Swine Day, 2004

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Open Access
Comparison of heart girth or flank-to-flank measurements for predicting sow weight
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T16:30:36Z) Iwasawa, T.; Young, M.G.; Keegan, T.P.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jderouch; jnelssen
In previous Swine Day Reports we have demonstrated that feeding sows in gestation on the basis of body weight and backfat thickness is more precise and economical than methods of feeding based on visual observation of body-condition score. To simplify the weight and backfat procedure, we have estimated sow weight based on the correlation between heart girth (circumference of the sow measured behind the front legs) and weight. The objective of this study was to determine if a different sow measurement, flank to flank, would be as accurate as the heart-girth measurement. Sows were weighed and measured behind the front legs for heart girth or in front of the back legs for flank-to-flank measurement, and regression equations to estimate sow weight were developed. A total of 605 sows from three farms were used for the girth measurement. A total of 306 sows from two farms were used for the flank-to-flank measurement. The heart-girth equation was: weight, lb = 21.54 × heart girth, in – 684.76. The flank-to-flank measurement was: weight, lb = 26.85 × flank-to-flank, in – 627.93. The average residual was 30.8 lb for the heart girth measurement and 31.4 lb for the flank-to-flank measurement. Both of these measurements provide a reasonable weight estimate that can be used to determine weight categories for more accurately feeding gestating sows.
Open Access
Determination of the apparent and true ileal amino acid digestibility and digestible and metabolizable energy of specialty protein sources intended for nursery pig diets
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T18:40:01Z) Gottlob, R.O.; Hastad, C.W.; Lawrence, K.R.; Knabe, D.A.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen; dritz
Two experiments were conducted to determine the apparent and true-ileal amino acid digestibility, and to determine the digestible energy and metabolizable energy values of rice protein concentrate, salmon protein hydrolysate, whey protein concentrate, and spray-dried animal plasma. The experimental ingredients were analyzed for essential and non-essential amino acids and crude protein so diets could be formulated. In Exp.1, pigs were fed each diet, and ileal digesta was collected and analyzed. Apparent and true digestibilities were then calculated. In Exp. 2, pigs were fed each diet and feces were collected, weighed, and sampled. Lab analyses were conducted for the determination of gross energy (GE) and digestible energy (DE). Then ME values were determined by calculation from the DE and CP concentrations of experimental diets. In Exp. 1, TID lysine, methionine, and threonine values were 86.6, 69.0, and 78.9% for rice protein concentrate; 89.7, 88.7, and 80.2% for salmon protein hydrolysate; 95.7, 93.9, and 88.4% for whey protein concentrate; and 95.4, 93.5, and 92.2% for spray-dried animal plasma, respectively. In Exp. 2, DE values for rice protein concentrate, salmon protein hydrolysate, whey protein concentrate, and spray-dried animal plasma were 2143, 1893, 2245, and 2062 kcal/lb, respectively. The ME values that were determined for the protein products were 1917, 1598, 1974, and 1805 kcal/lb, respectively.
Open Access
Determining the optimal lysine to calorie ratio for growth performance of 20- to 50-lb genetiporc nursery pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T18:40:17Z) Schneider, J.D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jnelssen; jderouch
Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary lysine and energy density on nursery-pig performance. Exp. 1 was organized as a combination of two simultaneous experiments, with one set of diets consisting of five treatments with increasing TID lysine (0.99, 1.07, 1.14, 1.22, and 1.30%) concentrations, and the second set of diets consisting of five treatments with increasing energy density (1342, 1406, 1471, 1535, and 1600 kcal/lb). The highest l of both lysine and energy density (1.30% and 1600 kcal/lb, respectively) were combined as one diet and used in both the lysine and energy-density titrations to give a total of 10 treatments. Pigs were randomly allotted to 8 replications with 5 pigs per pen on the basis of BW. Overall (d 0 to 21) in Exp. 1 increasing true-ileal-digestible (TID) lysine increased ADG linearly and improved feed efficiency. Although increasing energy density had no effect on ADG, ADFI decreased, which resulted in a quadratic improvement in F/G. Regression analysis of the response surface was used to predict the optimal lysine-to-calorie ratio of 3.65 to 3.71 g lysine/Mcal ME for the Gentiporc pigs used in this experiment. In Exp 2, pigs were fed diets with two different energy densities (1.34 or 1.49 Mcal ME/lb) with TID lysine-to-calorie ratios ranging from 3.1 to 4.1 g/Mcal ME. There was an energy density by TID lysine-tocalorie ratio interaction observed for ADG. Pigs fed the low-energy diets had the greatest ADG at a lysine-to-calorie ratio of 3.60. For pigs fed the high energy diets, ADG improved as the lysine-to-calorie ratio improved to 3.36 g of TID lysine/Mcal ME. There was a quadratic improvement in feed efficiency as the lysine-to-calorie ratios were increased for the pigs fed the low-energy diet, with the best F/G value observed at 3.87; but the pigs fed the high-energy diets had a linear improvement in F/G as the lysine-to-calorie ratios were increased. Although there was a linear improvement in F/G for the high-energy diet, little improvement in feed efficiency was observed when the lysine-to-calorie ratio was increased from 3.36 to 4.07. On the basis of these results, we suggest that the optimal lysine-to-calorie ratio is 3.30 to 3.87 g of TID lysine/Mcal ME for 20- to 50-lb Genetiporc pigs in these facilities.
Open Access
The effect of a probiotic, KE-01, and Neoterramycin on nursery pig growth performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T18:40:29Z) Frantz, N.Z.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; jnelssen; jderouch; goodband; mtokach; dritz
A 35-d growth study with a total of 168 weanling pigs (21 ± 2 d of age) was conducted to determine the effects of feeding a probiotic, (KE-01) and an antibiotic, Neoterramycin (neomycin 140 g/ton, oxytetracycline 140 g/ton), on nursery pig performance. Experimental treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of antibiotic (none or neomycin 140g/ton and oxytetracycline 140g/ton) or probiotic (none or KE-01, 0.35%). KE-01 is a probiotic containing a novel strain of lactobacillus casei. A KE-01 by Neoterramycin interaction was observed for ADFI (P<0.05) from d 14 to 35, but no other interactions were detected. From d 0 to 14, pigs fed diets containing Neoterramycin had improved (P<0.01) ADG, ADFI, and F/G compared with those of pigs fed diets without Neoterramycin. Pigs fed diets containing KE- 01 had similar growth performance to that of pigs fed diets without KE-01. From d 14 to 35, pigs fed diets containing Neoterramycin had increased ADG compared with that of pigs fed diets without Neoterramycin. The ADG of pigs fed diets containing KE-01 did not differ from that of pigs fed diets without KE-01. There was a tendency for pigs fed KE- 01 to consume less feed, whereas pigs fed Neoterramycin ate more (KE-01 × Neoterramycin interaction, P<0.05). Pigs fed diets containing KE-01 tended to have improved F/G (P<0.07), compared with that of pigs fed diets without KE-01. Overall, d 0 to 35, pigs fed diets containing Neoterramycin had increased ADG and ADFI (P<0.01), compared with those of pigs fed diets without Neoterramycin. In addition, pigs fed diets containing KE-01 had similar ADG and ADFI to those of pigs fed diets without KE-01. Pigs fed diets containing KE-01 had improved F/G (P<0.03), compared with that of pigs fed diets without KE-01. In summary, the probiotic, KE-01, did not significantly increase ADG or ADFI, but did improve F/G because it slightly lowered feed intakes. Neoterramycin improved ADG, ADFI, and F/G, compared with those of diets without Neoterramycin in this study.
Open Access
Effect of carnichrome® on growth performance of weanling pigs in a commercial environment
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T18:40:40Z) Frantz, N.Z.; Woodworth, J.C.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; jnelssen; jderouch; goodband; mtokach
A 43-day growth study with a total of 384 weanling pigs (14 ± 2 d of age) was conducted to evaluate the effects of Carnichrome®, a combination of L-carnitine and chromium picolinate, on growth performance of weanling pigs. Secondary objectives were to compare pigs fed diets with or without a feed-grade medication, evaluate any interactive effects between Carnichrome and medication, and identify any carryover effect once medication was withdrawn from the diet. Experimental diets were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial to compare the main effects of medication (none or Denagard/CTC, 35/400 g/ton) and Carnichrome (none, 25, and 100, or 50 and 100 ppm, respectively, of L-carnitine and chromium picolinate). No interactions between Carnichrome and Denagard/CTC were detected (P>0.17). Pigs fed Denagard/ CTC had improved ADG (P<0.01), and F/G (P<0.02) from d 0 to 10, 10 to 29, 0 to 29, and overall (d 0 to 43) compared with those of pigs fed diets without Denagard/CTC. In addition, pigs fed diets containing Denagard/CTC tended to have increased ADFI (P<0.08) from d 0 to 10, and significantly increased ADFI (P<0.01) from d 10 to 29, 0 to 29, and overall (d 0 to 43). No differences in ADG, ADFI, and F/G were seen for pigs fed diets containing either rate of Carnichrome, compared with those of pigs fed the negative control diet. For the period d 29 to 43, when pigs were fed a common phase 3 diet, there were no differences in ADG, ADFI, or F/G between treatments (P>0.14), and no carryover effect of medication resulted. Pigs fed nursery diets containing Carnichrome did not have enhanced growth performance, but pigs fed diets containing Denagard/CTC had improved ADG, ADFI, and F/G compared with those of pigs fed diets without Denagard/CTC.
Open Access
Effect of dietary l-carnitine and ractopamine-hcl (paylean) on the metabolic response to handling in growing-finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T18:40:50Z) James, B.W.; Woodworth, J.C.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen; dritz; jderouch
Two experiments (384 pigs) were conducted to determine the interactive effect of dietary L-carnitine and ractopamine·HCl (Paylean) on the metabolic response to handling. Experiments were arranged as split plots, with handling as the main plot and diet as subplots (4 pens/treatment). Dietary Lcarnitine (0 or 50 ppm) was fed from 85 lb to the end of the trials (260 lb) and Paylean (0 or 20 ppm) was fed for the last 4 wk of each trial. At the end of each trial, two pigs per pen were assigned to one of two handling treatments. Gentle-handled pigs were moved at a moderate pace three times through a 164-ft course and up and down a 15° loading ramp. Nongentle-handled pigs were moved at a faster pace, up and down a 30° ramp, and were shocked by an electrical prod. Blood was collected immediately before and after handling in Exp. 1 and immediately after and 1 h after handling in Exp. 2. Feeding Paylean increased (P<0.01) ADG and F/G, but there was no (P>0.10) effect of L-carnitine on growth performance in either trial. In Exp. 1 and 2, nongentle handling increased (P<0.01) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lactate, cortisol, and rectal temperature, and decreased pH. In Exp. 1, a Paylean × handling interaction was observed for pH (P<0.01), temperature (P<0.06), and cortisol (P<0.064). Feeding Paylean decreased pH, increased cortisol, increased temperature, and tended (P<0.09) to increase blood lactate when pigs were non-gentle handled, but not when they were gentle handled. Pigs fed Paylean had increased (P<0.01) LDH compared with that of pigs not fed Paylean. Pigs fed L-carnitine had increased (P<0.03) lactate compared with that of pigs not fed L-carnitine. In Exp. 2, pigs fed Paylean had lower (P<0.02) pH immediately after handling, but pH returned to control levels (P>0.96) by 1 h post-handling. Lactate, LDH, cortisol, and temperature changes from immediately posthandling to 1 h post-handling were not different for pigs fed L-carnitine or Paylean, suggesting that L-carnitine did not decrease recovery time of pigs subjected to non-gentle handling. These results demonstrate the importance of proper handling technique to minimize stressful events during the loading and transporting of pigs, regardless of whether either of these feed additives is being fed. This was evident by the large magnitude of the metabolic changes observed for the handling treatments, whereas in general the magnitude of metabolic changes from the dietary treatments was much smaller. Nonetheless, pigs fed Paylean are more susceptible to stress when handled aggressively, compared with pigs not fed Paylean. Dietary L-carnitine did not alleviate the effects of stress when fed in combination with Paylean.
Open Access
The effect of replacing specialty protein sources with synthetic amino acids in phase 2 nursery-pig diets
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T18:41:02Z) Frantz, N.Z.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; jnelssen; jderouch; goodband
A 28-d growth study with a total of 1,500 pigs (7 d after weaning and 14.5 lb initial BW) was conducted to compare differences in pig performance when fed either fish meal, poultry meal, or synthetic amino acids in a phase 2 nursery-pig diet. In addition, pigs were fed either a negative-control diet (predominately soybean meal without specialty protein sources) or a positive-control diet containing both blood meal and fish meal. Spray-dried whey was added to all diets at 10% and fat was added at 3%. All diets were formulated to meet minimum amino acid ratios. From d 7 to 17, feeding pigs the positive-control diet or the diet high in synthetic amino acids resulted in improved ADG and F/G (P<0.01), compared with those of pigs fed the negativecontrol, fish-meal, or poultry-meal diets. Pigs fed the positive-control diet or the synthetic amino acid diet were heavier at d 17 (P<0.01) than were pigs fed the negative control or diets containing fish or poultry meal. There was no treatment effect on ADFI (P>0.34). When all pigs were fed a common diet from d 17 to 35, similar ADG and F/G were observed between all dietary treatments (P>0.17); but pigs fed the positive-control diet had increased ADFI (P<0.01) compared with that of the negative control or of diets containing fish meal, poultry meal, or synthetic amino acids. For the overall treatment period (d 7 to 35), pigs fed the positive-control diet had greater ADG (P<0.01) and were heavier (P<0.01) than were pigs fed the negative-control diet or fed diets containing fish meal or poultry meal; the performance pigs fed the diet containing high concentrations of synthetic amino acids was intermediate. Pigs fed the positive-control diet also had increased ADFI (P<0.01), compared with that of pigs fed the other dietary treatments. Pigs fed the diet containing high concentrations of synthetic amino acids or the positive-control diet tended to have improved F/G (P<0.07), compared with that of pigs fed the other dietary treatments. In summary, synthetic amino acids were an effective replacement for specialty protein sources, such as fish meal or poultry meal, in the phase 2 diet.
Open Access
The effects of different feed-grade antibiotics on growth performance of weanling pigs in a research environment
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T18:41:14Z) Gottlob, R.O.; Hastad, C.W.; Groesbeck, C.N.; Lawrence, K.R.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; mtokach; goodband; dritz; jnelssen
A total of 168 weanling pigs (initially 13.8 lb and 21 ± 3 d of age, PIC) were used to determine the effects of different feed-grade antibiotics on nursery-pig performance. Pigs were fed one of four experimental diets: control with no antibiotics; or the control diet with added Denagard/CTC (35 g/ton Denagard™, 400 g/ton Chlortetracycline); Neo-Terramycin® (140 g/ton Neomycin Sulfate, 140 g/ton Oxytetracycline HCl); or Mecadox® (Carbadox, 50 g/ton). Overall (d 0 to 28 after weaning), pigs fed diets containing Denagard/ CTC or Neo-Terramycin® had greater ADG and ADFI (P<0.05) than did pigs fed all other diets, and had improved F/G (P<0.05), compared with that of pigs fed the control diet. Also, pigs fed diets containing Mecadox® had improved ADG and F/G (P<0.05) compared with those of pigs fed the control diet. The addition of feed-grade antibiotics in swine diets resulted in improved growth performance, and pigs fed Denagard/CTC or Neo-Terramycin® had the greatest improvement in growth performance.
Open Access
Effects of increasing dried distiller’s grains on feed intake
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T20:13:03Z) Hastad, C.W.; Frantz, N.Z.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; jnelssen; goodband; mtokach; dritz; jderouch
Recent studies have shown that dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) has an ME value similar to that of corn, but pigs fed diets with DDGS have a lesser feed intake than do those fed corn. We conducted three studies to evaluate the effects of DDGS on palatability and feed intake of growing pigs. In Exp. 1, 90 gilts (initially 58.2 lb) were used to evaluate the effects of a diet based on cornsoybean meal, alone or with 30% DDGS from two different sources, on feed preference. Source 1 DDGS was obtained from an ethanol plant built before 1990 and source 2 was obtained from a plant built after 1990. Each pen of pigs had two feeders, one with the cornsoybean meal diet and the other with one of the DDGS sources. There were 10 pens with six pigs per pen and 10 pens with 3 pigs per pen, for a total of 90 gilts; all pigs were blocked by weight. The location of the feeders was moved morning and evening each day. From d 0 to 7, there were no differences in ADFI among the dietary treatments. From d 7 to 13 and overall (d 0 to 13), however, feed intake was less (P<0.01) for both DDGS diets, when compared with the corn-soybean control. In Exp. 2, 187 barrows and gilts (initially 52.1 lb) were used to examine the effects of increasing DDGS (source 2) in a 21-d preference study. Treatments consisted of a control diet based on corn-soybean meal, or the control diet with 10, 20, or 30% DDGS. There were 17 pigs per pen and 11 pens. There were four feeders in each pen, each containing a different diet, and the feeders were moved every morning and evening during the trial. During each week for the overall trial, increasing DDGS decreased (linear; P<0.001) ADFI. In Exp. 3, 120 barrows and gilts (initially 41.7 lb) were used to examine the effects of Sucram®, a feed flavor additive, in cornsoybean meal diets, with and without 30% DDGS (source 2), on feed intake in a 21-d preference study. Treatments consisted of a control diet based on corn-soybean meal, or the control diet with 30% DDGS, both with or without Sucram®. There were 15 pigs per pen and 8 pens. Each pen contained all four dietary treatments in individual feeders and the feeders were moved every morning and evening during the trial. For the entire trial, adding DDGS to diets decreased (P<0.001) ADFI. Adding Sucram® had no effect (P>0.33) on feed intake in either the cornsoybean meal or DDGS diets. These studies demonstrate that pigs prefer corn-soybean diets to diets containing DDGS. For these experiments, the source of DDGS or the addition of a feed flavor did not change palatability. Although it seems that the ME content of DDGS could be comparable to that of corn, palatability problems may affect pig performance, even when DDGS included at low rates in the diet.
Open Access
Effects of increasing extruded soy-protein concentrate on growth performance of nursery pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T20:13:12Z) Lenehan, N.A.; Frantz, N.Z.; Groesbeck, C.N.; Lawrence, K.R.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; dritz; jderouch; jnelssen
Two hundred and forty barrows and gilts (initially 13.0 lb and 18 ± 2 d of age at weaning) were blocked by initial weight and were allotted randomly to one of five dietary treatments. There were eight replications (pens) per treatment, with six pigs per pen. Pigs were fed experimental diets from d 0 to 14 after weaning that included a control diet containing 40% soybean meal and diets containing 7.1, 14.3, 21.4, or 28.6% extruded soy-protein concentrate. From d 14 to 28, all pigs were fed a similar diet to determine if any carry-over effects existed from the treatment diets. From d 0 to 14, ADG and ADFI increased (quadratic, P<0.06) as extruded soy protein concentrate increased from 7.1 to 21.4%, and then decreased similar to control values when 28.6% extruded soy-protein concentrate was fed. Feed efficiency improved (linear, P<0.01) with increasing rates of extruded soy-protein concentrate in the diet. Overall (d 0 to 28), there were no differences observed for ADG or ADFI, but F/G improved (linear, P<0.01) as extruded soy-protein concentrate increased in the diet. These results indicate that an inclusion rate up to 21.4% of extruded soy-protein concentrate was optimal for nursery-pig performance during the first two weeks postweaning.
Open Access
Effects of increasing meat and bone meal on finishing-pig growth performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T20:12:09Z) Gottlob, R.O.; Hastad, C.W.; Lawrence, K.R.; Groesbeck, C.N.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; jderouch; jnelssen; dritz
A total of 156 finishing pigs (72 barrows and 84 gilts, initially 110 lb) were used to determine the effects on growth performance of increasing meat and bone meal. Pigs were housed in an environmentally regulated finishing building, with two pigs per pen. There were six pens of barrows and seven pens of gilts per treatment. Pigs were blocked by initial weight and sex, and then allotted to one of six dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were based on corn-soybean meal, were formulated on a true-ileal-digestible (TID) lysine basis, and were fed in three phases. In each phase, diets contained 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, or 12.5% porcine meat and bone meal. The diets were formulated to 0.85, 0.70, and 0.57% TID lysine in phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively, slightly less than the pig’s anticipated requirements, so that if the amino acid digestibility of meat and bone meal was different than typical values, changes in growth performance could be observed. Increasing meat and bone meal increased ADG (quadratic, P<0.02), decreased ADFI (linear, P<0.02), and improved F/G (quadratic, P<0.01). Pigs fed 2.5 or 5.0% meat and bone meal had the best ADG and F/G; as meat and bone meal increased to higher concentrations, however, ADG and F/G decreased and were similar to those of pigs fed the control diet. Because the diets were formulated with slightly less than the pig’s anticipated requirements, the results suggest that the meat and bone meal used was relatively high quality and contained greater digestible amino acids than expected. These results suggest that porcine meat and bone meal is a suitable replacement for soybean meal.
Open Access
Effects of increasing pantothenic acid on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finish pigs reared in a commercial environment
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T20:13:23Z) Groesbeck, C.N.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; dritz; jnelssen; jderouch
A total of 1080 pigs (PIC), initially 89.0 ± 5.1 lb were used to determine the effects of increasing pantothenic acid on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growfinish pigs. Pigs were blocked by weight and gender, and were randomly allotted to treatment. Pigs were fed, in meal form, the experimental corn-soybean meal, added-fat diets in four phases. Dietary treatments consisted of a control diet (no added pantothenic acid), or the control diet with 22.5, 45.0, or 90.0 ppm added pantothenic acid from d-calcium pantothenate. Dietary treatments were fed from d 0 to 98 (89.0 to 272.5 lb). The first three dietary phases contained 5% choice white grease, and all diets contained 0.15% L-lysine HCl, trace mineral premix, and a standard vitamin premix manufactured with no pantothenic acid. Vitamins in the vitamin premix were supplemented at 300% of NRC guidelines. Added pantothenic acid had no effect on ADG, ADFI, or F/G, regardless of rate, and no significant differences were observed in carcass traits, including hot-carcass weight, dressing percentage, fat-free-lean index (FFLI), average backfat, and loin depth. In our experiment, added pantothenic acid did not influence growth performance or carcass composition of pigs reared in a commercial environment.
Open Access
Effects of ratio of total sulfur amino acid to lysine on finishing-pig growth performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T20:13:35Z) Lawrence, K.R.; Goesbeck, C.N.; Neill, C.R.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; dritz; jnelssen
The objective of this study was to characterize the growth response to total sulfur amino acids (TSAA) and lysine simultaneously to estimate the true-ileal-digestible (TID) TSAA-to-lysine ratio in early finishing pigs. One hundred and twenty-six pigs were used in a 27-d growth study. Pigs (73 to 134 lb) were blocked by sex and weight and were allotted to one of nine dietary treatments with five TID lysine (0.79, 0.87, 0.94, 1.02 and 1.10%) and five TID TSAA (0.53, 0.57, 0.61, 0.66 and 0.70%) concentrations. The highest lysine (1.10%) and TSAA (0.70%) concentrations were combined to form one treatment used in both the lysine and TSAA titrations. In diets evaluating increasing TID lysine, methionine & cysteine ratios were 64 to 66% of lysine; and in diets evaluating increasing TSAA, diets were formulated to 1.10% TID lysine. Increasing TID lysine increased ADG (linear, P<0.01) and improved F/G (quadratic, P<0.10) from d 0 to 14 and from d 0 to 27. No differences (P>0.05) were observed in ADFI. Increasing TSAA had no effect (P<0.05) on ADG or F/G, but pigs fed the diet containing 0.70% TSAA had numerically greater ADG than did pigs fed lower rates. As TSAA concentration increased to 0.61%, feed efficiency numerically improved (P = 0.16). Using a TID lysine requirement of 1.02% and TID TSAA requirement of 0.61% suggests a TSAA-to-lysine ratio of 60%. The surface response analysis suggests a similar TSAA-tolysine ratio of 59% for overall F/G.
Open Access
Effects of salt particle size and sample preparation on results of mixer-efficiency testing
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T20:12:43Z) Groesbeck, C.N.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; dritz; jnelssen; jderouch
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of using salt with different particle sizes and of using different samplepreparation methods on mixer-efficiency testing (time required to achieve a coefficient of variation (CV) of 10% or less among 10 feed samples). A 3000-lb capacity horizontal ribbon mixer was used to mix batches of feed. Ten samples were collected at eight times during mixing (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.5, 5.5, 8.0, and 10.5 min) after all ingredients were added from pre-determined locations in the mixer. Coefficient of variation was used to measure mixer efficiency by analysis for chloride concentration in each sample with Quantab® chloride titrators. In Exp. 1, four 3000-lb batches of feed were prepared, two with 440- micron salt and two with 730-micron salt. Samples were analyzed as collected (unground; approximately 700 microns) or were ground with a coffee grinder (ground; approximately 400 microns). A salt particle size × sample preparation × mixing time interaction (P<0.001) was observed, but a CV of 10% or less was never achieved, indicating inadequate mixing. In Exp. 2, all samples were collected from 2000-lb batches of feed made in the 3000-lb-capacity mixer. Four different salt particle sizes (440, 730, 1999, and 3000 micron) were used, and each set of samples collected was also analyzed as unground or ground. A salt particle size × sample preparation × mixing time interaction (P<0.04) was observed. As salt particle size decreased and mixing time increased, there was a decrease in CV. Grinding samples before analysis decreased CV, compared with that of the unground samples, but to a greater extent with coarse salt than with fine salt. The batch mixed with 440-micron salt and the batch mixed with 730-micron salt (ground) reached a CV of less than 10%, indicating a uniform mixture. No other treatments reached a CV of 10% or less. When the mixer was filled to the rated capacity we were unable to achieve an acceptable CV for mixer efficiency; therefore, it is important to test mixers at various fill levels. Our study also showed that it is important to use a fine mixing salt when testing mixers for mixer efficiency.
Open Access
Effects of weaning time (pm or am) on nursery-pig growth performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T20:12:53Z) Neill, C.R.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Minton, J. Ernest; Groesbeck, C.N.; Lawrence, K.R.; Hastad, C.W.; Gottlob, R.O.; Hildabrand, B.M.; Burkey, T.E.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-169X; mtokach; jnelssen; goodband; jderouch; dritz
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of weaning time (PM or AM) on nursery-pig growth performance. The objective was to see how weanling pigs would adjust to the nursery environment if sows were removed from the farrowing crates 12 h before moving pigs into the nursery. Each sow and litter was randomly allotted to a wean time (PM or AM). Half of the litters had their sow removed on Thursday afternoon (PM), leaving the pigs in the farrowing crate. The other litters remained on the sow until weaning on Friday morning (AM). All pigs, both PM and AM treatments, were moved from the farrowing house to the nursery on Friday morning. A total of 542 weanling pigs (PIC 327L × C22) from 50 litters were used in the experiment. Pigs were approximately 21 d of age with an average initial body weight of 13.4 lb. All pigs were weighed in the farrowing house in the morning of the day that half of the sows were removed from the farrowing house that afternoon. Pigs were again weighed on d 7, 14, 21, and 28 after weaning to determine ADG, ADFI, and F/G. There was an improvement in F/G (P<0.002) from d 0 to 7 for pigs that were left on the sow until actual weaning in the AM, but this was because litters were weighed on Thursday morning and their pigs were allowed to nurse for 2 h longer than pigs in those litters whose sows were removed Thursday afternoon (PM), which caused gut loss in the pigs. Removing sows from the farrowing house early (PM) had no benefit or detrimental effect on ADG, ADFI, or F/G for the overall 28-d study.
Open Access
Effects on overall performance of feeding commercially grown pigs less or more than their lysine requirement in early and late finishing
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:25:06Z) Main, R.G.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen
A total of 1154 gilts (PIC L337 × C22, initially 72.3 ± 1.7 lb) were used to determine effects on subsequent growth performance of feeding less than or at the estimated lysine requirement for optimal growth and feed efficiency in early finishing (70 to170 lb). From d 0 to 27 and d 27 to 55, pigs were fed a diet containing 2.75 and 2.25 g lysine/Mcal ME, respectively, which was less than their estimated requirement. Pigs fed at their estimated requirements were provided diets containing 3.30 and 2.75 g lysine/Mcal ME from d 0 to 27 and 27 to 55, respectively. Pigs within each early finishing treatment subsequently were fed less than, at, or more than (1.75, 2.25, 2.75 g lysine/Mcal ME, respectively) the estimated lysine requirement from 170 lb to slaughter at 255 lb. In early finishing (70 to 170 lb), pigs fed at the estimated lysine requirement had improved (P<0.003) ADG, feed efficiency, and income over marginal feed costs (IOMFC) compared with those of pigs fed less than their estimated dietary lysine requirement. But pigs fed less than the lysine requirement had lower (P<0.001) feed cost per pound of gain. In late finishing (170 to 255 lb), ADG, feed efficiency, feed cost per pound of gain, and IOMFC improved (quadratic, P<0.006) with increasing dietary lysine, and were optimized at the estimated lysine requirement (2.25 g lysine/Mcal ME). Pigs fed lysine-deficient diets in early finishing had improved (P<0.005) feed efficiency and feed cost per pound of gain in late finishing, compared with those of pigs fed adequate lysine in early finishing. Carcass lean measures improved (quadratic, P<0.02) with increasing dietary lysine in late finishing. Feed costs per pound of gain from d 0 to 104 were increased (P<0.001) when feeding increased dietary lysine in early finishing, and were not affected (P>0.17) by late finishing dietary treatment. Overall IOMFC was not affected (P>0.62) by the lysine-to-calorie ratio (g lysine/Mcal ME) fed in early finishing (70 to 170 lb), and increased (linear, P<0.02) with increasing lysine in late finishing (170 to 255 lb). But increasing dietary lysine from 2.25 to 2.75 g lysine/ Mcal ME in late finishing did not improve (P>0.89) d 0 to 104 IOMFC. Due to compensatory improvements in late finishing feed efficiency and feed cost per pound of gain, pigs fed diets less than biological requirements in early finishing, and subsequently fed at the estimated lysine requirement in late finishing, had lower (0.145 vs. 0.148 ± $0.001, P<0.03) feed cost per pound of gain, and similar IOMFC (79.62 vs. 79.13 ± $ 0.62 per head, P>0.70) to that of pigs fed at the estimated dietary lysine requirement throughout finishing. Understanding the biologic and economic dynamics of over- and under-feeding lysine in early (70 to 170 lb) and late (170 lb to 255 lb) finishing provides guidance in formulating cost-effective feeding strategies. This study suggests that, as long as lysine requirements are being met in mid-late finishing (170 lb to slaughter), feeding slightly less than the lysine requirement for optimal performance in early finishing reduces feed costs without sacrificing overall IOMFC.
Open Access
Evaluating oregano oil as a growth enhancer in nursery pig diets
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:25:21Z) Neill, C.R.; Groesbeck, C.N.; Lawrence, K.R.; Hastad, C.W.; Gottlob, R.O.; Hildabrand, B.M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; jnelssen; mtokach; goodband; jderouch; dritz
A total of 224 nursery pigs (PIC L 327L × C22) initially 12.9 ± 3.0 lb and 21 d of age were used in a 28-d feeding trial. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of oregano oil, with or without an in-feed antimicrobial. Oregano oil is a plant extract derived from the Greek herb, Origanum vulgare. It has been speculated to have antimicrobial-like activity. There were four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial. Diets consisted of a negative control (without an antibiotic or oregano oil), the control diet plus neomycin/oxytetracycline (140 g/ton), the control diet plus oregano oil, or the control diet with both neomycin/ oxytetracycline and oregano oil. The oregano oil (5%) was added to an inert carrier (95%) to make a premix that was added to the diet at 2 lb/ton in phase 1 (d 0 to 14) and 1 lb/ton in phase 2 (d 14 to 28). During the 28-d trial, neomycin/oxytetracycline improved ADG, ADFI and F/G. Pigs fed dietary treatments containing neomycin/oxytetracycline had the heaviest average weights at the end of the trial. Adding oregano oil to nursery pig diets did not improve ADG, ADFI, or F/G during the 28-d trial.
Open Access
Evaluation of the optimal true-ileal-digestible lysine and threonine requirement for nursery pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:25:36Z) Lenehan, N.A.; Usry, J.L.; Hastad, C.W.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jderouch; jnelssen
A total of 1800 pigs (Exp 1, 360; Exp. 2, 1440) were used in two experiments to evaluate the true ileal digestible (TID) lysine and threonine requirement for 24- to 44-lb pigs. In Exp. 1, there were eight pens per treatment, with five pigs (Genetiporc, initially 23.6 lb and 34 d of age) per pen. Experiment 1 was conducted as a combination of two separate trials to simultaneously examine both the TID lysine and threonine requirement, and hence, determine the appropriate threonine-to-lysine ratio. The first part of the trial consisted of five treatments formulated to contain 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, or 1.3% TID lysine, with TID threonine at 66% of lysine. The second part consisted of five treatments formulated to 1.3% TID lysine with increasing TID threonine (0.60, 0.66, 0.73, 0.79, or 0.85%). Other amino acids were formulated to either meet or exceed requirement estimates, thereby ensuring lysine and threonine were first limiting. The highest concentrations of both lysine and threonine (1.3% and 0.85%, respectively) were combined in a single diet, which was used in both trials, to give a total of 10 treatments. From d 0 to 17, ADG and feed efficiency (F/G) improved as TID lysine (quadratic, P<0.02) and threonine (ADG, linear, P<0.03; F/G, quadratic, P<0.04) increased. Regression analysis showed that 95% or more of the maximum response was obtained at a TID threonine-to-lysine ratio of approximately 64% for ADG and 66% for F/G. In Exp. 2, there were 48 pigs per experimental unit (2 pens sharing a fenceline feeder) and six replications per treatment. Pigs (PIC, 24 lb and 39 d of age) were fed experimental diets containing 1.1% TID lysine (calculated to be less than their requirement estimate), with added Lthreonine to give TID threonine concentrations of 0.55, 0.60, 0.66, 0.72, or 0.77% and TID threonine-to-lysine ratios of 50, 55, 60, 65, and 70%. For the 21-d trial, ADG (quadratic, P<0.07) and F/G (quadratic, P<0.01) improved with increasing TID threonine. The best ADG and F/G were observed at 0.72% TID threonine. Hence, it seems that pigs weighing between 22 and 44 lb require approximately 0.72% TID threonine (0.81% total threonine) when fed 1.1% TID lysine, which corresponds to a TID threonine-tolysine ratio of 65%, similar to results in Exp. 1. Data from these two studies indicate an optimal TID threonine-to-lysine ratio of approximately 64 to 66% for 24- to 44-lb pigs.
Open Access
Evaluation of topical antioxidants and packaging materials to decrease the incidence of bone discoloration in pork retail cuts
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:25:50Z) Raines, C.R.; Dikeman, Michael E.; mdikeman
Color characteristics were evaluated on 48 pork backbones. After 6 d postmortem, six 1- inch-thick sections of lumbar vertebrae were cut from each backbone. Lumbar vertebrae were treated with different concentrations of ascorbic acid, with combination treatments of ascorbic acid and natural antioxidants, or left untreated. Bones were packaged in one of three systems: high-oxygen modifiedatmosphere packaging (MAP), ultra-lowoxygen MAP, or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) overwrap trays. Bones were visually evaluated by a trained panel on d 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8. Lightness (L*) was also measured on d 0, 2, and 8 of display. After 8 d of display, antioxidant- treated bones packaged in highoxygen MAP were more desirable than those in PVC overwrap trays. Bones packaged in ultra-low-oxygen MAP became less desirable over 8 d of display. Solutions of 1.875% and 2.50% ascorbic acid yielded the most desirable color after 8 d for bones in high-oxygen MAP and in PVC overwrap trays. Bones treated with 1.875% or 2.50% ascorbic acid tended to have lighter color (higher L*) on d 8 for high-oxygen MAP and PVC overwrap trays, whereas an overall difference was not observed for lightness for bones packaged in ultra-low-oxygen MAP.
Open Access
Feeding L-carnitine to gestating sows alters the insulin-like growth-factor system in cultured porcine embryonic muscle cells isolated from fetal skeletal muscle
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:26:59Z) Waylan, A.T.; Johnson, B.J.; Gnad, D.P.; Woodworth, J.C.
The objective was to determine the effects of L-carnitine on cell proliferation and on messenger RNA (mRNA) concentrations in the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system. Cultured porcine embryonic myoblasts (PEM) were isolated from fetuses at mid-gestation from sows fed a common gestation diet with a 50-g top dress of 0 (control, n = 6) or 100 mg of L-carnitine (n = 6). Proliferation of PEM was evaluated at 36, 48, 60, and 72 h postplating. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to determine growth factor mRNA concentrations in culture. The number of cells/cm2 did not differ (P>0.05) from sows fed either diet, but the number of cells/cm2 increased (P<0.05) between each time period. There was a treatment × time interaction (P = 0.05) for number of doublings. The number of doublings was greater (P<0.01) between 36 and 48 h for PEM isolated from dams fed Lcarnitine, compared with that of the controls. When PEM were incubated with L-carnitine (n = 4) at six concentrations (3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μmol/L) and compared with a control, no proliferation differences were detected (P>0.05). There was no treatment difference (P>0.05) for the expression of IGF-I or insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP-5). But PEM isolated from sows fed L-carnitine had decreased (P<0.05) IGF-II, IGFBP-3, and myogenin (61, 59, and 67%, respectively) mRNA concentrations compared with those of controls. These data suggest that L-carnitine influences the IGF system and myogenin, resulting in enhanced proliferation and delayed differentiation of porcine embryonic myoblasts. These results show that L-carnitine plays a role in regulating proliferation and differentiation of cultured orcine embryonic myogenic cells and that etal muscle growth and development could be ncreased by feeding L-carnitine.