Swine Day, 1991

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Open Access
Runoff control from dirt lots
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-08T20:02:15Z) Harner, Joseph P.; Murphy, James P.; jharner; jmurphy
A recent water quality survey assessment found nonpoint source pollution problems in a majority of Kansas surface waters - 85% of the monitoring sites were impaired by nutrients, 60% of the sites by bacteria, 55% by suspended solids and/or minerals, and 40% by oxygen-demanding substances. Swine producers have the responsibility to maintain the quality of ground or surface water near their production units. Outdoor dirt lots for confinement of swine are often overlooked as an area needing facilities for water pollution control.
Open Access
Producing hogs under contract
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-08T20:01:43Z) Langemeier, Michael R.; mlange
Recently, there has been a renewed interest in contract hog production. Contractors are looking for an effective means to expand production or utilize excess feed production capacity. Producers enter contracts to minimize input cost and market risks or to obtain financing for buildings and equipment. Provisions vary from contract to contract. Producers that are making the decision whether to produce hogs under contract should calculate expected returns for a range of production and cost scenarios. Whatever the contract provisions, producers and contractors should make sure that the contract rewards them for what they do best.
Open Access
Evaluation of a portable mixer and feed delivery system
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-08T20:01:16Z) Stark, C.R.; Goodband, Robert D.; Behnke, Keith C.; kbfeed; goodband
An on-farm mixer uniformity study was conducted to determine if feed could be properly mixed and maintained as it went through a bulk bin and conveying equipment over a distance of 180 ft. in a grower-finisher facility. A portable vertical mixer was tested and found to produced a uniformly mixed feed. Uniform feed was then conveyed from a bulk storage bin to feeders inside the facility. Samples were obtained from three different feeders and were tested for uniformity. Results indicate that feed remains uniform as it is conveyed and deposited in feeders over distances of 20, 80, and 180 ft.
Open Access
On-farm feed uniformity survey
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-08T20:00:43Z) Stark, C.R.; Hansen, J.A.; Goodband, Robert D.; Behnke, Keith C.; kbfeed; goodband
An on-farm feed manufacturing survey was conducted in conjunction with a mixer uniformity analysis. The survey collected information on producer size and type of operation, mixer type, manufacturing practices, and feed production. The survey represents 43 participants from across the U.S. Results indicate that 42% of the participants had mixer uniformity coefficients of variation of less than 10%, 47% were between 10-20%. and 11 % had CV's greater than 20%.
Open Access
Evaluation of a rotating drum mixer
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-08T20:00:11Z) Stark, C.R.; Fahrenholz, C.H.; Behnke, Keith C.; kbfeed
A "rotating drum" type mixer was tested to determine if it could produce a uniformly mixed feed. Feed was manufactured in four separate trials, which examined addition sequence, mixing time, mixer capacity, and liquid addition. Uniformly mixed feed was obtained after 8 min, when ingredients were properly sequenced and mixed. Smaller batch sizes decreased the time required to obtain a uniform mixture. The mixer distributed liquid uniformly through the feed and had excellent clean-out capabilities.
Open Access
Use of recombinant bovine cytokines in pigs vaccinated and challenged with streptococcus suis
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-08T19:59:43Z) Blecha, Frank; Reddy, D.N.; Chitko-McKown, C.G.; Chengappa, M. M.; McVey, D.S.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; blecha; chengapa; goodband; jnelssen
An experiment was conducted to determine the adjuvanticity of recombinant bovine interleukin-1β (rBoIL-1β) and recombinant bovine interleukin-2 (rBoIL-2) administered in conjunction with a single S. suis vaccination in pigs. Sixty, 4-wk-old pigs were allotted to 8 groups: 1) nonvaccinated controls; 2) vaccinated controls; 3) rBoIL-Iβ, 100 ng/kg; 4)rBoIL-lβ, 1000 ng/kg; 5) rBoIL-1β, 10,000 ng/kg; 6) rBoIL-2, 2.5 µg/kg; 7) rBoIL-2, 25 µg/kg; and 8) rBoIL-2, 250 µg/kg. All pigs (except group 1) were vaccinated on d 0 with a commercial S. suis vaccine (serotypes 1 and 2). At vaccination, pigs were injected intramuscularly with their respective cytokine treatments. Pigs received additional cytokine injections for 2 consecutive days. On d 21, all pigs were injected intravenously with 3.5 x 109 CFU of a log phase culture of S. suis (serotype 2). The highest dose of rBolL-1β exceeded the maximum tolerable dose for the cytokine; however, this dose of rBoIL-1β protected pigs from the S. suis challenge. In pigs receiving rBoIL-1β at 10,000 ng/kg, pathological lesions caused by S. suis were lowest when compared to other treatment groups. No mortality from S. suis challenge was observed in pigs that received the highest dose of rBoIL-1β. These data clearly show that rBoIL-1β (10,000 ng/kg), administered intramuscularly for 3 consecutive days at vaccination, is more effective than the S. suis vaccine alone in protecting pigs against a S. suis challenge.
Open Access
Effects of supplementation of nursery diets with an essential fatty acid on immunity in artificially reared pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-08T19:59:15Z) McVey, D.S.; Elliot, G.S.; Kennedy, G.A.; Chengappa, M. M.; Anderson, N.V.; Schoneweis, D.A.; Hervey, M.M.; Cowan, S.M.; Hancock, Joe D.; jhancock; chengapa
Twenty four pigs were weaned immediately at farrowing, reared artificially for 21 d, and then used in a 35-d nursery experiment to determine the effects of essential fatty acid deficiency on immune function. Treatments were: 1) a semi-purified diet deficient in essential fatty acids and 2) diet 1 with 2% added linoleic acid. Conversion of linoleic acid to linolenic and then arachidonic acid is a normal step in fatty acid metabolism. Metabolites of arachidonic acid are thought to have a role in mediating immune function. On d 28 of the experiment, pigs were orally dosed with Salmonella choleraesuis to challenge their immune systems. At d 35, pigs fed linoleic acid had greater concentrations of several fatty acids in both small intestine and liver tissues. Also, several measures of arachidonic acid metabolites in the plasma, which activate inflammatory reactions and stimulate white blood cell activity, were greater for pigs fed diets with added linoleic acid. However, no gross lesions were noted at necropsy that would result from infection with S. choleraesuis. Thus, for the short period of this experiment (35 d), deficiency of essential fatty acids apparently had minimal effect on ability of nursery pigs to resist disease.
Open Access
Causes of diarrhea, pneumonia, and septicemia in swine for 1991 submissions to the KSU Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-08T19:58:45Z) Frank, R.K.; Vorhies, M.W.
Causes of pre- and postweaning diarrhea, pneumonia, and bacterial septicemia in pigs were summarized for fiscal year 1991 (July, 1990 to June, 1991) for submissions to the Kansas State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Escherichia coli was the most common cause of both pre- and postweaning diarrhea in pigs (33.5% and 25.0%, respectively, of submissions for diarrhea). Other commonly diagnosed causes included transmissible gastroenteritis (24.4%) and coccidiosis (16.5%) for preweaning diarrhea, and proliferative enteritis (19.2 %) and salmonellosis (13.2 %) for postweaning diarrhea. The most commonly diagnosed causes of pneumonia in nursing, growing, and finishing pigs were Pasteurella multocida, Mycoplasma, and Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae. Streptococcus and Salmonella were common causes of bacterial septicemia in Kansas pigs.
Open Access
Effects of porcine somatotropin administration and its duration on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing swine fed to 280 lb
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-08T19:58:05Z) Johnston, M.E.; Schricker, B.R.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Hines, Robert H.; Kropf, Donald H.; jnelssen; goodband; dkropf
One hundred eight barrows with an initial weight of 120 lb were utilized to determine the effects of porcine somatotropin (PST) administration period and duration on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing swine fed to 280 lb. Pigs were injected daily in the extensor muscle of the neck with either a placebo or 4 mg pST. Treatments included: (A) placebo injection from 120 to 280 lb; (B) pST injection from 120 to 280 lb; (C) pST injection from 120 to 230 lb and then placebo injection from 230 to 280 lb; (D) placebo injection from 120 to 230 lb and then pST injection from 230 to 280 lb; (E) placebo injection from 120 to 170 lb, pST injection from 170 to 230 lb, and then placebo injection from 230 to 280 lb; and (F) placebo injection from 120 to 250 lb and then pST injection from 250 to 280 lb. All pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal diet containing 1.2% lysine. Performance data were collected and evaluated for three weight ranges: 120 to 230 Ib, 230 to 280 lb, and 120 to 280 lb. Two pigs from each pen were slaughtered to determine carcass characteristics. The first pig was slaughtered at 230 lb and the second pig at 280 lb . Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion (F/G) were all optimized when pigs were treated with pST for the entire time from 120 to 230 lb and from 120 to 280 lb. Longissimus muscle area (LEA), backfat thickness, percentage carcass muscle, and kidney fat were all improved at 230 lb when pigs were injected with pST. There was no difference in these carcass traits when pigs were injected with pST from 120 to 230 lb compared to pigs treated with pST from 170 to 230 lb. These same carcass characteristics measured in pigs slaughtered at 280 lb showed significant improvement with pST treatment compared to the control. However, when pST treatment lasted the entire trial (120 to 280 lb), there was significant improvement in carcass characteristics over pST treatments of shorter duration. Whole ham weight was unaffected by pST treatment at either slaughter weight, but trimmed ham weight was improved by pST treatment at 230 lb. Daily protein accretion rate (DPA) and daily fat accretion rate (DFA) were optimized at both slaughter weights by pST treatment that lasted for the duration of the trial. Organ weights were increased by pST treatment but were unaffected by administration period or duration of pST treatment. These data indicate that growth performance and carcass characteristics were maximized when pST was administered continually from 120 to 280 lb.
Open Access
Effects of porcine somatotropin and dietary phosphorus on growth and bone criteria in gilts
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-08T19:49:34Z) Weeden, T.L.; Fitzner, G.E.; Hansen, J.A.; Friesen, K.G.; Johnston, M.E.; Schricker, B.R.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; jnelssen; goodband
One hundred-eight gilts with an average initial wt of 129 lb were utilized to determine the effects of porcine somatotropin (pST) and dietary phosphorus on growth performance and bone mineralization and mechanical properties during the finishing phase (129 to 230 lb) and a 35 d post-finishing phase. Gilts were injected daily with placebo (control) or 4 mg pST and fed diets containing .4, .8, or 1.2% P during the finishing phase. Administration of pST improved F/G 18%, increased ADG 8%, and decreased daily feed intake 9%. There was a quadratic response to P, because gilts receiving the .8% P diet were more efficient than gilts fed either .4 or 1.2% P, regardless of whether they received pST or placebo. When pen wt reached 230 lb, half of the gilts were slaughtered and 1st rib, femur, and 3rd and 4th metacarpals were collected. First rib ash content increased linearly as the level of dietary P increased; however, pST administration had no effect on ash content. There was a pST x P interaction for rib bending moment, stress, and modulus of elasticity. Bone strength was maximized for control gilts at .8% P, whereas bone strength continued to increase as the level of dietary P was increased for pST-treated gilts. The remaining 54 gilts were individually fed 4 lb/d of a common diet for a 35 d post-finishing phase and then slaughtered. Gilts that received higher P levels in the finishing phase had higher rib ash content at the end of the post-finishing phase. There was a pST x P interaction for treatment combination received in the finishing phase on rib and femur bending moment post-finishing. Bone strength for pST-treated gilts receiving the .8 or 1.2% P diet in the finishing phased increased to levels exceeding those of control gilts by the end of the post-finishing phase, regardless of dietary P level control gilts were fed in the finishing phase. These data indicate that gilts administered pST in the finishing phase do not have higher Ca and P requirements than non-pST treated gilts to maximize growth performance. However, pST-treated gilts do have higher requirements for Ca and P than non-pST treated gilts to attain comparable bone strength in the finishing phase. Gilts receiving pST in the finishing phase demonstrate compensatory mineralization in the post-finishing phase, because bone strength increases to equal or exceed that of control gilts fed similar P levels.
Open Access
The interactive effects of pST and salbutamol on the lysine requirement of finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-08T19:49:05Z) Hansen, J.A.; Laurin, J.L.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; jnelssen; goodband
A metabolism study was conducted to evaluate the interactive effects of daily pST injections and the β-agonist salbutamol on the lysine requirement of finishing pigs based on nitrogen retention. Sixteen finishing pigs (137 lbs initially) were exposed to one of four biological treatments for 32 d. These treatments were: 1) non-treated control; 2) 4 mg/d pST; 3) 2.75 ppm of dietary salbutamol; 4) both salbutamol and pST. Pigs were kept on the same biological treatment and offered one of four diets for an 8 d period in a Latin square arrangement. Diets were formulated to contain .8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0% dietary lysine, the assumed first-limiting amino acid. Pigs were acclimated to each diet for a 4 d period, after which feces and urine were collected for 4 d to evaluate nitrogen retention. Results indicate that the β-agonist salbutamol increased the daily feed consumption, daily gain, and the efficiency of gain; whereas pST injection reduced feed consumption and increased efficiency of gain. No interaction occurred between pST and salbutamol for percent nitrogen retention; however, pigs injected with pST and fed salbutamol had a higher daily nitrogen retention because of an increased nitrogen intake and improved nitrogen utilization. Pigs treated with pST had leaner carcasses with a higher percent muscle than non-treated controls or pigs fed salbutamol. These data suggest that pigs injected with pST have a dietary lysine requirement between 1.2 and 1.6%, whereas those fed salbutamol have a requirement similar to that of non-treated pigs, which may be confounded with increased daily feed intake. Pigs treated with both pST and salbutamol appear to have a lysine requirement slightly lower than that of pigs injected with pST alone, which appears to be due to increased feed intake.
Open Access
The influence of dietary threonine on growth performance and carcass characteristics of pST-treated finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-08T19:48:33Z) Laurin, J.L.; Hansen, J.A.; Schricker, B.R.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; goodband; jnelssen
Eighty crossbred barrows (initial wt = 131 lb) were utilized to determine the dietary threonine requirement of finishing pigs injected with porcine somatotropin (PST). Barrows were injected daily in the extensor muscle of the neck with either 4 mg pST or a placebo and fed diets containing either .45, .55, .65, or .75% threonine. All other amino acids, vitamins, and minerals were calculated to be at least double current requirements for finishing pigs so as not to limit performance. Pigs were housed in an open-sided building with two pigs per pen and five replications of the eight treatments. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. When the mean weight of the two pigs per pen averaged 235 +1- 5 lb, pigs were slaughtered and carcass data collected. Porcine somatotropin-treated pigs had greater average daily gain (ADG), reduced daily feed intake (ADFI), and improved feed efficiency (F/G) compared to control pigs. A dietary threonine X pST interaction was observed for ADG. Control pigs exhibited no improvement in ADG with increasing dietary threonine. However, pST-treated pigs had a 22% increase in ADG as dietary threonine increased from .45 to .65%. Increasing dietary threonine resulted in increased ADFI, but had no effect on F/G. Average backfat thickness, tenth rib fat depth, and kidney fat were reduced by pST administration. Longissimus muscle area and trimmed ham and loin weights were greater in pST treated pigs. Dietary threonine tended to reduce average backfat thickness but had no effect on other carcass criteria measured. These results suggest that growth rate of pST-treated pigs is increased by dietary threonine level compared to control pigs. This interactive response between pST and threonine was not observed in feed efficiency or carcass criteria measured; however, there were numerical trends similar to those observed for daily gain.
Open Access
Effects of daily porcine somatotropin administration on the lysine requirement of growing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-08T19:47:56Z) Fitzner, G.E.; Weeden, T.L.; Friesen, K.G.; Hines, Robert H.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Kropf, Donald H.; Hancock, Joe D.; dkropf; jnelssen; goodband; jhancock
One-hundred twenty crossbred barrows initially weighing 68.7 lb were used to determine the lysine requirement of growing pigs injected with 5 mg/d porcine somatotropin (PST) during a 5-wk growth trial. Pigs received one of six levels of dietary lysine (.7, 1.1, 1.5, 1.9,2.3, or 2.7%) and were injected daily with either 5 mg pST or placebo. During the 5 wk trial, pST-injected pigs had increased average daily gain (ADG), decreased average daily feed intake (ADFI), and improved feed conversion (F/G) compared with placebo-injected pigs. With increasing dietary lysine, ADFI of pigs injected with both pST and placebo was reduced. Pigs injected with pST had improved ADG as dietary lysine increased to 1.5% and improved F/G as dietary lysine increased to 1.9 %. Dietary lysine had no effect on ADG or F/G of placebo-injected pigs. Pigs injected with pST had improved average backfat, tenth rib fat depth, and longissimus area compared to placebo-injected pigs. Tenth rib fat depth of both placebo- and pST-injected pigs was reduced as dietary lysine increased. Longissimus area of pST-injected pigs improved as dietary lysine increased to 1.5%. The improvements in ADG, ADFI, F/G, and longissimus area of pST-injected pigs indicate that the dietary lysine requirement of growing pigs injected with 5 mg/d pST is 1.5 to 1.9%.
Open Access
Effects of porcine somatotropin dosage and lysine level on growth performance of growing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-08T19:47:23Z) Fitzner, G.E.; Weeden, T.L.; Schricker, B.R.; Hines, Robert H.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Hancock, Joe D.; jnelssen; goodband; jhancock
Eighty crossbred barrows initially weighing 70.5 lb were used in a 5 wk trial to determine the optimum dosage of porcine somatotropin (PST) required to promote maximum growth response in growing pigs fed diets containing either 1.0 or 2.0% lysine. Pigs received a daily injection of placebo or 2, 4, or 8 mg pST in combination with one of two experimental diets containing either 1.0 or 2.0% dietary lysine. Increasing the dosage of pST of pigs fed both diets resulted in an increase in average daily gain (ADG), a reduction in average daily feed intake (ADFI), and an improvement in feed conversion (F/G). Average backfat, calculated from ultrasonic measurements at the first rib, last rib, and last lumbar vertebra, was reduced in pigs fed both diets as pST dosage increased. Serum pST increased and urea nitrogen decreased for pigs fed both diets as pST dosage increased. The improvement in ADG and F/G of pigs fed both diets was quadratic, indicating that a plateau was achieved between 4 and 8 mg/d pST administration. The serum urea nitrogen response appeared to plateau near 8 mg/d. The combination of these response criteria indicates that the dosage required for maximum response is about 7 mg/d pST, whereas the more optimum level of pST administration may be about 5 mg/d for growing pigs fed diets containing 1.0 or 2.0% lysine.
Open Access
Space requirements of finishing pigs fed to a heavier weight (removed individually)
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-08T19:46:48Z) Fitzner, G.E.; Nichols, David A.; Hancock, Joe D.; Hines, Robert H.; dnichols; jhancock
Space allowances of 6, 8, 10, and 12 ft2 were evaluated for pigs fed from 120 to 250 lb. The management system used was to remove pigs individually as they reached 250 lb, which provided increasing space per pig. Using this management system, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed efficiency improved linearly with increasing space allowance. Pigs allowed 6ft2 gained slower, ate less, and required more feed per lb of gain compared to pigs allowed 8, 10, and 12 ft2. Pigs permitted 8, 10, and 12 ft2 were similar in rate of gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency, suggesting that 8 ft2 is adequate space for the finishing pig, if pens are topped out as pigs individually reach 250 lb. If pigs are fed to a pen average of 250 lb without removing pigs individually, 10 ft2 is required to maximize performance, as reported in Report of Progress 581. In this trial, space allowance of 6 ft2/pig impaired pigs performance from 120 to 200 lb. These results have been observed in previous studies, suggesting that finishing pigs need a minimum of 8ft2 in the finishing phase.
Open Access
Extrusion of sorghum, soybean meal, and whole soybeans improves growth performance and nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-08T19:40:09Z) Gugle, Terry L.; Hines, Robert H.; Hancock, Joe D.; jhancock
One hundred forty-four finishing pigs (124 lb avg initial wt) were used to determine the effects of extruding sorghum, soybean meal (SBM), and whole soybeans on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Treatments were: 1) control diet with ground sorghum, SBM, and soybean oil; 2) diet 1 with the ground sorghum, SBM, and soybean oil blended and extruded; 3) sorghum and whole soybeans extruded separately and blended; and 4) sorghum and extruded soybeans blended and extruded together. Extrusion was in an Insta-Pro extruder. All diets were formulated to be equal in concentrations of metabolizable energy (ME) and lysine. Pigs fed diets with extruded ingredients had improved F/G. Extrusion of sorghum and extruded soybeans together was of greater benefit than extruding those ingredients separately. Diets with extruded ingredients had greater digestibilities of DM and N, but fat thickness at the last rib was not affected by treatment. Overall, optimum nutrient digestibility was achieved by feeding extruded diet ingredients, and efficiency of gain was maximized by feeding an extruded blend of sorghum and whole soybeans.
Open Access
The effect of supplemental fat and lysine on finishing pig performance and carcass characteristics
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-08T19:39:02Z) Friesen, K.G.; Thaler, R.C.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; goodband; jnelssen
One hundred and sixty pigs averaging 127.4 lb were used to determine the benefit of 5% supplemental fat and (or) .20% lysine on growth performance and carcass characteristics. The trial consisted of four treatments: 1) a .61 %, lysine milo-soybean meal control diet; 2) control + 5% fat; 3) control + .20% lysine; 4) control + 5% fat and .20% lysine. Lysine:metabolizable energy ratios were held constant at 1.91: 1 for treatments 1 and 2 and at 2.52: 1 for treatments 3 and 4. Pig weights and feed consumption were recorded every third wk to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed/gain (F/G). At the termination of the experiment, pigs were scanned via ultrasound for 10th rib backfat thickness (BF) and loineye area (LEA). High and low ambient temperatures were monitored to evaluate growth performance relative to temperature. Improvements in feed efficiency were detected when supplemental fat was added to the diet from d 0 to 21. During this period, the average temperature fluctuated from a low of 67.4OF to a high of 93.4 of. This period was the hottest of the experiment, with a mean temperature of 80.4°F for 16 d. Average daily gain increased 5 to 8% with supplements of fat or the combination of both fat and lysine to the diet. From d 21 to 42, no differences in performance were detected for diets supplemented with fat and(or) lysine. Overall, supplemental fat tended to improve feed efficiency by 8 to 14% in control and lysine-supplemented diets, respectively. Differences in ADG and ADFI were not detected over the entire trial. Supplemental fat increased BF and tended to reduce LEA. Supplemental lysine increased LEA with no effect on BF. These data suggest that supplemental fat and (or) lysine can be beneficial during periods of temperature above 90OF. Once temperatures subsided, a benefit to supplementing lysine in combination with fat was not detected.
Open Access
Selection for increased in vitro digestibility improves feeding value of sorghum grain
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-08T19:38:22Z) Healy, B.J.; Bramel-Cox, P.J.; Richert, B.T.; Klopfenstein, C.F.; Witt, Merle D.; Hancock, Joe D.; jhancock
Six cannulated barrows and two hundred eighty-eight chicks were used in an experiment to determine the value of an in vitro protein digestibility assay (pepsin digest) for identification of sorghum parent lines with improved nutritional value. The barrows were used to determine digestibility of the experimental sorghums at the terminal ileum and for the total digestive tract. Due to a limited supply of the sorghums, broiler chicks were used as a model to predict the value of the experimental sorghums for growth performance. Four sorghum parent lines were selected from 100 SI families grown at several locations in Kansas. Two of the sorghums were consistently low and two were consistently high for in vitro digestibility. Treatments were: 1) corn-soybean meal control; 2) and 3) low digestibility sorghums (LDI and LD2); 4) and 5) high digestibility sorghums (HDI and HD2); and 6) pearl millet (PM). The sorghums that had consistently high in vitro digestibility were of greater nutritional value to pigs and growing chicks than sorghums with low in vitro digestibility. In the pig experiment, digestibility of N at the terminal ileum ranged from 69.6% for LDI to 79.0% for HDl, compared to 81.6% for the corn-based control. Similar responses were noted for digestibility of gross energy, with values of 71.8% and 77.0% for LDI and HDl, compared to 80.2% for the corn-based control. The HD lines were equal or nearly equal to corn in the chick growth assay, with efficiencies of gain that were 98 and 100% that of corn for HD1 and HD2, respectively. Pearl millet was of greater feeding value than sorghums for chicks but less digestible than sorghums in pigs. These data suggest that in vitro pepsin digestibility can be a valuable tool for sorghum breeders to select parent lines with improved feeding value.
Open Access
Effect of fat source and level on finishing pig performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-08T19:37:46Z) Nichols, David A.; Hancock, Joe D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Hines, Robert H.; Kropf, Donald H.; dnichols; jnelssen; jhancock; dkropf
Two hundred and forty finishing pigs were utilized to evaluate the effect of fat source and level on growing pig performance and carcass characteristics. Pigs were fed a milo-soybean meal diet balanced on a constant energy:lysine and energy:protein ratio. Dietary treatments were: 1) control; 2,3,4) 2.5, 5.0, or 7.5% added soybean oil; 5 and 6) 5.0 or 7.5% added tallow. In comparing pigs fed soybean oil to tallow, there were no significant effects on feed intake, average daily gain, or feed to gain ratio. Soybean oil additions compared to tallow resulted in carcasses with significantly more average backfat as well as 10th rib fat depth. In addition, carcass firmness was significantly reduced as level of soybean oil addition was increased compared with tallow addition.
Open Access
Effects of pelleting low-lysine diets with fermentation products for weanling pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-08T19:36:25Z) Hancock, Joe D.; Fung, Daniel Y. C.; Hart, R.A.; Manninen, M.T.; jhancock; dfung
One hundred twenty pigs (13.2 lb avg initial wt) were used in an experiment to determine the effects of pelleting on the ability of fermentation products to improve growth performance of nursery-age pigs fed low-lysine diets. Treatments were: 1) positive control (1.15 and .95% lysine for d 0 to 14 and 14 to 35, respectively); 2) diet 1 pelleted; 3) low-lysine regimen (1.05 and .85% lysine for d 0 to 14 and 14 to 35, respectively) supplemented with fermentation product (FP)l; 4) diet 3 pelleted; 5) low-lysine regimen supplemented with modified fermentation product (MFP)2; and 6) diet 5 pelleted. For pelleting, the diets were pre-conditioned to 131°F and pelleted (5/32" diameter pellets) at an avg production rate of 3,550 lb/h, with an avg exit temperature of 144oF. The pigs were allowed to consume feed and water ad libitum during the 35-d experiment. For d 0 to 7 and 0 to 14, pigs fed the pelleted diets had greater ADG and efficiency of gain than pigs fed diets in meal form. At d 14, apparent digestibilities of DM and N of the control diet were increased by pelleting, but those of the diets with fermentation products added were not affected. CFUs of lactobacilli, streptococci, and coliforms in feces were not affected by treatment. From d 14 to 35, pigs fed pelleted diets were more efficient but consumed less feed and had lower ADG than pigs fed diets in meal form. For d 0 to 35, ADG was not affected by treatment, but pigs fed pelleted diets consumed 8% less feed and had 8% greater efficiencies of gain than pigs fed diets in meal form. Growth performance of pigs fed the low-lysine diets plus the fermentation products was not different than that of pigs fed diets with adequate lysine concentrations. Performance of pigs fed FP or MFP was not different. At d 35, CFUs of lactobacilli in feces were not affected by treatment. CFUs of streptococci were greater for pigs fed the control diet than for pigs fed the treatment diets, but were decreased by pelleting the control diet, whereas pelleting the treatment diets increased CFUs of streptococci in feces. CFUs of coliforms were greater for pigs fed diets with MFP than those fed diets with FP. In conclusion, growth performance of pigs fed low-lysine diets plus fermentation products was equal to that of pigs fed diets with adequate lysine concentrations.