature for smaller operations. EPA regulations pertain to confined feeding operation s in excess of 1,000 animal units and require an EPA National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. Because an animal unit for the NPDES permit is defined as one beef animal, a feedlot with a capacity of 1,000 or more will need to apply to KDHE for a NPDES permit. The main criterion of the permit is to contain the runoff volume from a 24-hour, 25-year frequency rainfall event.Item Open Access Cash operating income and liquidity management for feeder cattle operations(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-10T20:04:32Z) Elliott, B.D.; Langemeier, Michael R.; Featherstone, Allen M.; mlange; afeatherNet cash flow measures the amount of cash remaining after all cash expense obligations are satisfied. This cash is available for additional farm investment, off-farm investment, family living, and additional debt repayment. A 5-year, average, monthly, cash-flow statement was used to determine net cash flow for 18 feeder cattle farms .Results indicate that excess cash was used primarily to invest in equipment, vehicles, and nonfarm assets. Investments in buildings increased moderately over the study period, while investment in land was minimal.Item Open Access Determinants of prices for cow-calf pairs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-10T20:04:06Z) Parcell, J.L.; Hiner, F.D.; Schroeder, Ted C.; tcsA study of price determinants for cow-calf pairs was undertaken at a local Kansas auction company during 1993. Cow breed, age, health, condition score, horns, frame size, and whether the cow h ad been bred back impacted cow-calf pair values, as well as calf weight, health, and frame score. Addition ally, pairs per pen significantly impacted prices. Young healthy cows with healthy large calves received the highest prices.Item Open Access How the price of different breeds of feeder cattle has changed over time(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-10T20:03:50Z) Brazle, F.K.; Mintert, J.R.; Sartwelle, J. III; Bolze, R.P. Jr.; Schroeder, Ted C.; jmintert; tcsData on feeder steer characteristics, breeds, and prices were collected in 1986/87 and 1993 at Kansas and Missouri feeder cattle auctions to identify changes in buyers' preferences for various breeds. Results from models of feeder steer price/characteristics indicate that the relative value of many breeds changed over time. Relative to Hereford steers, Angus, Hereford × Angus cross, Continental cross, and low percentage Brahman steers all gained in price from 1986/87 to 1993. Longhorn Cross steers' price declined relative to Hereford steers over the same time period.Item Open Access Feeder cattle price differentials: how much did they change over time?(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-10T20:03:34Z) Mintert, J.; Brazle, F.; Sartwelle, J. III; Bolze, R. Jr.; Langemeier, Michael R.; Schroeder, Ted C.; jmintert; tcs; mlangeResults from mathematical models of feeder cattle price/characteristics using data collected in Kansa s and Missouri in 1986/1987 and from 1993 using the same data collection and modeling procedures indicate that the implicit values of many feeder cattle characteristics changed over time. Characteristic values often changed whether their value was measured in dollars per hundredweight or as a percentage of the mean feeder p rice during the data collection period. Directional impacts of characteristics on feeder cattle price were generally consistent from 1986/1987 to 1993. These results imply that, as market conditions change, new feeder cattle price/characteristic relationships need to be estimated.Item Open Access The effect of a core antigen vaccine on health and performance of cattle diagnosed with bovine respiratory disease(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-10T20:03:19Z) Stokka, Gerald L.; Brandt, Robert T., Jr.; Kreikemeier, K.K.; Milton, T.When studied in receiving trials at three locations, health or performance of calves receiving a core antigen vaccine was not improved.Item Open Access Sulfur amino acid utilization by growing steers(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-10T20:03:03Z) Campbell, C.G.; St Jean, G.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; etitgemeTwo studies were conducted to evaluate sulfur amino acid requirements of growing steers. In trial 1, six ruminally cannulated steers (352 lb) were used to determine methionine requirements . Treatments were abomasal infusions of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 g/day of L-methionine. Steers were fed 5.8 lb of a soyhull and wheat straw based diet. Continuous infusion s of acetate, propionate, and butyrate into the rumen and of dextrose into the abomasum were made to increase energy. Amino acids other than methionine were infused into the abomasum to ensure that they did not limit steer performance. Nitrogen retention increased dramatically as methionine supplementation increased and, in the presence of excess cysteine, predicted a requirement of 4 g/day of supplemental L-methionine. Plasma methionine rose with methionine supplementation and predicted a supplemental methionine requirement of 2 g/day. In trial 2, five ruminally cannulated steers (429 lb) were used to determine how efficiently methionine is converted to cysteine in growing cattle. The experimental procedures were similar to those of trial 1, except steers received a basal supplement of amino acids containing 4 g/day L-methionine (requirement in the presence of excess cysteine established in trial 1) and no cysteine. Treatments consisted of abomasal infusions of 0, 1.62, or 3.25 g/day of L-cysteine or 2 or 4 g/day of additional L-methionine. Nitrogen retention was increased by methionine, but not by cysteine, suggesting that cysteine could supply less than one-half of the total sulfur amino acid requirement (methionine + cysteine) of growing steers.Item Open Access Combinations of nonprotein nitrogen and natural protein affect performance of finishing steers fed flaked corn diets(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-10T20:02:42Z) Healy, B.J.; Brandt, Robert T., Jr.; Eck, T.P.Two hundred crossbred steers (7 85 lb) were used to evaluate the effects of the relative proportion of supplemental nitrogen derived from soybean meal (SBM) and urea. Treatments included an unsupplemented negative control and four 13% CP diets containing SBM:urea proportions (nitrogen basis) of 100:0, 67:33, 33: 67, and 0:100. Steers fed the control diets gained 38% slower (P<.01); ate 4% less feed (P<.10); were 33% less efficient (P<.01); and had lighter carcasses (P<.01) with less backfat (P<.01), less kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (KPH; P<.12), less ribeye area (REA; P<.11) , and less marbling (P<.01) than nitrogen-supplemented steers. Among steers fed supplemented diets, feed intake increased linearly as proportion of SBM increased (P<.01) . Daily gain (P<.05) and feed:gain (P<.05) responded quadratically and was best for steers fed combinations of the nitrogen sources. Similarly, hot carcass weights and backfat thickness were greater (P<.06) for steers fed the mixed supplements. There was a tendency for a linear increase in KPH as proportion of urea in the diet was increased (P<.14). Yield grade, ribeye area, and marbling were unaffected by SBM:urea proportions. In high-concentrate finishing diets, at least some of the supplemental nitrogen should be derived from a natural, degradable-protein source.
