Cattlemen's Day, 1991

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https://hdl.handle.net/2097/4391

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Open Access
Predicting nutritional composition of corn grain using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Lagombra, Gregorio Garcia; Harbers, L.H.
Corn grain samples collected over several years were used to develop equations for dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, and ether extract (crude fat). Two computer models were used to select samples having a range of spectra (presumably a range of nutrient values) for developing calibration equations. Both methods selected an unexpectedly small number of samples; however, only the prediction of crude fiber appears questionable. Although coefficients of determination values are expected to be low with a small number of samples, standard errors of validation and prediction are consistently lower than those of standard (AOAC) methods, suggesting that the technology is reliable for nutrient analysis of corn grain.
Open Access
Influence of water treatment on digestion dynamics of steers consuming high- and low-forage diets
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Harmon, D.L.; Flood, A.D.
The influence of drinking water treatment (Oxion Inc., Hugoton, KS) on digestion and metabolism was evaluated in steers fed low- and high-forage diets. Water treatment did not influence digestibility of any nutrient measured nor did it influence the profile of ruminal metabolites. Water treatment did increase water consumption two- to threefold and also increased ruminal fractional water outflow (%/h) for steers fed the high forage, but not the high concentrate, diet. Increased water consumption could be a beneficial response, but it is not known if water consumption increases with management programs different than those used in the present study.
Open Access
Supplementation of ammoniated wheat straw in wintering diets of gestating beef cows
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Beck, T.J.; Simms, D.D.; Brandt, Robert T., Jr.; Cochran, R.C.; Kuhl, Gerry L.
During two winters, 96 beef cows in late gestation were utilized in 60-day precalving feeding trials to evaluate supplementation for cows fed ammoniated wheat straw. Treatments included: control--mineral supplement only (C), 3 lbs milo + mineral (3M), 6 lb milo + mineral (6M), and 2.75 lb milo + .75 lb soybean meal + mineral (SBM). 3M increased (P<.05) cow gain over control but body condition changes were similar. 6M and SBM resulted in similar gains and body weight changes, which were higher than those of cows receiving either C or 3M. Birth weight of calves, percent cycling at the start of breeding, and percent pregnant after a 60-day breeding season were not affected by treatment. Natural protein appears to be a major limiting nutrient in cows fed ammoniated wheat straw.
Open Access
Effects of supplemental ground grain sorghum during grazing of endophyte-infected tall fescue on grazing and subsequent feedlot performance of steers
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Freeman, A.S.; Coffey, K.P.
Sixty-three crossbred steers (740 lb BW) were used to evaluate the effects of energy supplementation during grazing of endoplyte-infected tall fescue and on their subsequent feedlot performance. Grazing ADG was .53 lb/d for control (no supplementation) vs. .81 and 1.21 lb/d with .25% and .5% of BW as ground sorghum (GS), respectively. Grazing supplementation did not affect (P>.10) feedlot performance. Steers receiving .25% GS were 2.3% and 6.2% more efficient (P<.07) during the feedlot phase than 0% and .5% GS steers, respectively. The .5% GS steers were 3.8% less efficient (P<.07) during the feedlot phase than the 0% GS steers. Steers receiving grazing supplementation had increased (P<.07) adjusted backfat measurements and less desirable (P<.02) yield grades than non-supplemental controls. Supplementing steers grazing endophyte-infected fescue at .25% of BW with ground grain sorghum improved feedlot feed conversion compared to no supplementation and supplementing at .5% BW.
Open Access
Influence of supplemental fat and monensin plus tylosin on performance and carcass traits of finishing steers
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Brandt, Robert T., Jr.; Elliott, J.K.; Nagaraja, Tiruvoor G.; tnagaraj
Interactions between supplemental fat (3.5%) and monensin plus tylosin (25 plus 10 g/ton, respectively) on animal performance and carcass traits were evaluated in a 125-d finishing trial. Interactions on feed consumption (P=.07) and feed efficiency (P=.11) suggested that the ionophore response was diminished in the presence of supplemental fat. Steers fed monensin plus tylosin had a lower (P=.005) incidence of liver abscesses whether fat was fed or not, indicating that supplemental fat had no effect on tylosin activity.
Open Access
Effects of speed of ration step-up and monensin on ruminal pH, lactate, and protozoal population in feedlot cattle
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Towne, G.; Brandt, Robert T., Jr.; Nagaraja, Tiruvoor G.; tnagaraj
Fluctuations in ruminal pH, lactate concentration, and ciliated protozoal population were monitored in 40 individually fed crossbred heifers that were stepped up to an 85% concentrate diet either slowly (12 d) or rapidly (3 d), with or without monensin (30 ppm). Speed of step-up affected ruminal pH, lactate concentration and protozoal population initially (up to 28 d), but thereafter no differences occurred between the groups, suggesting adaptation to ruminal conditions. Monensin had no effect on ruminal pH, lactate concentration, or protozoal population.
Open Access
Monensin levels in a steam-flaked milo finishing diet with 4% added fat
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Brandt, Robert T., Jr.; Anderson, S.J.; Elliott, J.K.
Response to monensin (Control, 12.5, or 25 g/ton, air dry basis) by yearling steers fed a diet with 4% added fat was evaluated. For the entire study (104 d), daily gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency were unaffected (P>.25) by monensin. These results are in general agreement with some of our previous reports of diminished animal response to ionophores in fat-supplemented finishing diets. No adverse effects on animal health have been observed in our studies. However, whether withdrawing ionophores from finishing rations with 3.5-4% fat will affect the incidence of digestive upsets in commercial applications is not clear.
Open Access
Timing of trenbolone acetate implants on performance, carcass characteristics, and beef quality of finishing steer calves
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Huck, G.L.; Brandt, Robert T., Jr.; Simms, D.D.; Kuhl, Gerry L.; Dikeman, Michael E.; mdikeman
Angus and Angus-cross calves (632 lb) were utilized in a finishing study to evaluate the effects of implanting with estradiol and progesterone (Synovex-S®) and(or) trenbolone acetate (Finaplix®) on performance of finishing steers. Over the entire finishing period (117 d), implanted steers had higher (P<.05) daily gains and were more efficient than nonimplanted steers. Carcasses from implanted cattle had heavier (P<.05) hot weights and larger (P<.05) ribeye areas. Steers implanted with Finaplix had larger (P<.05) ribeye areas than those implanted with Synovex only. Marbling scores and quality grades were not affected by implant treatments. Rib (9-10-11) sections from implanted steers were heavier (P<.05) as a result of both heavier (P<.05) bone and soft tissue weights. However, no differences in percentages of protein, fat, and moisture were detected by proximate analysis of the soft tissue. Concomitant use of Finaplix with Synovex-S did not affect performance of Angus and Anguscrossed steer calves.
Open Access
Evaluation of Revalor® implants for stocker-finishing steers
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Brandt, Robert T., Jr.; Grant, R.J.; Pope, Ronald V.; rvpope
Revalor® implants (containing trenbolone acetate plus estradiol) were evaluated in a grazing-finishing system using steers with a known previous implant history. Grazing gains were not improved by either Ralgro® or Revalor implants, suggesting that previously implanted steers may not respond to implants during a later growing phase. During the finishing phase, steers implanted with Revalor gained 5.4 to 8.0% faster (P<.05) than steers implanted with Synovex-S®. Gain efficiency in the finishing period was improved 4.8% (P<.10) for steers receiving no pasture implant and a Revalor implant during the finishing phase (0R), compared with steers receiving Ralgro/Synovex (RS) or Revalor/Revalor (RR) implants in the pasture/feedlot phases. Steers implanted with RR had larger (P<.05) ribeye areas than RS steers, with 0R steers intermediate. However, RR steers had a 20 percentage unit reduction (P<.05) in carcasses reaching the choice grade compared to RS steers. Revalor can improve steer feedlot performance, but multiple implantation may reduce quality grade.
Open Access
Comparison of Synovex-S® and steer-oid® in finishing yearling steers
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Brandt, Robert T., Jr.; Anderson, S.J.; Elliott, J.K.
Synovex-S (SS) and STEER-oid (SO) were compared in a 122-d finishing study. No differences were observed over the entire study for animal performance or carcass traits. However, in the final period (d 91-122), steers implanted with SO gained 8.4% faster (P=.17) and 8.7% more efficiently (P=.10) than steers implanted with SS, suggesting that estradiol payout in this period was less diminished for SO implants. The importance of this finding is unknown, because it is generally recommended that steers fed for longer periods of time be reimplanted midway through the finishing period to maintain maximal implant response.
Open Access
Effects of crop species on indigenous microflora and of silage additives on the microbial succession during the ensiling process
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Lin, C.; Hart, R.A.; Bolsen, K.K.; Dickerson, J.T.; Brent, B.E.
This study considered the effects of crop species (alfalfa vs. corn) and silage additives on six categories of indigenous microorganisms (those naturally occurring on the crop) important to silage fermentation, and on the microbial succession during the ensiling process. The numbers of streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae, yeasts and molds, lactate-using yeasts, and carbohydrate- fermenting clostridial spores were higher on corn than on alfalfa. The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) comprised less than 2% of the total microbial populations on both crops. Alfalfa treated with Biomate® inoculant and the combination of dextrose and Biomate showed higher LAB counts than the control and dextrose treatments at 1 day post-ensiling. Adding dextrose accelerated multiplication of LAB in the ensiled alfalfa. Adding 1174® inoculant to corn silages did not affect the microbial succession during the ensiling process. Development of Enterobacteriaceae, yeasts and molds, lactate-using yeasts, and clostridia on either crop during ensiling was not influenced by the additives.
Open Access
Rate and extent of top spoilage losses of alfalfa silage stored in horizontal silos1
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Dickerson, J.T.; Niwa, Y.; Bolsen, K.K.; Brent, B.E.; Lin, C.; Bradford, J.E.
Effects of covering, time, and depth from the surface on the rate and extent of top spoilage losses in alfalfa silages stored in horizontal silos were studied under pilot- and farm-scale conditions. Covering silages increased silage DM and nutrient recoveries, regardless of time or depth from the original surface, when compared to uncovered counterparts. Treatment × location × time interactions (P<.001) were observed for pH, lactic acid, and DM recovery in uncovered silages. By week 2 post-ensiling, significant deterioration had occurred in the top foot of uncovered silages, as evidenced by higher pH (7.36) and lower lactic acid (2.1% of the silage DM) and DM recoveries (85.6% of the DM ensiled). After week 4 post-ensiling, significant deterioration had occurred in the second foot from the surface, and it continued into the third foot after week 7. These data indicate that protecting the silage stored in the top 3 ft of horizontal silos immediately after filling should greatly increase storage efficiency.
Open Access
Top spoilage losses in horizontal silos in western Kansas
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Dickerson, J.T.; Ashbell, G.; Pfaff, L.; Bolsen, K.K.; Brent, B.E.; Bradford, J.E.; Smith, R.L.
The top 3 feet from 30 horizontal silos was sampled at three depths to determine top spoilage losses, using ash content as an internal marker. When compared to face samples, corn and forage sorghum silages exhibited similar additional organic matter (OM) losses in the top 18 inches. In the top 18 inches, covering silage reduced spoilage losses of OM from 41 to 27 percentage units compared to uncovered counterparts. Covering corn silage reduced spoilage losses of OM from 49 to 31 and 9 to 1 percentage units in the top and second 18 inches, respectively. Similar reductions in OM losses from covering were observed in the forage sorghum silages. Although spoilage losses observed in covered silages appear high, covering silage stored in horizontal silos greatly reduced the estimated storage losses in the top 3 feet.
Open Access
Effects of maturity at harvest and cultivar on agronomic performance of forage sorghum and the nutritive value of selected sorghum silages
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Sonon, R.N.; Suazo, R.; Pfaff, L.; Dickerson, J.T.; Bolson, K.K.
These studies examined the agronomic performance of 20 forage sorghum cultivars, each harvested at three stages of maturity in 1990. Whole-plant dry matter (DM) yields were highest at the late-dough stage of kernel maturity, whereas DM content and grain yields steadily increased as maturity advanced. A voluntary intake and digestion trial was conducted with 12 grain and forage sorghum silages harvested at the late-dough stage in 1989. The highest silage DM intakes and digestibilities were obtained with the high-grain yielding hybrids.
Open Access
Effects of hybrid and maturity at harvest on agronomic performance of corn for silage
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Suazo, R.; Sonon, R.N.; Pfaff, L.; Dickerson, J.T.; Bolsen, K.K.
Twelve, commercial, corn hybrids were grown under irrigated conditions in 1990 and evaluated for agronomic and silage characteristics at three stages of maturities (1/2 milk line, black layer, and 7 days post-black layer). Time to mid-anthesis and mid-silk ranged from 62 to 68 and 65 to 70 days, respectively, and plant height ranged from 78 to 98 inches. Whole-plant dry matter (DM) content and whole-plant DM and grain yields for the 12 hybrids ranged from 23.6 to 53.7 %, 6.1 to 9.6 tons of DM per acre, and 60 to 170 bushels per acre, respectively, over the three maturities. Whole-plant DM content and grain yield increased (P<.001) with advancing maturity, whereas whole-plant DM yield peaked at the second maturity. These initial results indicate that hybrid and stage of maturity affect the agronomic characteristics of corn grown for silage.
Open Access
Summer annual forages in south central Kansas
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Blasi, Dale A.; Fjell, Dale L.; Shroyer, James P.; Kuhl, Gerry L.; Heer, William F.; bheer; dblasi; dfjell; jshroyer
Six, summer annual forages and three forage sorghums were evaluated for forage yield and quality under south central Kansas dryland conditions. The sudans and forage sorghums produced similar amounts of dry matter per acre, and yields for these two forage types were significantly higher than for the pearl millet cultivars tested. Conversely, the pearl millets provided higher quality forage in terms of crude protein and acid detergent fiber levels. Droughty conditions severely limited forage yields. However, forage nitrate and prussic acid levels were all relatively low, indicating the utility of raising the cutter bar to avoid harvesting the lower stalks that can contain high nitrate concentrations.
Open Access
Periparturient changes in intake, rumen capacity, and selected blood metabolites in beef cows
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Stanley, T.A.; Cochran, R.C.; Harmon, D.L.; Vanzant, E.S.
Four, ruminally cannulated, Hereford × Angus cows were used to study factors associated with feed intake patterns around parturition. Feed intake during the final trimester of gestation was relatively stable, in spite of a noticeable decrease in ruminal capacity. Postpartum feed intake appeared to increase, as did ruminal capacity. Blood progesterone fell after parturition, whereas estradiol did not change except for a large rise around parturition. Some plasma metabolites measured differed before and after calving; however, magnitude and patterns of change do not suggest a direct relationship with intake.
Open Access
Dehydrated alfalfa pellets and soybean meal/grain sorghum in step-up winter supplementation programs for spring-calving beef cows
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Vanzant, E.S.; Cochran, R.C.; Corah, L.R.; Kiracofe, G.H.
The performance response to a stepwise increase in the level of supplement fed to cows across the winter supplementation period was studied by feeding 112 Hereford × Angus cows the following treatments: dehydrated alfalfa pellets (DEHY) or soybean meal/grain sorghum (SS), each either level-fed (constant daily amount from December 1 to calving) or fed in a step-up program (low level from December 1 to 30; moderate level from December 31 to January 29; high level from January 30 to calving; avg = amount fed with level-feeding). Cow weight and condition changes and calf performance were favored by the step-up supplementation program when SS was fed. When DEHY was fed, cow weight and condition changes favored level-feeding. Weight and condition changes generally favored the DEHY group over the SS group. No effects were found for the reproductive characteristics measured. These results indicate that potential benefits of step-up winter supplementation programs depend on the type of supplement being fed. All of the supplementation programs appeared adequate to support desirable levels of reproductive performance.
Open Access
Influence of increasing amounts of supplemental alfalfa hay on intake and utilization of dormant, winter-harvested, bluestem-range forage by beef steers
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-10-20T17:04:16Z) Vanzant, E.S.; Cochran, R.C.
Sixteen, ruminally cannulated, beef steers were used in an intake/digestion experiment to determine the effects of supplementing a dormant, winter-harvested, bluestem range, forage diet with increasing amounts of moderate quality alfalfa. Steers were allowed ad libitum access to dormant forage and were supplemented with alfalfa hay at: 1) .23, 2) .47, 3).70, and 4) .94 % of BW on a dry matter (DM) basis. As the amount of supplemental alfalfa increased, dormant forage intake decreased, but total DM intake increased. Dry matter digestibility was unaffected by treatment, and only minor changes were noted for ruminal fermentation characteristics. Changes in ruminal fill and liquid dilution rates indicated an increase in digesta passage with increasing amounts of supplemental alfalfa hay. Although these results indicate that maximal digestible nutrient intake is attained at the highest level of supplementation, levels of nutrient intake and fermentation patterns indicate that adequate performance may be attained at lower levels of supplementation.
Open Access
Increasing levels of grain supplementation for intensive-early stocked steers: three-year summary
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-10-20T17:04:00Z) Cochran, R.C.; Brandt, Robert T., Jr.; Vanzant, E.S.; Clary, E.M.; Owensby, Clenton E.; owensby
During the initial 3 years of a 4-year experiment, average daily gain tended to increase in direct proportion to increasing levels of grain sorghum supplementation (2.3, 2.5 and 2.7 lb gain per day for the control and 2 and 4 lb supplement per day, respectively). The amount of grass remaining in the pastures at the end of the growing season (October 1) was greater in each of the 3 years when cattle were supplemented at 4 lb/day. During the 2 years (1989 and 1990) that feedlot performance was monitored, level of supplementation for grazing steers did not influence subsequent feedlot gain or efficiency.