Cattlemen's Day, 1994

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Open Access
Estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters for carcass and meat traits of beef cattle
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-10-05T18:56:36Z) Gregory, K.E.; Cundiff, L.V.; Koch, R.M.; Koohmaraie, M.; Dikeman, Michael E.; mdikeman
Data from nine parental breeds and three composite populations described in the preceding article were used to calculate heritabilities and phenotypic and genotypic correlations among carcass and meat traits. Phenotypic correlations indicated that marbling was a poor predictor of longissimus muscle palatability attributes of the individual carcasses. Heritability estimates were intermediate to high for fatness measures but generally low for palatability attributes. The high negative genetic correlation (-.56) between percentage of retail product and marbling score and the relatively low genetic correlations between percentage of retail product and palatability attributes suggest simultaneous selection for percentage of retail product and palatability, rather than for marbling score. Correlations among breed group means were generally high between measures of fatness and palatability attributes and were high and negative between percentage of retail product and marbling score or other fatness measures. Thus, opportunity is limited to select among breeds for high levels of marbling and a high percentage of retail product at the same time. The most logical approach to resolving that genetic antagonism is to form composites from breeds that contribute an optimum balance between favorable carcass composition and desirable meat palatability.
Open Access
Breed effects and retained heterosis for growth, carcass, and meat traits in advanced generations of composite populations of beef cattle
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-10-05T18:56:21Z) Gregory, K.E.; Cundiff, L.V.; Koch, R.M.; Koohmaraie, M.; Dikeman, Michael E.; mdikeman
Retained heterosis for growth, carcass, and meat traits was estimated in F3 generation steer progeny in three composite populations finished on two levels of dietary energy density (2.82 MCal ME and 3.07 MCal ME, and 11.5 % CP) and serially slaughtered at four endpoints at intervals of 20 to 22 days. Breed effects were evaluated in the nine parental breeds of Red Poll (RP), Hereford (H), Angus (A), Limousin (L), Braunvieh (B), Pinzgauer (P), Gelbvieh (G) , Simmental (S), and Charolais (C) that contributed to the three ‘composite’ populations. MARC-I was l/4 B, l/4 C, l/4 L, l/8 H, and l/8 A; MARC-II was l/4 G, l/4 S, l/4 H, and l/4 A; and MARC-III was l/4 RP, l/4 P, l/4 H, and l/4 A. Breed effects were important for growth traits; carcass traits; and retail product, fat trim and bone percentages, and weights. Even though mean slaughter weight was 126.6 lb heavier for Simmental, Gelbvieh and Charolais breeds, they did not differ from Limousins in retail product weight because of their lower dressing percentages, higher fat trim percentages, and higher bone percentages. The effects of dietaryenergy density were important for most traits, and little interaction occurred between breed group and dietary energy density. The MARC-III composite had lighter final and carcass weights, a lower percentage of retail product, a higher percentage of fat trim, and a higher percentage of ribeye fat than the MARC-I composite, with the MARC-II composite being generally intermediate. Retained heterosis generally was significant for each composite population and for the mean of the three composite populations for weight of retail product, fat trim, and bone. For percentage of retail product and fat trim, MARC-II and MARC-III composites had a lower percentage of retail product and a higher percentage of fat trim than the mean of the contributing breeds. Composite populations or breeds provide an opportunity to use breed differences to achieve and maintain optimum additive genetic composition for carcass composition traits and to use heterosis to increase lean tissue growth rate and(or) to increase rate of fat deposition.
Open Access
Use of Oxyrase® enzyme to enhance recovery of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from culture media and ground beef
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-10-05T17:53:41Z) Thippareddi, H.; Kone, K.; Phebus, Randall K.; Fung, Daniel Y. C.; Kastner, Curtis L.; phebus; dfung; ckastner
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a bacterium that has caused great concern in the meat and food industry during the last few years because of several, well-publicized, disease outbreaks, including the incident at the Jack-in- the-Box fast food chain in Seattle, Washington. The organism can cause severe sickness and even death in certain population groups. To better assure meat safety, federal meat inspection is focusing on developing rapid methods to detect this disease agent and others. Oxyrase is a commercially available enzyme that can accelerate the growth of some bacteria. Current techniques for isolation and culturing of E. coli O157:H7 from foods require an enrichment period of 18 to 24 hours, thus limiting their usefulness for perishable foods that are marketed quickly. Our investigation found that Oxyrase shortened required enrichment periods in broth culture only. The enzyme was less effective in sterilized ground beef.
Open Access
Heritabilities and genetic correlations for birth weight, weaning weight, and yearling weight in polled Hereford cattle
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-10-05T17:53:27Z) Glaze, J.B.; Schalles, R.R.
Performance data from a Polled Hereford herd selected for feed conversion were used in the calculation of heritabilities and genetic correlations for birth weight (BWT), weaning weight (WWT), and yearling weight (YWT). Direct heritabilities for BWT, WWT, and YWT were .31, .16, and .25, respectively. Corresponding maternal heritabilities for BWT, WWT and YWT were .04, .01, and .18, respectively. With the exception of the correlation between WWT and YWT (.98), the other genetic correlations were low to moderate, ranging from -.27 to .12.
Open Access
Among-breed estimates of heritability for birth weight, weaning weight, and mature cow weight
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-10-05T17:53:11Z) Andries, K.M.; Schalles, R.R.; Franke, D.E.
Data from a rotational crossbreeding study was used to calculate among-breed heritabilities of birth weight (BWT), weaning weight (WWT), and mature cow weight at 5 years of age. The among-breed estimates were higher than previous within-breed estimates because of the inclusion of genetic differences between breeds. Maternal effects for BWT and WWT also were calculated. These estimates allow for comparisons among breeds and for the eventual calculation of EPDs for hybrid cattle.
Open Access
Polyvinylchloride-packaged loin strip steaks from vacuum-packaged beef strip loins decontaminated with lactic acid and stored for up to 126 days
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-10-05T17:53:04Z) Mease, L.E.; Kropf, Donald H.; Prasai, R.K.; Kenney, P.B.; Vogt, L.R.; Fung, Daniel Y. C.; Kastner, Curtis L.; dfung; ckastner
Aerobic plate counts (APCs), presence/ absence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp., and visual color evaluations were used to determine the microbiological and display quality of steaks fabricated from beef strip loins sprayed with lactic acid (1.5% v/v) or water before, after, o r both before and after vacuum storage (14, 28, 56, 84, or 126 days) at either 30 ̊or 36 ̊F compared to nonsprayed or nonstored controls. Lactic acid applied pre- and poststorage (126 days) at 30 ̊F reduced APCs of steak s up to 2 log (99%). L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. were absent from all steaks. Lactic acid caused slightly more rapid color deterioration, resulting in slightly shorter display-life for steaks.
Open Access
Effect of Monensin on weight gain, growth traits, and semen characteristics in yearling beef bulls
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-10-05T17:52:50Z) Peters, C.W.; Laudert, S.B.; Corah, L.R.; Krehbiel, C.L.; Nichols, David A.; dnichols
Feeding the ionophore monensin to yearling beef bulls improved (P<.05) weight gain by 4.2%. Final hip height was similar between treatments, but bulls fed monensin had almost 1 cm greater (P<.01) scrotal circumference and more than 10 cm 2 larger (P<.01) pelvic area. Semen characteristics generally were unaffected by treatment. However, bulls fed monensin had less (P<.01) semen motility than controls. Approximately 30 sperm morphology traits were evaluated; values were similar between treatments except for those traits listed. Collection date tended to influence (P<.15) volume, concentration, motility, and postfreeze characteristics.
Open Access
Restricting calf presence without suckling shortens postpartum interval to first ovulation
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-10-05T17:52:33Z) Hoffman, D.P.; Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; jss
The suckling interaction between a cow and her calf is one of the factors that maintains a cow in postpartum anestrus (the period between calving and the beginning of first estrous cycle). Anestrus continues if the cow perceives that her calf is attempting to nurse, even when the mammary glands have been denervated or removed. Cross-fostering of an alien calf to a cow fails to maintain postpartum anestrus, indicating that cow-calf recognition is also a factor. We restricted calves so they could nuzzle the cow's head and neck but could not suckle. Compared with weaning calves 1 wk postpartum, restriction lengthened the interval to first postpartum ovulation but less than with normal suckling. These results suggest that maintaining cow-calf recognition in the absence of the suckling stimulus is an essential part of the nursing mechanism that prolongs anovulation. Thus, blocking the cow's recognition of her calf might further decrease the postpartum interval to first ovulation.
Open Access
Effect of lactic acid sprays on shelf life and microbiological safety of beef subprimals
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-10-05T17:52:14Z) Prasai, R.K.; Mease, L.E.; Vogt, L.R.; Kropf, Donald H.; Fung, Daniel Y. C.; Kastner, Curtis L.; dfung; ckastner
Beef loins were sprayed with 1.5% lactic acid either before or after vacuum storage, both before and after vacuum storage, and before vacuum packaging followed by a water spray after storage. We stored treated loins at either 30 ̊F or 36 ̊F for up to 126 days in vacuum packages. Nonsprayed or nonstored loins served as controls. Total aerobic plate counts (APCs) and tests for presence/absence of two important foodborne pathogens, Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes, were conducted during storage. Acid spraying prior to vacuum packaging was more effective in reducing bacterial contamination than spraying after storage. However, counts were reduced (P<.05) for only 28 days of storage. Most loins stored at 30 ̊F had lower APCs than those stored at 36 ̊F. Salmonella was not detected in any samples. Twenty-eight percent of nonacid treated and 4 percent of acid-treated loins were positive for Listeria spp. with L. monocytogenes found from one nonacid-treated loin. No change in visual color was observed in acid-treated loins. Appropriate timing of acid s praying in combination with lower storage temperature can improve the keeping quality and microbial safety of meat.
Open Access
Estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters for carcass and meat traits of beef cattle
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-17T21:00:00Z) Gregory, K.E.; Cundiff, L.V.; Koch, R.M.; Koohmaraie, M.; Dikeman, Michael E.; mdikeman
Data from nine parental breeds and three composite populations described in the preceding article were used to calculate heritabilities and phenotypic and genotypic correlations among carcass and meat traits. Phenotypic correlations indicated that marbling was a poor predictor of longissimus muscle palatability attributes of the individual carcasses. Heritability estimates were intermediate to high for fatness measures but generally low for palatability attributes. The high negative genetic correlation (-.56) between percentage of retail product and marbling score and the relatively low genetic correlations between percentage of retail product and palatability attributes suggest simultaneous selection for percentage of retail product and palatability, rather than for marbling score. Correlations among breed group means were generally high between measures of fatness and palatability attributes and were high and negative between percentage of retail product and marbling score or other fatness measures. Thus, opportunity is limited to select among breeds for high levels of marbling and a high percentage of retail product at the same time. The most logical approach to resolving that genetic antagonism is to form composites from breeds that contribute an optimum balance between favorable carcass composition and desirable meat palatability.
Open Access
Use of Oxyrase® enzyme to enhance recovery of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from culture media and ground beef
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-17T20:59:25Z) Thippareddi, H.; Kone, K.; Phebus, Randall K.; Fung, Daniel Y. C.; Kastner, Curtis L.; phebus; dfung; ckastner
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a bacterium that has caused great concern in the meat and food industry during the last few years because of several, well-publicized, disease outbreaks, including the incident at the Jackin- the-Box fast food chain in Seattle, Washington. The organism can cause severe sickness and even death in certain population groups. To better assure meat safety, federal meat inspection is focusing on developing rapid methods to detect this disease agent and others. Oxyrase is a commercially available enzyme that can accelerate the growth of some bacteria. Current techniques for isolation and culturing of E. coli O157:H7 from foods require an enrichment period of 18 to 24 hours, thus limiting their usefulness for perishable foods that are marketed quickly. Our investigation found that Oxyrase shortened required enrichment periods in broth culture only. The enzyme was less effective in sterilized ground beef.
Open Access
Polyvinylchloride-packaged loin strip steaks from vacuum-packaged beef strip loins decontaminated with lactic acid and stored for up to 126 days
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-17T20:59:03Z) Mease, L.E.; Kropf, Donald H.; Prasai, R.K.; Kenney, P.B.; Vogt, L.R.; Fung, Daniel Y. C.; Kastner, Curtis L.; dfung; ckastner
Aerobic plate counts (APCs), presence/ absence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp., and visual color evaluations were used to determine the microbiological and display quality of steaks fabricated from beef strip loins sprayed with lactic acid (1.5% v/v) or water before, after, o r both before and after vacuum storage (14, 28, 56, 84, or 126 days) at either 30E or 36EF compared to nonsprayed or nonstored controls. Lactic acid applied pre- and poststorage (126 days) at 30EF reduced APCs of steak s up to 2 log (99%). L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. were absent from all steaks. Lactic acid caused slightly more rapid color deterioration, resulting in slightly shorter display-life for steaks.
Open Access
Decontamination of beef carcasses and subprimal cuts
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-17T20:58:28Z) Kastner, Curtis L.; Kenney, P.B.; Campbell, R.E.; Prasai, R.K.; Mease, L.E.; Vogt, L.R.; Kropf, Donald H.; Fung, Daniel Y. C.; Garcia Zepeda, C.M.; ckastner; dfung
Lactic acid sprays effectively reduce the microbial load on both carcasses and subprimal cuts. Lactic acid decontamination of subprimals appears to carry through to retail cuts during display. Because of recontamination during fabrication, treating subprimals may be more effective than treating carcasses. This information will allow us to identify the most critical control points at which to employ decontamination practices designed to reduce the incidence of pathogenic bacteria and extend shelf life.
Open Access
Heritabilities and genetic correlations for birth weight, weaning weight, and yearling weight in polled Hereford cattle
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-17T20:58:03Z) Glaze, J.B.; Schalles, R.R.
Performance data from a Polled Hereford herd selected for feed conversion were used in the calculation of heritabilities and genetic correlations for birth weight (BWT), weaning weight (WWT), and yearling weight (YWT). Direct heritabilities for BWT, WWT, and YWT were .31, .16, and .25, respectively. Corresponding maternal heritabilities for BWT, WWT and YWT were .04, .01, and .18, respectively. With the exception of the correlation between WWT and YWT (.98), the other genetic correlations were low to moderate, ranging from -.27 to .12.
Open Access
Among-breed estimates of heritability for birth weight, weaning weight, and mature cow weight
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-17T20:57:48Z) Andries, K.M.; Schalles, R.R.; Franke, D.E.
Data from a rotational crossbreeding study was used to calculate among-breed heritabilities of birth weight (BWT), weaning weight (WWT), and mature cow weight at 5 years of age. The among-breed estimates were higher than previous within-breed estimates because of the inclusion of genetic differences between breeds. Maternal effects for BWT and WWT also were calculated. These estimates allow for comparisons among breeds and for the eventual calculation of EPDs for hybrid cattle.
Open Access
Effect of monensin on weight gain, growth traits, and semen characteristics in yearling beef bulls
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-17T20:57:34Z) Peters, C.W.; Laudert, S.B.; Corah, L.R.; Krehbiel, C.L.; Nichols, David A.; dnichols
Feeding the ionophore monensin to yearling beef bulls improved (P<.05) weight gain by 4.2%. Final hip height was similar between treatments, but bulls fed monensin had almost 1 cm greater (P<.01) scrotal circumference and more than 10 cm 2 larger (P<.01) pelvic area. Semen characteristics generally were unaffected by treatment. However, bulls fed monensin had less (P<.01) semen motility than controls. Approximately 30 sperm morphology traits were evaluated; values were similar between treatments except for those traits listed. Collection date tended to influence (P<.15) volume, concentration, motility, and postfreeze characteristics.
Open Access
Restricting calf presence without suckling shortens postpartum interval to first ovulation
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-17T20:57:22Z) Hoffman, D.P.; Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; jss
The suckling interaction between a cow and her calf is one of the factors that maintains a cow in postpartum anestrus (the period between calving and the beginning of first estrous cycle). Anestrus continues if the cow perceives that her calf is attempting to nurse, even when the mammary glands have been denervated or removed. Cross-fostering of an alien calf to a cow fails to maintain postpartum anestrus, indicating that cow-calf recognition is also a factor. We restricted calves so they could nuzzle the cow's head and neck but could not suckle. Compared with weaning calves 1 wk postpartum, restriction lengthened the interval to first postpartum ovulation but less than with normal suckling. These results suggest that maintaining cow-calf recognition in the absence of the suckling stimulus is an essential part of the nursing mechanism that prolongs anovulation. Thus, blocking the cow's recognition of her calf might further decrease the postpartum interval to first ovulation.
Open Access
Factors influencing first-service conception and overall pregnancy rates in commercial beef heifers
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-17T20:57:11Z) Utter, S.D.; Houghton, P.L.; Corah, L.R.; Simms, D.D.; Spire, M.F.; Butine, M.D.
Commercial beef heifers (n=1863) from 16 different sources were used to evaluate the influence of management practices and biological traits on first-service conception and overall pregnancy rates. Frame score, initial weight, overall ADG, body condition score, reproductive tract score, source, AI technician, and AI sire significantly influenced first-service conception. Overall pregnancy rates were influenced by frame score, body weight, and ADG.
Open Access
Influence of dietary energy levels on reproductive function and fertility in yearling beef heifers
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-17T20:57:01Z) Utter, S.D.; Corah, L.R.
Fifty-nine heifers were allotted to be fed at two different energy levels. One group gained 1.77 lb/hd/day, and the other 1.25 lb/hd/day. Estrus was synchronized with the MGA/prostaglandin system. After MGA removal, ovarian development was monitored daily by ultrasound (10 per group) until estrous was detected following the PGF injection. Heifers were inseminated artificially based on estrus behavior. Faster gaining heifers had higher final body condition scores and greater changes in body condition score. The high energy diet caused a slight (P=.11) decrease in AI pregnancy rate for purebred heifers.
Open Access
Puberty and breeding performance of beef heifers developed at different rates of gain
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-09-17T20:56:49Z) Minton, J. Ernest; Brandt, Robert T., Jr.; Coughlin, C.M.; Cochran, R.C.; orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-169X; eminton
Crossbred heifers (546 lb initial body weight) were developed in drylot and limit-fed a corn, corn silage diet to gain .5 (n = 14), 1.0 (n = 15), 1.5 (n = 14), or 2.0 lb/d (n = 15) from Dec. 7, 1992 until the onset of the breeding season, May 3, 1993. Actual daily gains averaged 1.0, 1.4, 1.8, and 2.1 lb/d, respectively. Age at puberty was not affected by feeding treatment. At the onset of the breeding season, nutritional treatment had a linear effect on body condition score, ribeye fat thickness (both P<.01), and reproductive tract score (P<.05), all increasing with increasing rate of gain. Nutritional treatment had a quadratic effect on pelvic area (P<.05), which averaged 190.6, 201.6, 206.5, and 205.3 cm2 for heifers fed to gain .5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 lb/d, respectively. At the conclusion of the development period, estrus was synchronized, and heifers were inseminated artificially at estrus for 45 days and, if open, mated naturally for another 17 d. Overall pregnancy rates were similar among heifers fed to gain .5, 1.0, and 1.5 lb/d (92.9, 93.3, and 92.9%, respectively), and all tended to be greater (P<.09) than the rate for heifers fed to gain 2.0 lb/d (66.7%). In summary, NRC recommendations underestimated gain of limit-fed heifers at lower predicted rates of gain. Thus, even though heifers fed to gain only .5 lb/d had lower body condition scores and reproductive tract scores at the onset of the breeding season, their actual body weight gains (1.0 lb/d) were sufficient for normal onset of puberty and subsequent conception. In addition, heifers fed to achieve relatively high rates of gain (2.0 lb/d) during development may have had impaired fertility.