Swine Day, 2006

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Open Access
The effects of electron beam and gamma ray irradiation levels in spray-dried animal plasma on nursery pig performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T16:29:03Z) Groesbeck, C.N.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; mtokach; goodband; dritz; jnelssen
A total of 385 pigs (initially 13.4 ± 2.2 lb and 21 ± 3 d of age) were used in a 28-d trial to determine the effects of electron beam and gamma ray irradiation dosage of spray-dried animal plasma (plasma) on nursery pig performance. Pigs were allotted to pen and blocked by weight by using an incomplete block design with either 7 or 8 replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were randomly allotted to pen within block. Ten dietary treatments were fed from d 0 to 14, including: a negative control diet with no added plasma, a positive control diet with added plasma, or one of 8 irradiated plasma diets. The 8 irradiated treatments included plasma irradiated with either electron beam or gamma radiation at increasing dosages of 2, 4, 6, or 10 kGy. All the pigs were fed a common diet from d 14 to 28. Irradiation of the plasma reduced the total bacterial and coliform counts at every dose, regardless of irradiation source. There were no interactions (P>0.05) between irradiation source and dosage for the entire trial. From d 0 to 14, pigs fed the diets containing plasma had increased (P<0.01) ADG and ADFI, compared with those of the pigs fed the negative control diet. Irradiating the plasma did not improve pig performance. There also were no differences (P>0.12) in growth performance between the pigs fed the plasma irradiated by electron beam or by gamma ray, which confirms previous research. But the majority of previous research has shown improvements in growth performance when pigs were fed diets with irradiated plasma, compared with performance of pigs fed diets containing regular plasma. Irradiation of plasma did not improve performance in this study.
Open Access
The effects of frequent out-of-feed events on growth performance of nursery, growing, and finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T16:27:06Z) Linneen, S.K.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; dritz; mtokach; jderouch; jnelssen
An “out-of-feed” event is defined as a period of time that pigs do not have access to feed as a result of late feed delivery (feeders running empty) or bridging of bulk bins, feed lines, or feeders. To determine the effects of these out-of-feed events on pig growth performance, nursery and growing-finishing pig studies were conducted. In Exp. 1, 190 pigs (initial wt 14.0 lb) were allotted to one of four experimental treatments. Treatments included a 20-hour feed withdrawal for 1, 2, or 3 randomly selected times during the 35-d trial or a control treatment in which feeders were never withdrawn. Feeders were withdrawn on d 11 for pigs with 1 out-of-feed event, d 8 and 23 for pigs with 2 out-of-feed events, and d 9, 14, and 20 for pigs with 3 out-of-feed events. Throughout the study, the week in which an out-of-feed event occurred, ADG and ADFI were decreased (P<0.06), compared with those of control pigs. In some instances, if the out-of-feed event occurred early in the week, pig growth performance was intermediate to that of control pigs and the other pigs with an out-of-feed event later in the week. In the following week, however, pigs that had an outof- feed event in the previous week had improved ADG and F/G, compared with performance of the others. For the overall study, there were no differences in growth performance among pigs with 0, 1, 2, or 3 out-of-feed events. In Exp. 2, 479 growing-finishing pigs were used in an 85-d trial in a commercial finishing barn to determine the effects of frequency and timing of out-of-feed events on pig performance. Treatments included feed withdrawal (20 h) weekly for the duration of the trial, feed withdrawn weekly from d 45 to 85 (market wt), or a control treatment in which pigs had access to feed for the duration of the trial. Feed withdrawal occurred on a randomly selected day, with the exception of Saturday, Sunday, or a day before a weigh day (usually a Wednesday every other week). There were no differences (P>0.13) in growth performance throughout the 85-d trial. With weekly out-of-feed events in the finishing phase, there is a possibility that pigs may quickly learn to adjust their feed intake for the out-of-feed event. In this study, however, results suggest that out-of-feed events (20 h or less) will have no long-term effects on growth performance in nursery or growing-finishing pigs.
Open Access
Comparison of concept PR 100 and spray-dried animal Plasma on nursery pig performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T16:01:10Z) Wiedmann, E.J.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jnelssen
One hundred eighty weanling pigs (initially 12.1 lb and 18 ± 2 d of age) were used in a 28-d growth assay to determine if Concept PR 100 (CNPR), a plant-based protein ingredient with added synthetic amino acids and nucleic acids, can replace spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) in nursery pig diets. The five experimental treatments were: 1) control (no specialty protein source); 2) 2.5% SDAP; 3) 5.0% SDAP; 4) 2.5% CNPR; and 5) 5.0% CNPR. Treatment diets were fed from d 0 to 14 after weaning, with a common diet fed to all pigs from d 14 to 28 after weaning. From d 0 to 14, pigs fed increasing amounts of SDAP had improved (linear and quadratic, P<0.01) ADG and ADFI, which was primarily due to a large improvement from 0 to 2.5% SDAP, with a smaller increase when 5.0% was fed. In addition, pigs fed diets containing increasing amounts of CNPR had increased(linear and quadratic, P<0.003) ADG and ADFI, with the maximum response observed in pigs fed 2.5% CNPR. Furthermore, pigs fed increasing amounts of SDAP or CNPR had improved F/G (linear, P<0.001 and quadratic, P<0.07, respectively), compared with F/G of control pigs. When comparing the means of pigs fed diets containing SDAP versus those fed CNPR, pigs fed SDAP had greater (P<0.002) ADG, ADFI, and pig weight at d 14, compared with pigs fed CNPR. Overall, (d 0 to 28), pigs fed increasing amounts of SDAP and CNPR had greater ADG, ADFI, and final weight (linear, P<0.01) than did pigs fed the control diet. The greatest improvement for pigs fed both protein sources was observed at 2.5% inclusion in the diet, with a smaller increase up to a 5.0% inclusion. Although either protein source improved growth performance, compared with the control diet, pigs fed SDAP tended to have greater overall ADG (P<0.12) and final body weight (P<0.11) than pigs fed CNPR.
Open Access
Effects of increasing amounts of true ileal digestible lysine on the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs reared in a commercial facility
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T15:59:24Z) Gottlob, R.O.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jderouch; jnelssen
Two 28-d experiments using 2,259 gilts were conducted to determine the growth and economic effects of increasing dietary true ileal digestible (TID) lysine in commercially reared growing-finishing pigs. Both experiments included 6 dietary treatments of incrementally increasing TID lysine in diets containing 6% added fat. The dietary TID lysine ranged from below to above our current requirement estimates to determine if there were any changes in lysine requirements during the past five years. In Exp. 1, pigs were initially 132 lb and averaged 192 lb at the end of the 28-day study. The TID lysine rates were 0.65, 0.75, 0.85, 0.95, 1.05, and 1.15%, which corresponded to lysine:calorie ratios of 1.80, 2.08, 2.35, 2.63, 2.91, and 3.19 g/Mcal, respectively. Increasing TID lysine increased ADG (linear, P<0.01) and improved F/G (quadratic, P<0.06), with optimal performance at 1.05% TID lysine (TID lysine:ME ratio of 2.91 g/Mcal). Pigs fed this diet consumed approximately 22 g of TID lysine per day, and used 21.6 g of TID lysine/kg of gain. Although not significant, margin over feed cost (MOF) was numerically greatest for pigs fed 1.05% TID. In Exp. 2, pigs were initially 177 lb and averaged 241 lb at the end of the 28-d study. The TID lysine rates were 0.52, 0.62, 0.72, 0.82, 0.92, and 1.02%, which corresponded to lysine:calorie ratios of 1.44, 1.71, 1.99, 2.27, 2.55, and 2.83 g/Mcal, respectively. In Exp. 2, the optimal TID lysine rate changed over the course of the experiment. During the first 14 d, pigs fed 0.92% TID lysine had the greatest ADG and lowest F/G, whereas pigs fed 0.72% TID lysine had the numerically highest ADG and lowest F/G from d 14 to 28. Pigs fed these diets required approximately 19.5 g of TID lysine/kg gain. Margin over feed costs increased (quadratic, P<0.03) with increasing dietary TID lysine, with the greatest return at 0.72% TID lysine. In summary, results of the first experiment suggest an increase in dietary TID lysine recommendations, compared with our earlier studies. Even though the optimal lysine rate may be changing over time for this genetic line and production facility, it seems that using the estimate of approximately 20 g TID lysine per kg of gain will provide a good estimate of the pig’s lysine requirement.
Open Access
Effects of replacing corn with triticale in diets for nursery and finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T15:58:54Z) Monge, C.R.; Gugle, Terry L.; Feoli, C.; Hancock, Joe D.; jhancock
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of replacing corn (none, 1/3, 2/3, and all) with triticale on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in pigs. For the 34-d nursery experiment, 168 weanling pigs (avg initial weight of 14.8 lb and avg initial age of 21 d) were used. On d 24, fecal samples were collected to allow determination of nutrient digestibility. Overall, pigs consuming diets with 1/3 of the corn replaced with triticale improved ADG (cubic effect, P<0.08) and F/G (linear effect, P<0.01). Digestibility of DM, N, and GE were not affected (P>0.18). For the finishing experiment, 184 pigs (avg initial weight of 131 lb) were used, and fecal samples were collected on d 46. Overall, ADG (linear effect, P<0.02) and ADFI (linear effect, P<0.06) were decreased by 6% as replacement of corn with triticale was increased from none to 100%. But F/G and digestibility of nutrients were not affected (P>0.16), and the negative effects on ADG and ADFI were evident only at 2/3 replacement and replacement of all corn with triticale. In conclusion, replacing corn with triticale improved growth performance in nursery pigs, but reduced ADFI and, thus, ADG in finishing pigs, when more than 1/3 of the corn was replaced.
Open Access
Effects of water-soluble and in-feed organic acids on the growth performance of weanling pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T15:57:37Z) Gottlob, R.O.; Neill, C.R.; Groesbeck, C.N.; Schneider, J.D.; Frantz, N.Z.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jderouch; jnelssen
A total of 360 weanling pigs (initially 11.5 lb and 18 ± 3 d of age, PIC) were used in a 42-d growth assay to determine the effects of water-soluble antimicrobials and organic acids in feed and/or water on nursery pig growth performance. Pigs were allotted to one of 9 experimental treatments: 1) control (no feed or water antimicrobials or acids); 2) water containing 38 mg/L neomycin sulfate; 3) water containing 0.06% Activate3 WD; 4) water containing 0.12% Activate WD; 5) feed containing Neo-Terramycin4 (140 g/ton neomycin sulfate, 140 g/ton oxytetracycline HCl; neo/oxy); 6) feed containing 0.50% Activate DA; 7) feed containing 0.45% Starter L; 8) feed containing 0.45% Multimax L; and 9) feed containing 0.50% Activate DA and 0.10% Mintrex3 P. Overall (d 0 to 42 after weaning), pigs provided neo/oxy in the feed had greater (P<0.05) ADG, compared with pigs in all other treatments, except the pigs provided the combination of Activate DA and Mintrex P in the feed. Pigs provided neo/oxy in the feed had greater ADFI (P<0.02) than did pigs provided the control treatment. There were no differences in feed efficiency between any of the treatments. These data demonstrate that pigs provided in-feed antimicrobials had improved growth, whereas those provided organic acids in feed and water did not.
Open Access
Effects of xylanase and wheat middlings in diets for finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T15:56:56Z) Feoli, C.; Monge, C.R.; Jones, C.L.; Starkey, C.W.; Hancock, Joe D.; jhancock
A total of 312 finishing pigs (average initial weight of 142 lb) were used in a 62-d experiment to determine the effects of xylanase and wheat middlings on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics. Treatments were a control diet based on corn-soybean meal, without and with 750 g/ton xylanase product (to supply none and 1,050 units of xylanase activity per lb of diet), and wheat middlings (none, 15%, and 30%) arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial. The pigs were sorted by sex and ancestry and blocked by weight, with 13 pigs/pen and 4 pens/treatment. Feed and water were provided on an ad libitum basis until the pigs were killed (average weight of 266 lb) at a commercial slaughter facility. Overall, there were no interactions among xylanase addition and concentration of wheat middlings in the diet for ADG, ADFI, F/G, dressing percentage, last-rib backfat thickness, or percentage carcass lean (P>0.26). For main effects, addition of xylanase did not change growth performance or carcass measurements (P>0.16), but, as concentration of wheat middlings was increased from none to 30%, there were linear decreases in overall ADG (P<0.003); efficiency of gain (P<0.002); hot carcass weight (P<0.001); dressing percentage (P<0.002); and digestibility of DM (P<0.001), N (P<0.04), and GE (P<0.001). Last-rib backfat thickness (P<0.06) decreased and percentage carcass lean increased (P<0.03) as wheat middlings concentration in the diet was increased from none to 30%. But these improvements in carcass leanness resulted from the light carcasses for pigs fed wheat middlings, and disappeared when hot carcass weight was used as a covariate (P>0.12). In conclusion, increasing the concentration of wheat middlings, in diets from none to 30% reduced growth performance and nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs. Addition of xylanase did not prevent these negative effects.
Open Access
Growth performance of nursery pigs fed biosaf in combination with in-feed antimicrobials
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T15:56:26Z) Hildabrand, B.M.; Burkey, T.E.; Skjolaas, K.A.; Johnson, B.J.; Minton, J. Ernest; Dritz, Steven S.; orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-169X; dritz
Weaned pigs (n = 240; initial BW 13.5 lb) were used in a 28-d growth study. Pigs were blocked by sex and BW, and were assigned randomly to 1 of the 5 dietary treatments: control (no added antimicrobials or yeasts), Neo- Terramycin4 (Neo-Terra; control diet plus Neo-Terra), Denagard5 (control diet plus Denagard PLUS), Neo-Terra+BIOSAF (control diet plus Neo-Terra and 0.15% BIOSAF yeast), or Denagard+BIOSAF (control diet plus Denagard and 0.15% BIOSAF yeast). There were 8 pens per treatment and 6 pigs per pen. Treatments were applied in both Phase 1 (d 0 to 14) and Phase 2 (d 15 to 28) diets. Overall (d 0 to 28), pigs fed Denagard+ BIOSAF had greater (P<0.05) ADG than all other treatments, and pigs fed Neo- Terra, Denagard, and Neo-Terra+BIOSAF had greater (P<0.05) ADG than did pigs fed the control diet. For the entire trial, pigs fed Denagard+ BIOSAF also had greater (P<0.05) ADFI than did pigs fed the control diet or diet containing Neo-Terra, but had ADFI similar to that of pigs fed Denagard and Neo- Terra+BIOSAF. Over the entire 28-d experiment, pigs fed Denagard+BIOSAF maintained greater (P<0.05) F/G than did pigs fed the control diet and diet containing Denagard. But F/G was similar between pigs fed Denagard+ BIOSAF, Neo-Terra+BIOSAF, and Neo-Terra. In summary, BIOSAF fed in combination with Denagard enhanced the growth response of nursery pigs beyond the growth advantage of Denagard alone. The interaction of BIOSAF with Denagard is generally consistent with other reports, although we anticipated that BIOSAF would also improve the response to Neo-Terra, as we had observed previously. Factors affecting the presence and magnitude of the interaction of BIOSAF and in-feed antibiotics to enhance the growth response in nursery pigs remain to be elucidated.
Open Access
Influence of nutridense low phytate corn and added fat on growing-finishing pig growth performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T15:55:55Z) Linneen, S.K.; Gottlob, R.O.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; jderouch; goodband; jnelssen
Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of NutriDense Low Phytate corn in conjunction with increasing amounts of added fat on growing and finishing pig performance. NutriDense Low Phytate corn is similar to NutriDense corn, but with greater available phosphorus content because it has less phytate phosphorus. Both experiments were conducted at a commercial swine research facility in southwest Minnesota. In Exp. 1, 1,162 gilts (initially 98.3 lb) were used in a 28-d study. Pigs were blocked by weight, and were randomly allotted to one of six dietary treatments. Pigs were fed diets based on corn-soybean meal with yellow dent (YD) or NutriDense Low Phytate corn and 0, 3, or 6% added fat, in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. A constant true ileal digestible (TID) lysine:energy ratio of 2.80 g TID lysine:Mcal ME was maintained in all diets, as well a constant available P:energy ratio of 0.90 g/Mcal. Overall (d 0 to 28), there were no corn source × fat content interactions (P>0.79). Regardless of corn source, ADG and F/G improved linearly (P<0.03, and P<0.01, respectively) as the amount of fat increased in the diet. There were no differences in growth performance between pigs fed diets containing NutriDense Low Phytate and those fed YD corn. In Exp. 2, a total of 1,128 gilts (initially 180.0 lb) were used in a 28-d growth assay. Pigs were blocked, and were randomly allotted to one of six dietary treatments. Pigs were fed similarly to those in Exp. 1, with diets based on corn-soybean meal, using either NutriDense Low Phytate or YD corn and 0, 3, or 6% added fat. A constant TID lysine:energy ratio of 2.15 g/Mcal ME was maintained in all diets, as well as a constant available P:energy ratio of 0.75 g/Mcal. Overall (d 0 to 28), there was a tendency for a corn source × fat content interaction for F/G (P<0.07), which was a result of pigs fed YD corn having improved F/G only at 6% added fat, whereas improvements were seen in pigs fed NutriDense Low Phytate at both 3 and 6% added fat. Also, there was an improvement in ADG (linear P<0.01) and F/G (linear, P<0.01) as the amount of fat increased in the diet, regardless of corn source. There was no difference in growth performance between pigs fed diets containing NutriDense Low Phytate and those fed YD corn. These studies indicate that increasing amounts of added fat improved growth performance, regardless of corn source. Pig growth performance is similar for pigs fed NutriDense Low Phytate corn and fed YD corn, although NutriDense Low Phytate corn does have the advantage of having higher amino acid concentrations and less phytate phosphorus.
Open Access
Investigation into the effects of feeding schedule on body condition, aggressiveness, and reproductive failure in group housed sows
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T15:55:22Z) Schneider, J.D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jnelssen; jderouch
A total of 208 sows and 288 gilts (PIC Line C29) were used to determine the influence of feeding frequency (2 versus 6 times per day) in gestation on performance and welfare measurements. The experiment was conducted on a commercial sow farm in northeast Kansas that typically housed gestating sows and gilts in pens. Treatments consisted of feeding similar amounts of feed to each sow or gilt over 2 (07:00 and 15:30) or 6 meals per day (07:00, 07:30, 08:00, 15:30, 16:00, and 16:30 hours). There were 8 sows or 12 gilts in each pen. Gilts and sows were moved to pens after breeding. In gestating sows, there were no differences (P>0.10) between treatments in ADG, backfat change, or variation in body weight. There was a trend (P<0.08) for sows fed twice a day to farrow more total number born, but number born alive or other measures of reproductive performance were not different (P>0.10) among treatments. Sows fed 6 times a day had increased vocalization during the morning (P<0.07) and afternoon (P<0.01) feeding periods, compared with sows fed twice a day, but sows fed twice a day had more skin (P<0.01) and vulva (P<0.04) lesions, as well as a small, but significant, increase in feet/leg (P<0.01) and hoof (P<0.02) problems. In this commercial facility, the standard management protocol required moving gilts to a different gestation facility. On d 42, two pens of gilts with similar breeding dates and treatment were combined and moved to another facility with larger pens until farrowing. From d 0 to 42, gilts fed 6 times a day had greater ADG (P<0.07) and d-42 backfat (P<0.09). After movement to the larger groups from d 42 to farrowing, ADG was similar (P > 0.10) for gilts fed 2 or 6 times per day. Gilts fed twice a day had less weight variation at both d 42 (P<0.04) and at farrowing (P<0.10). In gilts, there were no differences (P>0.10) for reproductive performance, skin and vulva lesions, and leg/feet and hoof scores. In conclusion, there were few growth, farrowing, or aggression differences among gilts fed either 2 or 6 times per day. This suggests that either feeding method is suitable for group-housed gilts. Among sows, different feeding frequency resulted in few growth or farrowing-performance differences. Feeding 6 times per day did result in a small, but significant, reduction in skin and vulva lesions and structural-problem scores, while increasing vocalization. Increasing the feeding frequency from 2 to 6 times per day does not seem to have a dramatic negative or positive impact on performance or welfare of group-housed gilts and sows.
Open Access
Isoleucine in segregated early weaning and transition diets
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T15:54:49Z) Linneen, S.K.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; jderouch; goodband; jnelssen
Two studies were conducted to test the effect of isoleucine amount and source on nursery pig performance. In Exp. 1, a total of 194 pigs were used in a 10-d study in a research facility to test the effects of isoleucine rate in high or low lysine diets. Dietary treatments included either high or low lysine and high or low isoleucine in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. High-lysine diets were formulated to 1.56% TID lysine, and low-lysine diets were formulated to 1.30% TID lysine. Highisoleucine diets contained approximately 60% TID isoleucine:lysine, whereas low-isoleucine diets contained approximately 49% isoleucine: lysine. Overall (d 0 to 10), there were no significant lysine by isoleucine interactions (P<0.23). From d 0 to 5, pigs fed diets containing high lysine had higher (P<0.02) ADG and tended to have higher (P<0.09) ADFI, compared with performance of pigs fed diets containing low lysine. Also, pigs fed diets containing high isoleucine had a weak tendency for higher (P<0.17) ADG and ADFI, compared with performance of pigs fed diets containing low isoleucine, because pigs fed high isoleucine and low lysine gained and ate more than pigs fed low isoleucine and low lysine. Overall (d 0 to 10), pigs fed diets containing high lysine had higher (P<0.01) ADG and improved (P<0.01) F/G, compared with performance of pigs fed diets containing low lysine. There was a weak tendency to have improved (P<0.18) ADFI for pigs fed diets containing either high lysine or high isoluecine. In Exp. 2, a total of 1,540 pigs were used in a 21-d growth assay in a commercial facility to test the effects of increased dietary L-isoleucine from different isoleucine sources on nursery pig performance. Treatments included: control (standard SEW and transition diets) or the control with increased isoleucine from added L-isoleucine, soybean meal, wheat gluten, or poultry meal. During the SEW period (d 0 to 5), pigs fed diets containing added L isoleucine had better (P<0.05) ADG than did pigs fed the control or diets containing added soybean meal. Also, pigs fed the diet containing wheat gluten had better (P<0.05) ADG than did pigs fed added soybean meal. Pigs fed diets containing added L-isoleucine had better (P<0.05) F/G than did pigs fed the control or diets containing added soybean meal. Also, pigs fed diets containing wheat gluten had better (P<0.05) F/G than did pigs fed added soybean meal. During the transition period (d 5 to 10), pigs fed diets containing poultry meal had lower (P<0.05) ADG than did pigs fed the control diet or added soybean meal. Also, pigs fed diets containing added soybean meal had better (P<0.05) F/G than did pigs fed diets with added L-isoleucine or poultry meal. From d 0 to 10, there were no differences in ADG or ADFI between treatments; nonetheless, F/G was better (P<0.05) for pigs fed added soybean meal than for pigs fed the control diet. Overall (d 0 to 21), there were no differences in ADG or ADFI between treatments, but F/G was better (P<0.05) for pigs fed diets with added soybean meal or wheat gluten than for pigs fed diets containing added L-isoleucine. For the economic analysis, pigs fed the diets containing wheat gluten had higher (P<0.05) cost per pound of gain from d 0 to 5, d 5 to 10, and d 0 to 10 than did pigs fed all other diets. From d 0 to 5, margin over feed was higher (P<0.05) for the diets with added L-isoleucine or poultry meal, compared with the diet containing wheat gluten. From d 5 to 10, margin over feed was higher (P<0.05) for diets containing added soybean meal than for diets containing wheat gluten, added Lisoleucine, or poultry meal. From d 0 to 10, margin over feed was lowest (P<0.05) for the diet containing wheat gluten, compared with all other diets. These studies indicate that maintaining an adequate amount of isoleucine is critical in diets immediately after weaning, and the addition of L-isoleucine is an economical means of increasing isoleucine in the SEW diet to improve performance.
Open Access
L-carnitine supplementation to gestating gilts alters the IGF axis in porcine embyronic myoblasts
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T15:54:14Z) Brown, K.R.; Johnson, B.J.; Woodworth, J.C.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; goodband; mtokach; jnelssen
We determined the effects of supplemental L-carnitine on the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in porcine embryonic myoblasts (PEM) from gilts. Forty gilts (BW = 303.6 lb) were allotted to 1 of 4 treatments that were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial, with main effects of L-carnitine (0 or 50 ppm) and day of gestation (55 or 70). All gilts were fed 3.86 lb/day and a top-dress containing either 0 or 50 ppm of L-carnitine, starting on the first day of breeding and continuing through the allotted gestation length. At d 55 or 70 of gestation, fetuses were removed for isolation of PEM from the hind-limb muscles. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to determine growth factor messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in cultured PEM at 72-, 96-, 120-, and 144-h after plating. Flow cytometry was used to analyze percentage of myogenic cells with a myoblast/myotube specific monoclonal antibody 5.1H11, and for determination of cell cycle stage. There was no treatment differences (P>0.10) for the expression of IGF-I, IGF-II, or IGFBP-5 mRNA levels. But PEM isolated from fetuses collected from gilts fed diets with L-carnitine had lower (P = 0.08) IGFBP-3 mRNA levels, compared with levels in the controls. Myoblasts isolated from fetuses from gilts fed diets with added Lcarnitine had greater (P = 0.09; 8.8%) 5.1H11 monoclonal antibody attachment, compared with the controls, after 72 hours in culture (91.8% vs. 87.4%). Although not significant (P = 0.31), the total number of PEM in the S phase of the cell cycle was 4.7% greater in PEM collected from fetuses obtained from gilts fed diets with L-carnitine, compared with numbers from the control-fed gilts (37.5% vs. 34.2%). These data suggest that L-carnitine influences the IGF system, stage of the cell cycle, and recognition of muscle development, resulting in enhanced proliferation and delayed differentiation of PEM.
Open Access
Predicting growth rates of adult working boars in a commercial boar stud
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T15:53:38Z) Sulabo, R.C.; Quackenbush, J.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; dritz; jderouch; jnelssen
There is almost no information on ideal growth rates for adult boars, but estimates can be made if the relationship between boar weight and age is known. Therefore, this study was aimed to predict growth rates in adult working boars in a commercial boar stud. A total of 214 adult working boars from two genetic lines in a commercial boar stud were individually weighed on a platform scale. Age of the boar was recorded at the time of weighing. A regression equation to predict boar weight as a function of age was developed by using PROC REG of SAS. The model was used to predict BW on a daily basis, and ADG was derived as the difference between two predicted BW values. Factorial estimates of daily ME requirement and feeding rates were determined. The energy requirement for weight gain was computed by using the predicted ADG as a guide in setting target weight gains. Results showed a positive curvilinear response (P<0.01) to describe the relationship between boar weight and age. Predicted ADG decreased in a curvilinear manner as the boars aged. In conclusion, on-farm growth rates can be predicted effectively by relating weight with age, taken from a representative number of boars in a given farm population. These data can then be used to develop farm specific feeding programs or to set different growth curves for experimental purposes.
Open Access
Validation of flank-to-flank measurements for predicting boar weight
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T15:50:07Z) Sulabo, R.C.; Quackenbush, J.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; dritz; jderouch; jnelssen
Allometric relationships, in which linear body dimensions are expressed as a function of body weight, are commonly used in growth studies. Previous work at Kansas State University showed a positive correlation between flank-to-flank measurement and sow body weight. Prediction equations were developed to estimate sow weight, but it is not known if the same equation will be valid in estimating body weight among other groups of pigs, such as boars. The objective of this study was to validate the use of flank-to-flank measurement in predicting boar weight, and to determine if the allometric equation for gestating sows can also be used for adult boars. A total of 100 adult working boars in a commercial A.I. stud were selected for this study. Flank-to-flank measurement and body weight were measured on each individual boar. Flank-to-flank measurement was positively correlated to boar body weight (R2 = 0.84, P<0.01). The fit of the model improved slightly (R2 = 0.86, P<0.01) when body weight was expressed as BW0.333. The boar equation was: BW0.333, kg = 0.0458 × flank-to-flank, cm + 1.1838. The comparison of residuals indicated that all three equations accurately predicted boar weight. The sow equation was also shown to be as accurate as the boar equations in estimating boar weight. Therefore, the sow allometric equation can be used as the final model to predict both sow and boar body weight.
Open Access
Porcine umbilical cord matrix stem cells
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T15:48:58Z) Carlin, R.; Troyer, Deryl L.; Weiss, Mark L.; Schultz, Bruce D.; Davis, Duane L.; davis
Since their discovery in 2000, pig umbilical cord stem cells have been studied at KState. The studies have been expanded to included other species, including humans. In addition, other research groups around the world have published scientific studies with these cells. Their unique attributes include being plentiful, easily collected, and (in humans) non-controversial. Initial work in the pig has concentrated on characterizing the cells to understand how they compare with other populations of stem cells. Results indicate that they have several characteristics in common with other primitive stem-cell populations, and that they are relatively easy to work with in the laboratory.
Open Access
Effects of dried distillers grain with solubles on nursery pig performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T13:46:59Z) Linneen, S.K.; Steidinger, M.U.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; jderouch; goodband; dritz; jnelssen
A total of 482 pigs (initial BW of 21.9 lb) were used in a 22-d study to determine the effects of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance of nursery pigs reared in a commercial environment. Pigs were allotted to one of two dietary treatments based on corn-soybean meal and containing either 0 or 10% DDGS. There was a tendency for pigs fed the diet containing 10% DDGS to have decreased (P<0.13) ADG, compared with pigs not fed DDGS (0.95 vs. 0.88 lb/d). Overall (d 0 to 22), there were no differences in ADFI, F/G, or final weight (P>0.21). For economic analysis, the DDGS price was compared at $109, $93, or $80/ton. There were no differences in feed cost per pound of gain in diets containing DDGS at the three price levels (P>0.29). Pigs fed the diets containing 10% DDGS had a tendency for reduced (P<0.12) margin over feed cost ($0.52, $0.54, and $0.56), regardless of DDGS price ($106, $93, or $80/ton, respectively). Although only a trend for decreased ADG was observed, feeding diets containing DDGS was less economical, as measured by margin over feed costs.
Open Access
Effects of dried distillers grain with solubles on growing-finishing pig performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T13:44:56Z) Linneen, S.K.; Gottlob, R.O.; Main, R.G.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; jderouch; goodband; dritz; jnelssen
Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of increasing dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance and palatability in growing-finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, a total of 1,050 pigs (initially 104.9 lb) were used in a 28-d study in May 2002. Pigs were fed diets with either 0 or 15% DDGS and 0, 3, or 6% added fat, for a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Overall, there were no DDGS × fat content interactions (P = 0.20). There was an improvement (linear, P<0.01) in ADG and F/G with increasing added fat and no difference in growth performance between pigs fed 0 or 15% DDGS. In Exp. 2, a total of 1,038 pigs (initially 102.1 lb) were used in a 56-d study in August 2005. Pigs were fed diets with either 0, 10, 20, or 30% DDGS from the same ethanol plant as in Exp. 1. Overall (d 0 to 56), there was a trend for decreased ADG (linear, P<0.10) and ADFI (linear, P<0.06) as DDGS increased. The greatest reduction occurred in pigs fed more than 10% DDGS. In Exp. 3, a total of 120 growing pigs (initially 48.7 lb) were used in a 21-d feed preference study in October 2005. Pigs were randomly allotted to a pen with 4 feeders, each containing a separate dietary treatment. Pigs were offered diets based on corn-soybean meal, with 0, 10, 20, or 30% DDGS from the same source as in Exp. 1 and 2. For all periods (d 0 to 7, 7 to 21, and 0 to 21), there was a decrease in ADFI (quadratic, P<0.01) as DDGS increased in the diet. The most dramatic decrease was observed between 0 and 10% DDGS. Experiment 1 showed no difference in growth performance in pigs fed 0 or 15% DDGS. In Exp 2, at DDGS contents higher than 10%, there were trends for decreased ADG and ADFI; in Exp. 3, ADFI decreased with increasing DDGS in the diet. In summary, DDGS from the ethanol plant tested can be used at 10 to 15% in finishing diets without reducing pig performance. Higher percentages of DDGS in the diet decreased ADFI in growing and finishing pigs.
Open Access
Effects of dietary calcium formate and malic acid on nursery pig growth performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T13:43:20Z) Gottlob, R.O.; Benz, J.M.; Groesbeck, C.N.; Sulabo, R.C.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; jnelssen; goodband; jderouch
A total of 180 weanling pigs (initially 14.1 lb and 18 ± 3 d of age, PIC) were used to determine the effects of dietary calcium formate or malic acid on nursery pig growth performance. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial, with or without an antimicrobial, and with or without calcium formate or malic acid, for a total of six dietary treatments: 1) negative control (no organic acids or antimicrobials); 2) positive control (feed containing 140 g/ton neomycin sulfate, 140 g/ton oxytetracycline; neo/oxy); 3) negative control feed containing malic acid; 4) positive control feed containing malic acid; 5) negative control feed containing calcium formate; 6) positive control feed containing calcium formate. There were no interactions (P>0.10) between the antimicrobial and the organic acids. Overall, pigs fed diets containing neo/oxy had greater ADG and ADFI (P<0.04) than did pigs fed diets without an antimicrobial. There were no differences in growth performance between pigs fed the control diet and pigs fed diets containing organic acids. These data suggest that neo/oxy increases ADG and ADFI of weanling pigs. Neither malic acid nor calcium formate are suitable replacements for neo/oxy for growth performance in nursery pigs.
Open Access
Effect of mixing pigs or maintaining pen integrity on the response to growing-finishing space allocation
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T13:41:07Z) Brumm, M.C.; Johnston, L.J.; Stalder, K.; NCERA-89 Committee on Swine Management; Goodband, Robert D.; goodband
A cooperative study using 906 pigs was conducted to evaluate either mixing pigs or maintaining pen integrity during the move from nursery to finishing, and its effect on finishing space allowance. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial, with main effects of mixing or maintaining pen integrity as pigs were moved to finishing facilities (BW 54.9 lb) and providing either 6.0 or 8.0 ft2 per pig. There were 8 pens per block and 7 blocks. In 2 pens, when moving from nursery to finishing, pen integrity was maintained and pens were allocated either 6.0 or 8.0 ft2 per pig. For mixed treatments, pigs from 3 pens were mixed into 3 new pens and were assigned 6.0 ft2 per pig. Likewise, 3 more pens were mixed and were assigned 8.0 ft2 per pig. Individual pen was the experimental unit. From d 0 to 14, no treatment effects were observed (P>0.16). A mixing by space allocation interaction was observed (P<0.05) for overall ADG and F/G. The interactions were a result of mixed pigs at 6.0 ft2 having better ADG and F/G than unmixed pigs, whereas unmixed pigs had better ADG and F/G at 8.0 ft2. Despite the interactions, the actual differences between treatment groups were relatively small. Overall (d 0 to 118), maintaining pen integrity did not affect ADG or ADFI, compared with mixing pigs (1.92 and 5.20 vs. 1.93 and 5.20 lb/d, respectively). But pigs provided 6.0 ft2 had decreased ADG (P<0.01) and ADFI (P<0.01), compared with those of pigs provided 8.0 ft2 (1.90 and 5.16 vs. 1.95 and 5.25 lb/d, respectively). These results confirm expected reductions in growth and feed intake of pigs restricted in space. In this study, maintaining pen integrity when moving pigs from nursery to finishing facilities had no beneficial effect on pig performance, compared with mixing pigs into new social groups.
Open Access
Effect of irradiated protein sources, fed in meal or pelleted diets, on nursery pig performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-20T13:40:05Z) Groesbeck, C.N.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; jderouch; goodband; dritz; jnelssen
A total of 350 pigs (initially 10.8 ± 2.1 lb and 21 ± 3 d of age) were used in a 22-d trial to determine the effects of feeding irradiated protein sources (spray-dried animal plasma, soybean meal, fish meal, or all three), in meal and pelleted diets, on the growth performance of nursery pigs. Pigs were blocked by weight, with 5 pigs/pen and 7 pens/treatment. From d 0 to 11, pigs were fed 1 of 10 experimental treatments, which consisted of the same diet fed in either meal or pelleted form, containing either no irradiated protein sources or containing irradiated spray-dried animal plasma, soybean meal, fish meal, or all three irradiated protein sources; then all pigs were fed a common diet (meal form) from d 11 to 22. Irradiation of the protein sources, as well as pelleting, reduced total bacterial and coliform counts. There were no irradiation by diet form interactions (P>0.16) observed for growth performance. From d 0 to 11, there was no irradiation effect (P>0.16) of protein source on ADG, ADFI, or F/G. But pigs fed pelleted diets had improved (P<0.02) F/G, compared with pigs fed meal diets, with no difference in ADG and ADFI. From d 11 to 22, pigs previously fed meal diets had a tendency for improved (P<0.10) ADFI, compared with that of the pigs fed pelleted diets. Overall (d 0 to 22), pigs fed diets containing irradiated protein sources had a tendency for improved (P<0.13)F/G, compared with that of pigs fed control diets. Pigs fed meal diets had a tendency for improved (P<0.12) ADFI, compared with the ADFI of pigs fed pelleted diets. Pigs fed pelleted diets had improved (P<0.01) F/G, compared with that of pigs fed meal diets. These data confirm that irradiation of protein ingredients, as well as pelleting, will reduce total bacteria and coliform counts within individual feed ingredients or a complete diet. Although irradiation of protein source did not improve performance in this study, pelleting of diets improved feed efficiency.