Swine Day, 1996

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Open Access
Swine Manure Management
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-10T22:35:17Z) Murphy, James P.; jmurphy
Manure nutrients help build and maintain soil fertility. Manure also improves tilth, increases waterholding capacity, lessens wind and water erosion, improves aeration, and promotes beneficial organisms. When wastes include runoff or dilution water, they can supply water as well as nutrients to crops. The economic value of manure fertilizer is calculated from its available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) at commercial fertilizer prices. These values change with the costs of fertilizer and handling practices.
Open Access
Evaluation of the total sulfur amino acid requirement of finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-10T22:33:21Z) Loughmiller, J.A.; Smith, J.W.II; Bergstrom, J.R.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; goodband; mtokach; jnelssen; jbergstr
Sixty four gilts (initially 120 lb) were used to evaluate the effects of increasing total sulfur amino acid (TSAA):lysine ratios on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Diets included two levels of lysine (.55% and .70% total lysine) and three TSAA:lysine ratios (60, 65, and 70% of lysine) arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial. A tendency for a lysine x TSAA interaction was observed for ADG and ADFI. Increasing TSAA:lysine ratio decreased ADG and ADFI in pigs fed .55% lysine; however, ADG and ADFI were increased in pigs fed .70% lysine and 65% TSAA:lysine. Pigs fed .70% lysine had improved ADG, FIG and lOth rib fat depth compared to those fed .55% lysine. However, no effects were observed with increasing TSAA: lysine ratios. These results suggest that the TSAA requirement of finishing pigs is not greater than 60% of total lysine.
Open Access
Determination of contract base payments to feeder-pig finishers
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-10T22:33:10Z) Parcell, J.L.; Langemeier, Michael R.; mlange
Risks associated with independent feeder-pig finishing have prompted finishers to seek alternative finishing and marketing methods. A means of reducing risk has developed through contract feeder-pig finishing. Research results indicated that slightly risk-averse finishers required contract base payments ranging from $11.00 to $30.00 per head. Strongly risk-averse finishers required contract base payments ranging from $8.50 to $19.00 per head. The lower end of the ranges is for a low-profit finisher. The upper end of the ranges is for a high-profit finisher.
Open Access
Influence of lysine concentration on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-10T22:32:34Z) Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; goodband; mtokach; jnelssen
We used a total of 11,653 pigs to examine the influence of a lysine phase-feeding regimen on growth performance and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs. We found that the lysine regimen did not affect ADG. Also, the low-lysine regimen was adequate for maximizing growth performance and carcass characteristics of barrows. However, the low-lysine regimen was inadequate to optimize feed efficiency in gilts. Further analysis indicated that the largest differences in feed efficiency were for the 115 to 160 lb period in gilts. Later in the growth period, feed efficiency of gilts was similar across dietary lysine regimens.
Open Access
The use of real-time ultrasound to model the growth performance and lysine requirements of growing-finishing pigs on commercial farms
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-10T22:32:19Z) Smith, J.W.II; Schinckel, A.P.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; jnelssen; goodband
Eighty pigs, 40 barrows and 40 gilts, on two commercial finishing operations were used to model growth and accretion rates. Major differences were observed between the two farms. This analysis indicates that realtime ultrasound can be used to develop lean and lipid accretion curves for formulating farm-specific diets that optimize lean growth performance in commercial operations.
Open Access
Effects of fat and sodium bicarbonate on growth performance and stomach morphology in finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-10T22:32:05Z) Sorrell, S.P.; Kim, I.H.; Hines, Robert H.; Kennedy, G.A.; Burnham, L.L.; Hancock, Joe D.; jhancock
Pigs fed diets with soybean oil consumed less feed; grew more efficiently; and had greater last-rib backfat thickness, keratosis, and ulceration in their stomachs than pigs fed diets without soybean oil. Pigs fed diets with NaHC03 tended to eat more feed and had numerically greater ADG, but feed/gain and carcass measurements were not affected. NaHC03 decreased ulceration scores only for pigs fed diets without added fat.
Open Access
Determination of contract base payments to feeder-pig producers
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-10T22:31:54Z) Parcell, J.L.; Langemeier, Michael R.; mlange
Risks associated with independent feeder-pig production have prompted producers to seek alternative production and marketing methods. A means of reducing risk has developed through contract feeder-pig producing. Research results indicate that slightly risk-averse producers required contract base payments ranging from $7.50 to $28.50 per head. Strongly risk-averse producers required contract base payments ranging from $2.50 to $17.75 per head. The lower end of the ranges is for a low-profit producer. The upper end of the ranges is for a high-profit producer.
Open Access
The effects of supplementing growing-finishing pig diets with carnitine and(or) chromium on growth and carcass characteristics
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-10T22:31:41Z) Smith, J.W.II; Richert, B.T.; Owen, K.Q.; Bergstrom, J.R.; Nessmith, W.B.Jr.; Blum, S.A.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; jnelssen; goodband; mtokach; jbergstr
Eighty crossbred gilts (initially 83 lb)were used to examine the effects of 50 ppm carnitine and(or) 200 ppb chromium from chromium nicotinate on growth performance and carcass characteristics. In this trial, adding carnitine and(or) chromiun1 to the diets of high-lean growth finishing gilts did not increase carcass leanness. However, the combination of carnitine and chromium improved the color characteristics of the longissimus muscle.
Open Access
Removing vitamin and trace mineral premixes from finisher diets (154 to 247 lb) did not affect growth performance, carcass characteristics, or meat quality
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-10T22:31:06Z) Kim, I.H.; Lee, J.H.; Park, J.S.; Kropf, Donald H.; Johnston, S.L.; Sorrell, P.; Hines, Robert H.; Hancock, Joe D.; jhancock
Average daily gain; ADFI; F/G; dressing percentage; tenth rib fat thickness and depth; and color, firmness, and marbling of the longissimus muscle were not influenced by omitting the vitamin and(or) trace mineral premixes from diets during finishing (154 to 247 lb). Thus, omitting vitamin and trace mineral premixes can decrease diet costs without decreasing performance or meat quality of high-lean pigs.
Open Access
The impact of selected hog carcass traits on prices received
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-10T22:30:50Z) Mintert, J.; Dritz, Steven S.; Schroeder, Ted C.; Hedges, S.; jmintert; dritz; tcs
Hog producers can control the quality of the hogs they market. Through genetic selection and management, producers can have a large impact on hog carcass characteristics such as weight, backfat depth, and loin depth. Determining how much emphasis to place on changing or managing various carcass traits requires knowledge of the trait's value to the individual producer. Results from this study provide information on expected changes in price at one major midwestern packer associated with changes in carcass weight, backfat depth, and loin depth. Number of hogs marketed in each group did not affect net carcass value. However, these results might not apply to other packing companies that employ different pricing matrices.
Open Access
Omitting vitamin and trace mineral premixes, and(or) reducing inorganic phosphorus during late finishing did not affect growth performance, carcass traits, or muscle quality
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-10T22:30:28Z) Mavromichalis, I.; Kropf, Donald H.; Kennedy, G.A.; Hines, Robert H.; Senne, B.W.; Kim, I.H.; Johnston, S.L.; Hancock, Joe D.; jhancock
Omitting the vitamin and trace mineral premixes and(or) adding 2/3 less supplemental inorganic phosphorus source (from .55% down to .40% total P) to diets during late finishing (191 to 265 lb) had no effect on growth performance, carcass characteristics, or muscle quality in high-lean pigs. Thus, this concept can be used to decrease the cost of feeding terminal-cross pigs to heavy weights, while decreasing excretion of minerals from intensive swine operations.
Open Access
Monthly variation in hog carcass traits
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-10T22:30:15Z) Mintert, J.; Dritz, Steven S.; Schroeder, Ted C.; Hedges, S.; jmintert; dritz; tcs
Little research has been conducted regarding the impact that time of year when hogs are marketed has on various carcass traits. This study examined monthly variation in a variety of hog carcass traits based upon 1995 slaughter summaries provided by a midwestern hog marketing network. Results indicate that carcass traits did indeed vary throughout the 1995 calendar year. However, given that these monthly variations were observed only during one year, it remains to be seen whether they indicate a seasonal relationship that hog producers can expect to see year after year or specific factors operative only in 1995. Additional years of data will be collected to extend this study and validate the results.
Open Access
Examination of pork marketing margins
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-10T22:30:03Z) Schroeder, Ted C.; Mintert, J.; tcs; jmintert
This study analyzes recent changes observed in pork, farm-to-wholesale and wholesale-to-retail, marketing margins. Although the inflation-adjusted, farm-to-wholesale margin has declined over the last 25 years, the wholesale-to-retail margin has increased. Pork producers need to know why these trends have occurred so they better understand pork marketing margin determinants as they develop policy positions and consider vertical marketing alliances.
Open Access
Explaining differences in efficiency among farrow-to-finish producers
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-10T22:29:49Z) Rowland, W.W.; Langemeier, Michael R.; Featherstone, Allen M.; Schurle, Bryan W.; mlange; bschurle; afeather
To remain competitive, hog operations will need to continue to improve production efficiency and manage costs. Kansas Farm Management Association data from 1992 to 1994 were used to measure technical, economic, and overall efficiency for 43 farrow-to-finish operations in Kansas. On average, the farms had .89 technical, .75 economic, and .67 overall efficiencies. Efficiency was related positively to the number of litters produced and pounds of pork produced per litter. Efficiency was related negatively to percentage of labor hired, feed conversion rates, and capital investment per litter. Pounds of pork produced per litter and feed conversion had the largest impacts on efficiency. Results suggest that increasing the pounds of pork produced per litter or decreasing feed conversion would have a sizable impact on technical, economic, and overall efficiency.
Open Access
Survey of pork products available to consumers
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-10T22:29:38Z) Hollinger, S.; Unruh, John A.; junruh
A survey was conducted to investigate the variety and price per pound of pork products available to consumers. The survey was conducted in the largest store of each of the three leading supermarket chains in Manhattan, KS. The 217.3 pork products per store (642 total) were categorized into fresh pork, smoked/cured pork, sausages, lunch meats, and pastry/pork combinations, which represented 7.4, 13.9, 32.5, 20.4, and 24.4% of the pork products surveyed, respectively. Retail cuts from the loin were the most numerous and highest priced in the fresh pork category. Retail cuts from the ham and belly (bacon) were the most numerous, but cuts from the loin were the highest priced in the smoked/cured pork category. Sausages included more product variety than any other category. Lunch meat, like sausages, varied greatly in percentage of pork as a meat ingredient. They had the greatest variation in price. Ham lunch meat averaged 129% more in price than the bologna and loaf varieties. Pastry/pork combination products had the highest price and constituted the second most numerous category. Pizza was the most numerous subcategory of pastry/pork combinations. Currently, consumers are able to choose from a wide variety of pork products with variations in value (price).
Open Access
Effects of expanders (high shear conditioning) on growth performance in finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-10T22:29:25Z) Johnston, S.L.; Traylor, S.L.; Hines, Robert H.; Sorrell, S.P.; Kim, I.H.; Kennedy, G.A.; Hancock, Joe D.; Behnke, Keith C.; jhancock; kbfeed
Diets that had been processed using standard, long-term, and expander (high shear) conditioning tended to support greater ADG than an unconditioned meal control diet. Pelleting was necessary to maximize efficiency of growth, but only with standard and long-term conditioning. Indeed, the best efficiencies of gain were for pigs fed the expander processed diets, with no additional benefits from pelleting the expanded mash.
Open Access
Influence of pellet size on growth performance in nursery pigs and growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and stomach morphology in finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-10T22:29:11Z) Traylor, S.L.; Behnke, Keith C.; Sorrell, P.; Fairchild, Fred J.; Hines, Robert H.; Hancock, Joe D.; kbfeed; jhancock; fjf
Pellet size (i.e., 3/32 in., 5/32 in., 5/16 in., and 1/2 in. diameter) had little effect on growth performance during the early stages (d 0 to 5) of the nursery phase. However, the 5/32 in. diameter pellets supported the best efficiencies of gain during the overall nursery (d °to 29) and finishing phases.
Open Access
Use of sorghum-based distillers grains in diets for nursery and finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-10T22:28:56Z) Senne, B.W.; Mavromichalis, I.; Johnston, S.L.; Sorrell, P.S.; Kim, I.H.; Hines, Robert H.; Hancock, Joe D.; jhancock
Two experiments were conducted to etermine the effects of sorghum-based distillers dried grains with solubles in isocaloric diets for nursery and finishing pigs. Rate and efficiency of gain in nursery pigs were decreased with 45% or more distillers grains. For finishing pigs, efficiency of gain was improved as distillers grains was increased to 60% of the diet, and carcass fatness was increased by about .1 inch at the highest concentration.
Open Access
Dietary lysine requirement for optimal growth performance and carcass characteristics of late finishing gilts
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-02T18:25:29Z) Loughmiller, J.A.; Kim, I.H.; Woodworth, J.C.; Smith, J.W.II; Bergstrom, J.R.; Hongtrakul, K.; Nessmith, W.B.; Musser, R.E.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; jnelssen; goodband; mtokach; jbergstr
In Exp. 1, increasing dietary lysine from .40% to .70% linearly improved ADG, F/G, 10th rib fat depth, and percentage lean in finishing gilts from 200 to 250 lb. Increasing dietary lysine also tended to improve longissimus muscle area. Results from Exp. 2 indicate no improvement in growth or carcass performance of gilts fed greater than .60% lysine. The combined results of Exp. 1 and 2 indicate that finishing gilts from 200 to 250 lb requires between .60% to .70% (18 to 20 g/d) dietary lysine to maximize both growth performance and carcass characteristics.
Open Access
The use of real-time ultrasound to model the growth performance and lysine requirements of growing-finishing pigs on commercial farms
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-02T18:25:15Z) Smith, J.W.II; Schinckel, A.P.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; jnelssen; goodband
Eighty pigs, 40 barrows and 40 gilts, on two commercial finishing operations were used to model growth and accretion rates. Major differences were observed between the two farms. This analysis indicates that real-time ultrasound can be used to develop lean and lipid accretion curves for formulating farm-specific diets that optimize lean growth performance in commercial operations