Cattlemen's Day, 1999

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Open Access
Effects of half- vs three-quarterseason grazing of native grass pastures
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-24T19:11:36Z) Brazle, F.K.; Kilgore, Gary L.; Fausett, M.R.
Mixed-breed steers (563 lbs) grazed burned, native-grass pastures (1990 to 1998). Steers were allotted randomly to graze native grass pastures for either 1/2 season (1/2) from April to July 15 (81 days, at 1 steer to 2 acres) or for 3/4 season (3/4) from April to August 15 (112 days, at 1 steer per 3 acres). The grass composition was measured in the first, fourth, and eighth years of the study. The economics of steers grazing the two systems were determined by calf and feeder cattle prices at Dodge City adjusted to southeast Kansas. The steers grazing 1/2 gained more per day (2.78 lb vs 2.48 lb, P<.01) but gained less (P<.01) per season (225 lb vs 278 lb). No changes in percentage composition occurred between systems for big bluestem, little bluestem, switchgrass, total perennial grass, or total perennial forbs. However, Indiangrass increased more (P<.05) while managed under 1/2 than 3/4 grazing. The 1/2 system had a higher return per acre, but the 3/4 system had a higher return per head. Grazing system did not appear to have a negative effect on grass composition during the 9-year period.
Open Access
Effects of starting weight, body condition, and age on gain of cattle grazing native grass
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-24T19:10:58Z) Brazle, F.K.; Higgins, James J.; jhiggins
In 29 trials over 10 years, 6,614 head of cattle (heifers - 11 trials, 2,862 hd; steers - 18 trials, 3,752 hd) were used to determine the effect of starting weight on gain while grazing burned, native-grass pastures. The heifers grazed for an average of 81 days (70 to 93) and steers for an average of 86 days (75 to 99) from April to July. Stocking rate was one animal per 2 acres. The cattle were sorted by starting weight into groups as follows: below 399 lb, 400 to 499 lb, 500 to 599 lb, 600 to 699 lb, and above 700 lb. In three other trials, 613 yearling heifers were sorted by starting weight, as shown above, and assigned a body condition score from 1 (thinnest to 5 (fattest). A separate grazing trial was conducted in which 158 yearling steers were compared to 103 steer calves. The yearlings were spring born and wintered on wheat pasture; the calves were fall born. Lightweight heifers had the greatest daily gain. Heifers between 400 and 499 lb gained considerably more (P<.08) than heifers that weighed more than 600 lb. The steers with starting weights between 400 to 499 lb and 500 to 599 lb gained substantially more (P<.01) than other weight groups. Steers gained faster than heifers (2.29 lb vs 1.90 lb/day, P<.01). As heifers became fleshier, gain declined in all weight groups. Fall-born steer calves (444 lb) gained slower (2.45 vs 2.68 lb per day, P<.01) than spring-born yearling steers (587 lb). Based on these data, the optimum starting weight for stocker cattle is between 400 and 499 lb for heifers and between 400 and 599 lb for steers. Yearling steers gained better than calves. In conclusion, sex, age, and starting weight of cattle affect their gains while grazing burned, native grass pastures. The optimum weight for best pasture gain may vary by forage type and quality, but clearly there is an ideal weight range for stocker cattle used for grazing.
Open Access
Effect of date of harvest on the yield and nutritional quality of native grass hay
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-24T19:10:46Z) Baker, J.C.; Tonn, S.R.; Paisley, S.I.; Kehler, David E.; Blasi, Dale A.; dkehler; dblasi
Native grass hay meadows in three Kansas Flint Hills counties were sampled at 2-week intervals during the 1997 and 1998 growing seasons to determine the effect of harvest date on forage quality and dry matter (DM) yield. Each sample was weighed and analyzed for crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and phosphorus (PHOS). The CP and PHOS contents declined, whereas ADF and DM yield increased as harvest date progressed. Although CP, ADF and DM yield were related highly to harvest date, the association for PHOS content was only moderate. Because harvest date of native grass hay can significantly influence supplemental protein needs for beef cows, mid-July harvesting appears to be the best compromise between yield and forage quality.
Open Access
Nutritional evaluation of corn and sorghum crop residues
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-24T19:10:37Z) Taylor, R.K.; Kilgore, Gary L.; Higgins, James J.; Blasi, Dale A.; Duncan, Stewart R.; dblasi; sduncan; jhiggins
Crop residue samples from 22 grazed and nongrazed corn and sorghum residue fields across Kansas were collected every 2 weeks during the 1997/98 winter feeding season to evaluate quality and yield. Corn residue averaged about 2 ½ tons of total dry matter (DM)/acre, with the leaf fraction (attached and unattached) constituting about 60% of that residue. Unattached leaves represented 85% of the total leaf DM. Yield estimates for sorghum residue averaged over 2 tons/ acre. The stem component represented 55 to 60% of the total DM collected, and about 58% of the leaves remained attached to the stem.
Open Access
Effect of interseeding legumes into endophyte-infected tall fescue pastures on forage production and steer performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-24T19:10:25Z) Lomas, Lyle W.; Moyer, Joseph L.; Kilgore, Gary L.; llomas; jmoyer
A total of 135 steers grazed high-endophyte tall fescue pasture interseeded with either lespedeza, red clover, or ladino clover during 1995, 1996, and 1997. Legume cover, forage dry matter production, grazing steer performance, and subsequent feedlot performance were measured. Legume treatment caused no differences in forage availability. Grazing gains corresponded to the amount of legume coverage present. Results of this study indicate that interseeding high endophyte fescue pastures with ladino clover produced higher stocker gains during the grazing phase than interseeding with lespedeza or red clover. Legume treatment had no effect on subsequent finishing gains.
Open Access
Impacts of wheat milling by-products in supplements on the intake and digestion of steers consuming low-quality forage
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-24T19:10:14Z) Farmer, C.G.; Cochran, R.C.; Simms, D.D.; Heldt, J.S.; Mathis, C.P.
Sixteen ruminally fistulated steers were used to evaluate the effects of feeding supplements containing combinations of two wheat-milling by-products on forage intake, digestibility, and ruminal characteristics. The by-products accounted for 47 to 49% of each supplement and were as follows: 1) 100% wheat bran; 2) 67% wheat bran, 33% second clears; and 3) 33% wheat bran, 67% second clears. All supplements contained about 30% CP. Compared with unsupplemented controls, forage intake and digestibility were significantly higher for supplemented steers. However, no differences occurred among by-product treatments. In conclusion, if the protein content is adequate, the choice of bran (high digestible fiber) vs. second clears (high starch) has little impact on forage use.
Open Access
Wheat bran and second clears as supplemental energy sources for beef cows grazing winter pasture
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-24T19:09:31Z) Farmer, C.G.; Cochran, R.C.; Simms, D.D.; Heldt, J.S.; Mathis, C.P.
Ninety spring-calving Hereford × Angus cows grazing low-quality, tallgrass-prairie forage during the winter were fed 5 lb/day of a supplement containing combinations of wheat bran (high in digestible fiber) and second clears (high in starch). The by-product combinations accounted for 47 to 49% of each supplement, as follows: 1) 100% wheat bran; 2) 67% wheat bran, 33% second clears; and 3) 33% wheat bran, 67% second clears. Cow performance was measured by changes in body weight and body condition score. The combinations of wheat bran and second clears had no significant effects on cow performance, calf birth weights, calf performance, or cow pregnancy rates.
Open Access
Effects of cooked molasses blocks on intake and digestion by steers fed brome hay with or without alfalfa
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-24T19:09:17Z) Ringler, J.W.; Greenwood, R.H.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; Drouillard, James S.; etitgeme; jdrouill
This study was conducted to determine how cattle fed medium to high quality forages respond to supplementation with cooked molasses blocks. Responses to blocks were measured for steers fed each of three different hays ad libitum: 1) brome containing 8.4% CP and 72% NDF, 2) alfalfa containing 19.2% CP and 52% NDF, and 3) brome fed ad lib and supplemented daily with 5 lb/day of the alfalfa (MIX). Eighteen steers (622 lb) were used for two periods. Six steers received each of the forages, and each steer was supplemented with the block in only one of the two periods. Blocks were fed once daily and removed after the appropriate amount had been consumed. Block intakes averaged .66 lb of dry matter daily (.55 lb OM) and were similar among forages. Forage organic matter (OM) intake was not affected by the block when brome (9.8 lb/day) or MIX (11.6 lb/day) was fed, but it decreased from 15.4 to 14.4 lb/day when the block was supplemented to alfalfa. Digestibility of OM was greater (P<.05) for alfalfa (61.0%) than brome (55.7%) or MIX (57.5%) and was not impacted by block supplementation. Digestible OM intake was greater (P<.05) for alfalfa (9.3 lb/day) than brome (5.6 lb/day) or MIX (6.8 lb/day) and was not greatly impacted by block supplementation. Thus, supplementation with a cooked molasses-urea block had only small effects on intake and digestion of medium to high quality forages.
Open Access
Performance of growing heifers fed prairie hay and supplemented with alfalfa and(or) cooked molasses blocks of different protein concentrations
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-24T19:09:07Z) Bindel, D.J.; Hunter, R.D.; Nutsch, T.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; Drouillard, James S.; etitgeme; jdrouill
Crossbred heifers (683 lb; n = 175; 30 pens) were used to evaluate alfalfa and cooked molasses block supplementation to prairie hay. Treatments were arranged in a 2×3 factorial with the factors being 0 or 5 lbs of alfalfa supplementation, and supplementation with no block or with low or high protein blocks (analyzed to contain 14.4 and 27.5% crude protein, respectively). Heifers had ad libitum access to prairie hay and salt. The experiment was 89 days, with heifers fed blocks for 84 days. During days 5 to 19, heifers had ad libitum access to blocks. Thereafter, access was restricted to 4 hours daily. No significant interactions occurred between alfalfa and blocks for intake or gain. Supplementation with alfalfa increased total forage intake by 49% (18.4 vs. 12.3 lb/day), and gains from –.39 lb/day to +.95 lb/day. Intake of the blocks was lower when alfalfa was supplemented (.76 vs. .98 lb/day). Heifers fed the high-protein block gained more weight (.46 lb/day) than those fed the lowprotein block (.25 lb/day) or no block (.12 lb/day). Heifers fed the high-protein block ate more forage (16.1 lb/day) than those fed the low-protein block (14.8 lb/day), with heifers fed no block (15.3 lb/day) being intermediate. Intake of block was greater for the high-protein (.93 lb/day) than for the low-protein block (.81 lb/day). Differences in forage intake accounted for much of the differences in performance among treatments.
Open Access
Effect of ruminal versus postruminal administration of degradable protein on utilization of low-quality forage by beef steers
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-24T19:08:51Z) Bandyk, C.A.; Cochran, R.C.; Wickersham, T.A.; Farmer, C.G.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; etitgeme
Twelve ruminally fistulated steers were used to evaluate the effects of supplying a highly degradable protein source (casein) both ruminally and postruminally on intake and digestibility of low-quality native hay. Both protein supplementations substantially increased voluntary intake, organic matter digestion, rate of passage, ruminal ammonia, and blood urea concentrations, but intakes were considerably greater when protein was given ruminally as opposed to postruminally.
Open Access
Implant quality assurance: detection of abscessed implants and their effect on feedlot performance of beef heifers
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-23T20:06:38Z) Spire, M.F.; Sargeant, J.M.; Blasi, Dale A.; Drouillard, James S.; dblasi; jdrouill
Infrared thermography (IRT) can be used successfully to differentiate abscessed implanted ears from nonimplanted ears 8 days postimplanting. Abscessed ears averaged 5.7EF warmer than nonimplanted ears when ambient temperature was 60 to 63EF. Average daily gain and feed efficiency were reduced 8.9% and 8.3%, respectively, over the 91-day feeding period for cattle with abscessed implants compared to cattle with normal implants. Dry matter intake was not affected by an abscessed implant and averaged nearly 18.0 lb/head/day for both treatment groups. Abscessed implants reduced economic return by $17.70 per head.
Open Access
Role of methionine as a methyl group donor in cattle
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-23T20:06:30Z) Löest, C.A.; Greenwood, R.H.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; etitgeme
Holstein steers were used in two 5 × 5 Latin square experiments to evaluate the sparing of methionine by alternative sources of methyl groups (betaine or choline). Steers were housed in metabolism crates and limit fed a diet high in rumen degradable protein. To increase energy supply, volatile fatty acids were infused into the rumens, and glucose was infused into the abomasum. An amino acid mixture, limiting in methionine, was infused abomasally to ensure that non-sulfur amino acids did not limit protein synthesis. Treatments for Exp. 1 were abomasal infusion of 1) water (control), 2) 2 g/day additional L-methionine, 3) 1.7 g/day Lcysteine, 4) 1.6 g/day betaine, and 5) 1.7 g/day L-cysteine + 1.6 g/day betaine. Treatments for Exp. 2 were abomasal infusion of 1) water (control), 2) 2 g/day additional L-methionine, 3) 8 g/day betaine, 4) 16 g/day betaine, and 5) 8 g/day choline. In both experiments, nitrogen retention increased (P<.05) in response to methionine, demonstrating a deficiency of sulfur amino acids. Responses to cysteine, betaine and choline were small. The low response to cysteine indicates that either the response to methionine is not due to transsulfuration to cysteine, or that cysteine supply does not alter the flux of methionine through transsulfuration. The small responses to betaine and choline suggest that they do not substitute for methionine. Thus, under our experimental conditions, responses to methionine likely were due to a correction of a deficiency of methionine per se rather than of methyl group donors.
Open Access
Soy molasses as a feed ingredient for finishing cattle
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-23T20:06:16Z) Schoenholz, C.K.; Hunter, R.D.; Nutsch, T.A.; Drouillard, James S.; jdrouill
Eighty Angus × Hereford cross steers were used in an individual feeding study to compare soybean molasses (a by-product of soybean meal manufacture) and soybean meal as ingredients in finishing diets containing flaked corn or a combination of high-moisture corn and dryrolled corn. Supplementation with soy molasses resulted in higher (P<.05) feed intakes in the cattle fed the high-moisture corn diet but had no effect on intakes of cattle fed the flaked diets. No such changes were noted for supplementation with soybean meal. In general, carcass traits were not influenced by level or type of supplement. Soy molasses appears to have feed value equal to or greater than that of soybean meal when compared on a protein basis. Its value as a source of supplemental nutrients appears to be greater in steam-flaked diets than in high-moisture diets.
Open Access
Dehydrated paunch and vegetable by-products for growing beef cattle
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-23T20:06:08Z) Nutsch, T.A.; Hunter, R.D.; Drouillard, James S.; jdrouill
Crossbred beef heifers (avg wt 653 lb) were used in a feeding experiment to determine the relative feed value of dried paunch content, two separate vegetable processing by-products, and combinations of by-products with dryrolled corn. Consumption of the vegetable byproduct diets, both of which contained a high percentage of fat, was less than expected. Performance of cattle fed the by-product diets was less than that of cattle fed high-energy diets comprised of corn. However, when combined with corn, the vegetable by-product yielded performance similar to that of corn alone.
Open Access
Using Arsoy™ as a protein supplement in growing cattle diets
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-23T20:05:56Z) Marston, T.T.; Kreikemeier, K.K.; Wankel, L.E.; Huck, G.L.; Wistuba, T.J.
Arsoy™ Soybean Feed is a by-product from the manufacture of soy protein isolate. It contains nearly 30% crude protein, but there is little documentation about its feeding value. Therefore, we fed basal growing diets of corn silage and stover to 196 crossbred heifers and supplemented those diets with soybean meal, Arsoy, or a combination of soybean meal and high moisture corn to determine the feeding value of Arsoy. Our results suggest that Arsoy can be substituted for soybean meal in growing cattle diets, without any negative impact on animal performance, dry matter intake, or feed efficiency.
Open Access
Effect of level of non-enzymatically browned soybean meal in limit-fed, grain sorghum diets for growing heifers
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-23T20:05:42Z) Hunter, R.D.; Drouillard, James S.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; jdrouill; etitgeme
Grain sorghum-based diets were fed in a limit-feeding trial involving 72 heifers for 100 days. Heifers were fed one of four diets designed to provide 12.5%, 14.9%, 17.3%, and 19.6% crude protein. Protein levels in the diets were altered by providing up to 20% of the diet as non-enzymatically browned soybean meal (Soypassâ) at the expense of dry-rolled grain sorghum. Performance of heifers (gain and feed efficiency) tended (P=.15) to improve linearly as protein concentration of the diets was increased. The greatest improvements were observed at concentrations up to 17.3%.
Open Access
Effects of supplementing limit-fed, wheat middling-based diets with either soybean meal or non-enzymatically browned soybean meal on growing steer performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-23T20:04:14Z) Coetzer, C.M.; Coetzer, E.; Wessels, R.H.; Drouillard, James S.; jdrouill
Seventy two individually fed Angus × Hereford steers (660 lb) were limit-fed, 16.7% CP wheat middling-based diets with 1.9 or 3.8 percentage units of additional CP from either soybean meal (SBM) or non-enzymatically browned soybean meal (NEBSBM). A limitfed, rolled corn-based diet (16.7% CP) also was included. Steers were fed once daily for 70 days at 2.25% of BW. The SBM provided 30% bypass protein, and NEBSBM provided 68%. Average daily gain and efficiency improved linearly with increasing level of NEBSBM (P<.05; ADG=2.482 + .106 (increase in % CP); feed to gain=6.26 - .22(increase in % CP)), but not with increasing levels of SBM. Steers fed the wheat middling diets had lower ADG and efficiency than those fed the corn control diet. These data suggest that bypass protein may be first limiting in highconcentrate, limit-fed growing diets composed predominantly of wheat middlings.
Open Access
Comparative value of dry-rolled corn, distiller’s dried grains, and wheat middlings for receiving diets
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-23T20:04:04Z) Ives, S.E.; Anderson, D.W.; Wessels, R.H.; Drouillard, James S.; jdrouill
Two 28-day receiving experiments were conducted using 620 exotic × British cross steers to evaluate differences in growth performance, morbidity, and mortality when fed diets containing dry-rolled corn, distiller’s dried grains with solubles, or wheat middlings. All diets contained approximately 60% concentrate and 40% roughage (alfalfa hay). Gain and efficiency tended to be poorer for cattle fed the wheat middling-based diet than for those fed corn. No notable differences were evident in terms of the percentage of cattle treated for respiratory disease. Feed intake and daily gain were improved slightly when corn was replaced by distiller’s dried grains, but efficiency was not changed. However, the incidence of respiratory disease also was higher for cattle fed the distiller’s grains diet in comparison to corn.
Open Access
Estimates of heritabilities and genetic correlations in polled Hereford cattle selected for feed conversion
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-23T20:03:50Z) Glaze, J.B. Jr.; Schalles, R.R.
Performance records of 1459 Polled Hereford cattle were analyzed to estimate heritabilities and genetic correlations of beef cattle traits from birth to maturity. Estimates of heritability (h2) for birth weight (BWT), weaning weight (WWT), yearling weight (YWT), scrotal circumference (SC), yearling height (YHT), mature height (MHT), and mature weight (MWT) were moderate to high, with the exception of WWT (h2 = .14), and ranged from .38 to .72. The traits associated with feed conversion, daily feed intake (INT), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion (CONV) had heritabilities of .24, .25, and .14, respectively. Genetic correlations (rg) between the growth traits (BWT, WWT, YWT, YHT, MHT, MWT, and SC) were positive and ranged from .20 to .88. The rg=.99 between milk production (MILK) and maternal weaning weight (MWW) indicates that the traits are essentially the same and supports the method in which many breed associations calculate and report expected progeny differences (EPDs) for milk production. The rg = .42 between ADG and INT, rg = .27 between INT and CONV, and the rg = -.82 between ADG and CONV suggest that faster gaining cattle have greater feed intakes and are more efficient.
Open Access
Comparison of Revalor®-S and Synovex® Plus™ implants for heavyweight, short-fed, yearling steers
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-23T19:57:45Z) Kuhl, Gerry L.; Flake, A.S.; Drouillard, James S.; jdrouill
One hundred four Hereford × Angus steers averaging 897 lb were implanted with Revalor®- S or Synovex® Plus™ and fed a high concentrate diet for 82 days. Feed efficiencies and daily gains were not different between the two implant groups. Although most carcass characteristics were similar, Revalor-S tended (P<.09) to yield a higher percentage of carcasses that graded USDA Choice or better.