Swine Day, 2004

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Open Access
Using regumate to control estrus in swine
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:30:05Z) Davis, Duane L.; davis
Altrenogest, marketed for use in horses as Regumate, is a synthetic progestin that is marketed for use in pigs as MATRIX. It effectively regulates the occurrence of estrus in randomly cycling gilts if it is provided for 14 or more days at a daily dose of 15 mg/day. It is important to assure that each gilt receives her full dose; otherwise problems of cystic follicles and reduced fertility may be observed.
Open Access
Using mixer efficiency testing to evaluate feed segregation in feed lines
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:29:39Z) Groesbeck, C.N.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; jnelssen; dritz
An experiment was conducted to evaluate potential diet segregation in feed lines by measuring coefficient of variation (CV) and mean salt concentration. The facility was a 1500-head gestation barn with nine feed lines, transected by a central feed line that conveyed feed from one of two bulk bins. Quantab® chloride titrators were used to analyze the chloride concentration (salt) from samples collected at pre-determined feed line locations at various distances from the bulk bins. Thirty samples were collected from three feed lines (row 1, 5, and 9), ten samples were collected from drop boxes close to the central feed line (location 1), ten samples were collected from a central location within the row (location 2), and ten samples were collected from the furthest end of the feed line (location 3). Samples of approximately 50 g were collected directly from the feed drop. The sample collection procedure was repeated four times. After the first two sample collections, a bin agitator was added to the bulk bin. There was a feed line × distance (within the feed line) × agitator interaction (P > 0.02) observed for CV. The addition of the bin agitator improved the CV in feed line 1 and 5, with no improvement observed in feed line 9. The CV observed before the addition of the agitator averaged 17.6, 18.6, and 14.3% for feed lines 1, 5, and 9, respectively, and the CV observed after the addition of the agitator averaged 13.6, 16, and 14% for feed line 1, 5, and 9 respectively. Within all feed lines (rows), distance CV was higher at locations 1 (17.3%) and 3 (17.6%), compared with CV at location 2 (15.6%) before the addition of the agitator, but was lower at locations 1 (14.3%) and 3 (13.0%), compared with CV at location 2 (15.6%) after the addition of the agitator. There was a mean-salt concentration effect (P<0.0001) observed for feed line. Feed lines 1 and 5 were similar in mean salt concentration, whereas feed line 9 consistently had the highest salt concentration. There was little to no feed segregation observed.
Open Access
The optimal true-ileal-digestible lysine and total sulfur amino acid requirement for nursery pigs between 20 and 50 lb
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:29:26Z) Schneider, J.D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jnelssen; jderouch
An experiment was conducted with 360 pigs (PIC, avg BW = 22.7 lb) to determine the appropriate true-ileal-digestible (TID) lysine and total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) requirement of nursery pigs, and consequently to determine the optimal TSAA-to-lysine ratio. This trial was organized as a combination of two simultaneous experiments, with one set of diets consisting of five treatments with increasing TID lysine (0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3%) and the second set of diets consisting of five treatments with increasing TID TSAA (0.56, 0.62, 0.68, 0.74, and 0.81%). The highest concentrations of both lysine and TSAA (1.3% and 0.81%, respectively) were combined as one diet and used in both the lysine and TSAA titrations, to give a total of 10 treatments. Pigs were randomly allotted to eight replications with five pigs per pen, on the basis of BW. Average daily gain increased (linear, P<0.01), but ADFI decreased (linear, P<0.06) with increasing TID lysine. Increasing TID lysine also improved (linear, P<0.01; and quadratic P<0.05) F/G. Increasing TID TSAA from 0.56 to 0.81% increased (linear, P<0.02) ADG and improved (linear, P<0.01) F/G. The arrangement of treatments in this experiment determined both the lysine and TSAA requirements simultaneously, which allowed the use of a regression approach in the establishment of a TID TSAA-to-lysine ratio. In this approach, ADG and F/G values are plotted as the dependent variables on the X axis and the TID lysine and TSAA concentrations are plotted on the Y axis. A trend line is fit through the data to develop a regression equation to predict the TID lysine and TSAA requirements, which can be used to estimate the TID TSAA-to-lysine ratio. The values for ADG and F/G from the individual lysine and TSAA trials must overlap to allow this approach to work. Regression analysis of the response surface resulted in an estimated TID TSAA-to-lysine ratio range of 55 to 61% for ADG and 57 to 61% for F/G.
Open Access
The optimal true-ileal-digestible lysine and total sulfur amino acid requirement for finishing pigs fed paylean®
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:28:59Z) Frantz, N.Z.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen; dritz; jderouch
A total of 1887 pigs (PIC 337 × C22; 213 lb initial BW) were used in a 28-d growth assay to simultaneously examine both the true-ileal-digestible (TID) lysine and TID total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) requirements. The objective was to determine the appropriate TID TSAA-to-lysine ratio in finishing pigs fed Paylean® (4.5 g/ton) to maximize growth performance and carcass composition. Four TID lysine (0.66. 0.79, 0.92, and 1.05%) and four TID TSAA (0.47, 0.52, 0.57, and 0.63%) concentrations were evaluated. The highest lysine and TSAA concentrations were combined in the same diet, and there were eleven or twelve replicate pens per treatment. The lysine treatments were formulated with a minimum TID TSAA to lysine ratio of 60%, and the TSAA diets were formulated with 1.05% TID lysine. No gender × treatment or treatment × week interactions were observed (P>0.13). Increasing TID lysine increased ADG (linear, P<0.01), with the greatest response at 0.92% TID lysine, but ADG (P>0.76) was not affected by increasing TID TSAA. This resulted in a TID TSAA-to-lysine ratio of not more than 51% for optimum ADG. Increasing TID lysine did not affect ADFI (P>0.60), but ADFI decreased (linear, P<0.04) with increasing TID TSAA. Increasing dietary TID lysine improved feed efficiency (F/G) (linear, P<0.01), and increasing TID TSAA tended to improve F/G (linear, P<0.09). Although the response was linear, the greatest improvement in F/G was observed as the TID TSAA increased from 0.47% to 0.52%, resulting in an optimum TID TSAA-to-lysine ratio of 57%. Regression analysis indicates that the maximum F/G response was obtained with a TID TSAA-to-lysine ratio of 58%. Increasing TID lysine had no effect on any carcass criteria (P>0.11), but increasing TID TSAA from 0.47 to 0.52% tended to improve fat-free lean (quadratic, P<0.10). No other carcass criteria were affected by increasing TID TSAA (P>0.10). In summary, a TID TSAA-to-lysine ratio of 58% optimizes growth performance of finishing pigs fed Paylean.
Open Access
The optimal true-ileal-digestible lysine and threonine requirements for growing-finishing pigs from 80 to 130 and 170 to 230 pounds
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:28:46Z) Frantz, N.Z.; Usry, J.L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen; dritz; jderouch
A total of 4388 pigs (PIC 337 × C22; Exp. 1: 1070 gilts, initially 79 lb BW; Exp. 2: 3318 pigs, initially 170 lb BW) were used in 28-d growth assays to examine both the true-ileal-digestible (TID) lysine and threonine requirements, and then determine the appropriate TID threonine-to-lysine ratio in growing-finishing pigs from 80 to 130 lb and 170 to 230 lb. In Exp. 1, four TID lysine (0.71. 0.81, 0.91, and 1.01%) and five TID threonine (0.50, 0.56, 0.62, 0.68 and 0.74%) concentrations were evaluated. In Exp. 2, four TID lysine (0.56, 0.64, 0.72, and 0.80%), and five TID threonine (0.43, 0.48, 0.53, 0.58 and 0.63%) concentrations were evaluated. The diet with the highest concentration of lysine and second- highest concentration of threonine served as a positive control in both studies, and this diet was combined as one treatment to give a total of nine treatments in each study. Other amino acids were formulated to meet, or exceed, requirement estimates to ensure that lysine and threonine were the only limiting amino acids. In Exp. 1, increasing TID lysine tended to increase ADG (quadratic, P<0.06), with the greatest response occurring from 0.71 to 0.81%. Increasing TID lysine also quadratically increased ADFI (P<0.03) up to 0.81% TID lysine, and linearly improved feed efficiency (F/G; P<0.01), up to 1.01% TID lysine. Increasing TID threonine did not affect ADG (P>0.69) or ADFI (P>0.29), but improved F/G (linear, P<0.05), with the maximum response occurring at 0.68% TID threonine. Values of 1.01% TID lysine and 0.68% TID threonine in Exp. 1 suggest an optimal TID threonine-to-lysine ratio of 67% for F/G. In Exp. 2, a treatment × gender interaction was observed for F/G (P<0.02). This was because gilts had a greater response to increasing TID lysine, whereas barrows had a greater response to increasing TID threonine. In Exp. 2, increasing TID lysine improved ADG (linear, P<0.05) in gilts and barrows (P<0.07), and improved F/G (linear, P<0.01) in gilts, as the TID lysine concentration increased to 0.72%. Increasing TID threonine improved ADG and F/G (linear, P<0.04) in barrows and increased ADG and ADFI (linear, P<0.06) in gilts as the threonine concentration increased to 0.48%. Values of 0.72% TID lysine and 0.48% TID threonine in Exp. 2 suggest an optimum TID threonine-to-lysine ratio of 67%. The practical TID threonine-to-lysine ratio suggested by this study for pigs from 80 to 130 lb and from 170 to 230 lb is 67%. Further research is needed to verify these results and evaluate the economics of feeding higher threonine concentrations.
Open Access
Interactive effects between pantothenic acid and ractopamine HCl (paylean®) on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:28:16Z) Groesbeck, C.N.; James, B.W.; Keegan, T.P.; Lawrence, K.R.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; dritz; jnelssen; jderouch
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the interactive effects between added pantothenic acid and ractopamine HCl (Paylean®) on growth performance and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 156 pigs (PIC, initial BW = 56.7 ± 5.8 lb) were used in a 2 × 3 factorial with ractopamine HCl (RAC; 0 or 10 ppm) and added pantothenic acid (PA; 0, 22.5, or 45 ppm). Pigs were fed the assigned PA concentrations from 56.7 to 268.1 lb (d 0 to 98), and were fed RAC for the last 28 d before slaughter. Increasing added PA had no effect (P<0.05) on ADG, ADFI, or feed efficiency (F/G) from d 0 to d 70. A PA × gender interaction (P<0.05) was observed for ADG and F/G from d 71 to 98. Increasing PA increased ADG and F/G in gilts, but not in barrows. Added RAC for the last 28 d before slaughter increased (P<0.001) ADG and F/G for d 71 to 98 and d 0 to 98. Increasing the amount of added PA had no effect (P<0.05) on carcass traits. Adding RAC increased (P<0.001) longissimus muscle area and percentage lean. In Exp. 2, the effects of added PA on N balance of finishing pigs fed RAC were evaluated. A total of 156 barrows (PIC, initial weight = 131.6 lb) were fed added PA (0, 22.5, or 45.0 ppm) for a minimum of eight weeks. A total of 44 pigs were randomly selected from the 156 initial pigs and were moved into individual stainlesssteel metabolism creates. Pigs remained on their respective PA treatments, with or without RAC (10 ppm), for 8 d, were moved out of the collection chambers, and were fed the same diets from d 8 to 28. There were no PA × RAC interactions (P<0.05) observed. Added PA had no effect (P<0.05) on N excretion, N retention, or biological value (BV). Fecal N excretion was greater (P<0.01) for pigs fed RAC, compared with that of the pigs not fed RAC, but urinary N decreased (P<0.01) for the pigs fed RAC, resulting in no difference in total excreted N. Adding RAC increased (P<0.04) BV. No PA (P < 0.05) response was observed for ADG or F/G, and RAC increased (P<0.001) ADG and F/G from d 0 to 28.
Open Access
Influence of chromium source on plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations in growing-finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:27:44Z) Groesbeck, C.N.; Lawrence, K.R.; Valdez, F.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; goodband; dritz; jnelssen
A total of 150 pigs (PIC, initial body weight 178.9 ± 14.7 lb) were used in a 35-d study to evaluate the effect of chromium propionate and chromium tripicolinate on plasma non-esterifed fatty acids (NEFA) in growing-finishing pigs. Our objective was to determine if differences between sources and rate of source being fed can be detected in fasted growing-finishing pigs by measuring plasma NEFA. Pigs were randomly allotted to one of the five dietary treatments arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial plus negative control (no chromium). Main effects were source of chromium (chromium propionate and chromium tripicolinate) and chromium concentration (100 or 200 ppb). On d 34, feeders were removed from pens 16 h before collecting blood on d 35 for analysis of plasma NEFA. There were no interactions (P>0.10) observed for chromium source, rate, or gender. There was no effect observed (P>0.10) of chromium source or rate on ADG, ADFI, or F/G. There was no chromium-source effect (P>0.73) observed for NEFA, but there was a tendency (quadratic, P>0.08) for plasma NEFA to decrease in pigs fed 100 ppb chromium tripicolinate and to increase in the pigs fed 200 ppb tripicolinate.
Open Access
Growth performance of nursery pigs fed BIOSAF yeast alone or in combination with in-feed antimicrobial
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:27:29Z) Hildabrand, B.M.; Neill, C.R.; Burkey, T.E.; Johnson, B.J.; Minton, J. Ernest; Dritz, Steven S.; orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-169X; dritz
A total of 210 pigs were used in a 28-d growth study to evaluate the effects of feeding the combination antibiotic neomycin and oxytetracycline (Neo-Terra), different rates of BIOSAF yeast (0.15% or 0.3%), and the combination of Neo-Terra and BIOSAF in nursery diets. Overall, pigs fed the diet containing both Neo-Terra and 0.15% BIOSAF had greater ADG and ADFI than did pigs fed the control diet and pigs fed either concentration of BIOSAF alone (P<0.05). Furthermore, over the entire trial, pigs fed the diet containing both Neo-Terra and BIOSAF also tended to have greater ADG and ADFI than did pigs fed only Neo-Terra (P = 0.15). Pigs fed Neo-Terra had greater ADG and ADFI than did pigs fed the control diet and the diet containing 0.15% BIOSAF, but both ADG and ADFI were similar between pigs fed Neo-Terra and pigs fed 0.3% BIOSAF. Whereas BIOSAF fed alone did not significantly improve growth performance over that of control pigs, pigs fed the diet combining both Neo-Terra and 0.15% BIOSAF had a 16% improvement in ADG, compared with that of pigs fed the control diet, and had a trend for an improvement in ADG, compared with that of pigs fed the diet containing Neo-Terra without added yeast. Thus, in nursery settings where Neo-Terra will be added, addition of 0.15% BIOSAF to diets could enhance growth performance. The overall growth performance of pigs fed 0.3% BIOSAF yeast was intermediate to that of pigs fed the control diet and pigs fed the diet containing Neo-Terra. Additional research will be required to determine definitively if a rate at, or close to, 0.3% BIOSAF can be added to nursery diets to approach growth performance observed with Neo-Terra.
Open Access
Feeding L-carnitine to gestating sows alters the insulin-like growth-factor system in cultured porcine embryonic muscle cells isolated from fetal skeletal muscle
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:26:59Z) Waylan, A.T.; Johnson, B.J.; Gnad, D.P.; Woodworth, J.C.
The objective was to determine the effects of L-carnitine on cell proliferation and on messenger RNA (mRNA) concentrations in the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system. Cultured porcine embryonic myoblasts (PEM) were isolated from fetuses at mid-gestation from sows fed a common gestation diet with a 50-g top dress of 0 (control, n = 6) or 100 mg of L-carnitine (n = 6). Proliferation of PEM was evaluated at 36, 48, 60, and 72 h postplating. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to determine growth factor mRNA concentrations in culture. The number of cells/cm2 did not differ (P>0.05) from sows fed either diet, but the number of cells/cm2 increased (P<0.05) between each time period. There was a treatment × time interaction (P = 0.05) for number of doublings. The number of doublings was greater (P<0.01) between 36 and 48 h for PEM isolated from dams fed Lcarnitine, compared with that of the controls. When PEM were incubated with L-carnitine (n = 4) at six concentrations (3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μmol/L) and compared with a control, no proliferation differences were detected (P>0.05). There was no treatment difference (P>0.05) for the expression of IGF-I or insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP-5). But PEM isolated from sows fed L-carnitine had decreased (P<0.05) IGF-II, IGFBP-3, and myogenin (61, 59, and 67%, respectively) mRNA concentrations compared with those of controls. These data suggest that L-carnitine influences the IGF system and myogenin, resulting in enhanced proliferation and delayed differentiation of porcine embryonic myoblasts. These results show that L-carnitine plays a role in regulating proliferation and differentiation of cultured orcine embryonic myogenic cells and that etal muscle growth and development could be ncreased by feeding L-carnitine.
Open Access
Evaluation of topical antioxidants and packaging materials to decrease the incidence of bone discoloration in pork retail cuts
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:25:50Z) Raines, C.R.; Dikeman, Michael E.; mdikeman
Color characteristics were evaluated on 48 pork backbones. After 6 d postmortem, six 1- inch-thick sections of lumbar vertebrae were cut from each backbone. Lumbar vertebrae were treated with different concentrations of ascorbic acid, with combination treatments of ascorbic acid and natural antioxidants, or left untreated. Bones were packaged in one of three systems: high-oxygen modifiedatmosphere packaging (MAP), ultra-lowoxygen MAP, or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) overwrap trays. Bones were visually evaluated by a trained panel on d 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8. Lightness (L*) was also measured on d 0, 2, and 8 of display. After 8 d of display, antioxidant- treated bones packaged in highoxygen MAP were more desirable than those in PVC overwrap trays. Bones packaged in ultra-low-oxygen MAP became less desirable over 8 d of display. Solutions of 1.875% and 2.50% ascorbic acid yielded the most desirable color after 8 d for bones in high-oxygen MAP and in PVC overwrap trays. Bones treated with 1.875% or 2.50% ascorbic acid tended to have lighter color (higher L*) on d 8 for high-oxygen MAP and PVC overwrap trays, whereas an overall difference was not observed for lightness for bones packaged in ultra-low-oxygen MAP.
Open Access
Evaluation of the optimal true-ileal-digestible lysine and threonine requirement for nursery pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:25:36Z) Lenehan, N.A.; Usry, J.L.; Hastad, C.W.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jderouch; jnelssen
A total of 1800 pigs (Exp 1, 360; Exp. 2, 1440) were used in two experiments to evaluate the true ileal digestible (TID) lysine and threonine requirement for 24- to 44-lb pigs. In Exp. 1, there were eight pens per treatment, with five pigs (Genetiporc, initially 23.6 lb and 34 d of age) per pen. Experiment 1 was conducted as a combination of two separate trials to simultaneously examine both the TID lysine and threonine requirement, and hence, determine the appropriate threonine-to-lysine ratio. The first part of the trial consisted of five treatments formulated to contain 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, or 1.3% TID lysine, with TID threonine at 66% of lysine. The second part consisted of five treatments formulated to 1.3% TID lysine with increasing TID threonine (0.60, 0.66, 0.73, 0.79, or 0.85%). Other amino acids were formulated to either meet or exceed requirement estimates, thereby ensuring lysine and threonine were first limiting. The highest concentrations of both lysine and threonine (1.3% and 0.85%, respectively) were combined in a single diet, which was used in both trials, to give a total of 10 treatments. From d 0 to 17, ADG and feed efficiency (F/G) improved as TID lysine (quadratic, P<0.02) and threonine (ADG, linear, P<0.03; F/G, quadratic, P<0.04) increased. Regression analysis showed that 95% or more of the maximum response was obtained at a TID threonine-to-lysine ratio of approximately 64% for ADG and 66% for F/G. In Exp. 2, there were 48 pigs per experimental unit (2 pens sharing a fenceline feeder) and six replications per treatment. Pigs (PIC, 24 lb and 39 d of age) were fed experimental diets containing 1.1% TID lysine (calculated to be less than their requirement estimate), with added Lthreonine to give TID threonine concentrations of 0.55, 0.60, 0.66, 0.72, or 0.77% and TID threonine-to-lysine ratios of 50, 55, 60, 65, and 70%. For the 21-d trial, ADG (quadratic, P<0.07) and F/G (quadratic, P<0.01) improved with increasing TID threonine. The best ADG and F/G were observed at 0.72% TID threonine. Hence, it seems that pigs weighing between 22 and 44 lb require approximately 0.72% TID threonine (0.81% total threonine) when fed 1.1% TID lysine, which corresponds to a TID threonine-tolysine ratio of 65%, similar to results in Exp. 1. Data from these two studies indicate an optimal TID threonine-to-lysine ratio of approximately 64 to 66% for 24- to 44-lb pigs.
Open Access
Evaluating oregano oil as a growth enhancer in nursery pig diets
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:25:21Z) Neill, C.R.; Groesbeck, C.N.; Lawrence, K.R.; Hastad, C.W.; Gottlob, R.O.; Hildabrand, B.M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; jnelssen; mtokach; goodband; jderouch; dritz
A total of 224 nursery pigs (PIC L 327L × C22) initially 12.9 ± 3.0 lb and 21 d of age were used in a 28-d feeding trial. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of oregano oil, with or without an in-feed antimicrobial. Oregano oil is a plant extract derived from the Greek herb, Origanum vulgare. It has been speculated to have antimicrobial-like activity. There were four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial. Diets consisted of a negative control (without an antibiotic or oregano oil), the control diet plus neomycin/oxytetracycline (140 g/ton), the control diet plus oregano oil, or the control diet with both neomycin/ oxytetracycline and oregano oil. The oregano oil (5%) was added to an inert carrier (95%) to make a premix that was added to the diet at 2 lb/ton in phase 1 (d 0 to 14) and 1 lb/ton in phase 2 (d 14 to 28). During the 28-d trial, neomycin/oxytetracycline improved ADG, ADFI and F/G. Pigs fed dietary treatments containing neomycin/oxytetracycline had the heaviest average weights at the end of the trial. Adding oregano oil to nursery pig diets did not improve ADG, ADFI, or F/G during the 28-d trial.
Open Access
Effects on overall performance of feeding commercially grown pigs less or more than their lysine requirement in early and late finishing
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:25:06Z) Main, R.G.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen
A total of 1154 gilts (PIC L337 × C22, initially 72.3 ± 1.7 lb) were used to determine effects on subsequent growth performance of feeding less than or at the estimated lysine requirement for optimal growth and feed efficiency in early finishing (70 to170 lb). From d 0 to 27 and d 27 to 55, pigs were fed a diet containing 2.75 and 2.25 g lysine/Mcal ME, respectively, which was less than their estimated requirement. Pigs fed at their estimated requirements were provided diets containing 3.30 and 2.75 g lysine/Mcal ME from d 0 to 27 and 27 to 55, respectively. Pigs within each early finishing treatment subsequently were fed less than, at, or more than (1.75, 2.25, 2.75 g lysine/Mcal ME, respectively) the estimated lysine requirement from 170 lb to slaughter at 255 lb. In early finishing (70 to 170 lb), pigs fed at the estimated lysine requirement had improved (P<0.003) ADG, feed efficiency, and income over marginal feed costs (IOMFC) compared with those of pigs fed less than their estimated dietary lysine requirement. But pigs fed less than the lysine requirement had lower (P<0.001) feed cost per pound of gain. In late finishing (170 to 255 lb), ADG, feed efficiency, feed cost per pound of gain, and IOMFC improved (quadratic, P<0.006) with increasing dietary lysine, and were optimized at the estimated lysine requirement (2.25 g lysine/Mcal ME). Pigs fed lysine-deficient diets in early finishing had improved (P<0.005) feed efficiency and feed cost per pound of gain in late finishing, compared with those of pigs fed adequate lysine in early finishing. Carcass lean measures improved (quadratic, P<0.02) with increasing dietary lysine in late finishing. Feed costs per pound of gain from d 0 to 104 were increased (P<0.001) when feeding increased dietary lysine in early finishing, and were not affected (P>0.17) by late finishing dietary treatment. Overall IOMFC was not affected (P>0.62) by the lysine-to-calorie ratio (g lysine/Mcal ME) fed in early finishing (70 to 170 lb), and increased (linear, P<0.02) with increasing lysine in late finishing (170 to 255 lb). But increasing dietary lysine from 2.25 to 2.75 g lysine/ Mcal ME in late finishing did not improve (P>0.89) d 0 to 104 IOMFC. Due to compensatory improvements in late finishing feed efficiency and feed cost per pound of gain, pigs fed diets less than biological requirements in early finishing, and subsequently fed at the estimated lysine requirement in late finishing, had lower (0.145 vs. 0.148 ± $0.001, P<0.03) feed cost per pound of gain, and similar IOMFC (79.62 vs. 79.13 ± $ 0.62 per head, P>0.70) to that of pigs fed at the estimated dietary lysine requirement throughout finishing. Understanding the biologic and economic dynamics of over- and under-feeding lysine in early (70 to 170 lb) and late (170 lb to 255 lb) finishing provides guidance in formulating cost-effective feeding strategies. This study suggests that, as long as lysine requirements are being met in mid-late finishing (170 lb to slaughter), feeding slightly less than the lysine requirement for optimal performance in early finishing reduces feed costs without sacrificing overall IOMFC.
Open Access
Effects of ratio of total sulfur amino acid to lysine on finishing-pig growth performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T20:13:35Z) Lawrence, K.R.; Goesbeck, C.N.; Neill, C.R.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; dritz; jnelssen
The objective of this study was to characterize the growth response to total sulfur amino acids (TSAA) and lysine simultaneously to estimate the true-ileal-digestible (TID) TSAA-to-lysine ratio in early finishing pigs. One hundred and twenty-six pigs were used in a 27-d growth study. Pigs (73 to 134 lb) were blocked by sex and weight and were allotted to one of nine dietary treatments with five TID lysine (0.79, 0.87, 0.94, 1.02 and 1.10%) and five TID TSAA (0.53, 0.57, 0.61, 0.66 and 0.70%) concentrations. The highest lysine (1.10%) and TSAA (0.70%) concentrations were combined to form one treatment used in both the lysine and TSAA titrations. In diets evaluating increasing TID lysine, methionine & cysteine ratios were 64 to 66% of lysine; and in diets evaluating increasing TSAA, diets were formulated to 1.10% TID lysine. Increasing TID lysine increased ADG (linear, P<0.01) and improved F/G (quadratic, P<0.10) from d 0 to 14 and from d 0 to 27. No differences (P>0.05) were observed in ADFI. Increasing TSAA had no effect (P<0.05) on ADG or F/G, but pigs fed the diet containing 0.70% TSAA had numerically greater ADG than did pigs fed lower rates. As TSAA concentration increased to 0.61%, feed efficiency numerically improved (P = 0.16). Using a TID lysine requirement of 1.02% and TID TSAA requirement of 0.61% suggests a TSAA-to-lysine ratio of 60%. The surface response analysis suggests a similar TSAA-tolysine ratio of 59% for overall F/G.
Open Access
Effects of increasing pantothenic acid on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finish pigs reared in a commercial environment
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T20:13:23Z) Groesbeck, C.N.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; dritz; jnelssen; jderouch
A total of 1080 pigs (PIC), initially 89.0 ± 5.1 lb were used to determine the effects of increasing pantothenic acid on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growfinish pigs. Pigs were blocked by weight and gender, and were randomly allotted to treatment. Pigs were fed, in meal form, the experimental corn-soybean meal, added-fat diets in four phases. Dietary treatments consisted of a control diet (no added pantothenic acid), or the control diet with 22.5, 45.0, or 90.0 ppm added pantothenic acid from d-calcium pantothenate. Dietary treatments were fed from d 0 to 98 (89.0 to 272.5 lb). The first three dietary phases contained 5% choice white grease, and all diets contained 0.15% L-lysine HCl, trace mineral premix, and a standard vitamin premix manufactured with no pantothenic acid. Vitamins in the vitamin premix were supplemented at 300% of NRC guidelines. Added pantothenic acid had no effect on ADG, ADFI, or F/G, regardless of rate, and no significant differences were observed in carcass traits, including hot-carcass weight, dressing percentage, fat-free-lean index (FFLI), average backfat, and loin depth. In our experiment, added pantothenic acid did not influence growth performance or carcass composition of pigs reared in a commercial environment.
Open Access
Effects of increasing extruded soy-protein concentrate on growth performance of nursery pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T20:13:12Z) Lenehan, N.A.; Frantz, N.Z.; Groesbeck, C.N.; Lawrence, K.R.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; dritz; jderouch; jnelssen
Two hundred and forty barrows and gilts (initially 13.0 lb and 18 ± 2 d of age at weaning) were blocked by initial weight and were allotted randomly to one of five dietary treatments. There were eight replications (pens) per treatment, with six pigs per pen. Pigs were fed experimental diets from d 0 to 14 after weaning that included a control diet containing 40% soybean meal and diets containing 7.1, 14.3, 21.4, or 28.6% extruded soy-protein concentrate. From d 14 to 28, all pigs were fed a similar diet to determine if any carry-over effects existed from the treatment diets. From d 0 to 14, ADG and ADFI increased (quadratic, P<0.06) as extruded soy protein concentrate increased from 7.1 to 21.4%, and then decreased similar to control values when 28.6% extruded soy-protein concentrate was fed. Feed efficiency improved (linear, P<0.01) with increasing rates of extruded soy-protein concentrate in the diet. Overall (d 0 to 28), there were no differences observed for ADG or ADFI, but F/G improved (linear, P<0.01) as extruded soy-protein concentrate increased in the diet. These results indicate that an inclusion rate up to 21.4% of extruded soy-protein concentrate was optimal for nursery-pig performance during the first two weeks postweaning.
Open Access
Effects of increasing dried distiller’s grains on feed intake
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T20:13:03Z) Hastad, C.W.; Frantz, N.Z.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; jnelssen; goodband; mtokach; dritz; jderouch
Recent studies have shown that dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) has an ME value similar to that of corn, but pigs fed diets with DDGS have a lesser feed intake than do those fed corn. We conducted three studies to evaluate the effects of DDGS on palatability and feed intake of growing pigs. In Exp. 1, 90 gilts (initially 58.2 lb) were used to evaluate the effects of a diet based on cornsoybean meal, alone or with 30% DDGS from two different sources, on feed preference. Source 1 DDGS was obtained from an ethanol plant built before 1990 and source 2 was obtained from a plant built after 1990. Each pen of pigs had two feeders, one with the cornsoybean meal diet and the other with one of the DDGS sources. There were 10 pens with six pigs per pen and 10 pens with 3 pigs per pen, for a total of 90 gilts; all pigs were blocked by weight. The location of the feeders was moved morning and evening each day. From d 0 to 7, there were no differences in ADFI among the dietary treatments. From d 7 to 13 and overall (d 0 to 13), however, feed intake was less (P<0.01) for both DDGS diets, when compared with the corn-soybean control. In Exp. 2, 187 barrows and gilts (initially 52.1 lb) were used to examine the effects of increasing DDGS (source 2) in a 21-d preference study. Treatments consisted of a control diet based on corn-soybean meal, or the control diet with 10, 20, or 30% DDGS. There were 17 pigs per pen and 11 pens. There were four feeders in each pen, each containing a different diet, and the feeders were moved every morning and evening during the trial. During each week for the overall trial, increasing DDGS decreased (linear; P<0.001) ADFI. In Exp. 3, 120 barrows and gilts (initially 41.7 lb) were used to examine the effects of Sucram®, a feed flavor additive, in cornsoybean meal diets, with and without 30% DDGS (source 2), on feed intake in a 21-d preference study. Treatments consisted of a control diet based on corn-soybean meal, or the control diet with 30% DDGS, both with or without Sucram®. There were 15 pigs per pen and 8 pens. Each pen contained all four dietary treatments in individual feeders and the feeders were moved every morning and evening during the trial. For the entire trial, adding DDGS to diets decreased (P<0.001) ADFI. Adding Sucram® had no effect (P>0.33) on feed intake in either the cornsoybean meal or DDGS diets. These studies demonstrate that pigs prefer corn-soybean diets to diets containing DDGS. For these experiments, the source of DDGS or the addition of a feed flavor did not change palatability. Although it seems that the ME content of DDGS could be comparable to that of corn, palatability problems may affect pig performance, even when DDGS included at low rates in the diet.
Open Access
Effects of weaning time (pm or am) on nursery-pig growth performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T20:12:53Z) Neill, C.R.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Minton, J. Ernest; Groesbeck, C.N.; Lawrence, K.R.; Hastad, C.W.; Gottlob, R.O.; Hildabrand, B.M.; Burkey, T.E.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-169X; mtokach; jnelssen; goodband; jderouch; dritz
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of weaning time (PM or AM) on nursery-pig growth performance. The objective was to see how weanling pigs would adjust to the nursery environment if sows were removed from the farrowing crates 12 h before moving pigs into the nursery. Each sow and litter was randomly allotted to a wean time (PM or AM). Half of the litters had their sow removed on Thursday afternoon (PM), leaving the pigs in the farrowing crate. The other litters remained on the sow until weaning on Friday morning (AM). All pigs, both PM and AM treatments, were moved from the farrowing house to the nursery on Friday morning. A total of 542 weanling pigs (PIC 327L × C22) from 50 litters were used in the experiment. Pigs were approximately 21 d of age with an average initial body weight of 13.4 lb. All pigs were weighed in the farrowing house in the morning of the day that half of the sows were removed from the farrowing house that afternoon. Pigs were again weighed on d 7, 14, 21, and 28 after weaning to determine ADG, ADFI, and F/G. There was an improvement in F/G (P<0.002) from d 0 to 7 for pigs that were left on the sow until actual weaning in the AM, but this was because litters were weighed on Thursday morning and their pigs were allowed to nurse for 2 h longer than pigs in those litters whose sows were removed Thursday afternoon (PM), which caused gut loss in the pigs. Removing sows from the farrowing house early (PM) had no benefit or detrimental effect on ADG, ADFI, or F/G for the overall 28-d study.
Open Access
Effects of salt particle size and sample preparation on results of mixer-efficiency testing
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T20:12:43Z) Groesbeck, C.N.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; dritz; jnelssen; jderouch
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of using salt with different particle sizes and of using different samplepreparation methods on mixer-efficiency testing (time required to achieve a coefficient of variation (CV) of 10% or less among 10 feed samples). A 3000-lb capacity horizontal ribbon mixer was used to mix batches of feed. Ten samples were collected at eight times during mixing (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.5, 5.5, 8.0, and 10.5 min) after all ingredients were added from pre-determined locations in the mixer. Coefficient of variation was used to measure mixer efficiency by analysis for chloride concentration in each sample with Quantab® chloride titrators. In Exp. 1, four 3000-lb batches of feed were prepared, two with 440- micron salt and two with 730-micron salt. Samples were analyzed as collected (unground; approximately 700 microns) or were ground with a coffee grinder (ground; approximately 400 microns). A salt particle size × sample preparation × mixing time interaction (P<0.001) was observed, but a CV of 10% or less was never achieved, indicating inadequate mixing. In Exp. 2, all samples were collected from 2000-lb batches of feed made in the 3000-lb-capacity mixer. Four different salt particle sizes (440, 730, 1999, and 3000 micron) were used, and each set of samples collected was also analyzed as unground or ground. A salt particle size × sample preparation × mixing time interaction (P<0.04) was observed. As salt particle size decreased and mixing time increased, there was a decrease in CV. Grinding samples before analysis decreased CV, compared with that of the unground samples, but to a greater extent with coarse salt than with fine salt. The batch mixed with 440-micron salt and the batch mixed with 730-micron salt (ground) reached a CV of less than 10%, indicating a uniform mixture. No other treatments reached a CV of 10% or less. When the mixer was filled to the rated capacity we were unable to achieve an acceptable CV for mixer efficiency; therefore, it is important to test mixers at various fill levels. Our study also showed that it is important to use a fine mixing salt when testing mixers for mixer efficiency.
Open Access
Effects of increasing meat and bone meal on finishing-pig growth performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T20:12:09Z) Gottlob, R.O.; Hastad, C.W.; Lawrence, K.R.; Groesbeck, C.N.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; jderouch; jnelssen; dritz
A total of 156 finishing pigs (72 barrows and 84 gilts, initially 110 lb) were used to determine the effects on growth performance of increasing meat and bone meal. Pigs were housed in an environmentally regulated finishing building, with two pigs per pen. There were six pens of barrows and seven pens of gilts per treatment. Pigs were blocked by initial weight and sex, and then allotted to one of six dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were based on corn-soybean meal, were formulated on a true-ileal-digestible (TID) lysine basis, and were fed in three phases. In each phase, diets contained 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, or 12.5% porcine meat and bone meal. The diets were formulated to 0.85, 0.70, and 0.57% TID lysine in phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively, slightly less than the pig’s anticipated requirements, so that if the amino acid digestibility of meat and bone meal was different than typical values, changes in growth performance could be observed. Increasing meat and bone meal increased ADG (quadratic, P<0.02), decreased ADFI (linear, P<0.02), and improved F/G (quadratic, P<0.01). Pigs fed 2.5 or 5.0% meat and bone meal had the best ADG and F/G; as meat and bone meal increased to higher concentrations, however, ADG and F/G decreased and were similar to those of pigs fed the control diet. Because the diets were formulated with slightly less than the pig’s anticipated requirements, the results suggest that the meat and bone meal used was relatively high quality and contained greater digestible amino acids than expected. These results suggest that porcine meat and bone meal is a suitable replacement for soybean meal.