Grain Science and Industry Faculty Research and Publications
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Item Open Access Efficacy of ozone against phosphine susceptible and resistant strains of four stored-product insect speciesE, Xinyi; Bhadriraju, Subramanyam; Li, Beibei; sbhadrir; Bhadriraju, SubramanyamThe efficacy of ozone was evaluated against four economically-important stored-product insect species at 27.2 °C and 20.4% r.h. Adults of phosphine-susceptible laboratory strains and phosphine-resistant field strains of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus), maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, and rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus), were exposed in vials to an ozone concentration of 0.42 g/m3 (200 ppm) for 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h with 0 and 10 g of wheat. Initial and final mortalities were assessed 1 and 5 d after exposure to ozone, respectively. After an 8–12-h exposure to ozone, initial mortality of Sitophilus spp. and O. surinamensis was 100%, whereas the highest initial mortality of T. castaneum was 90%. A 3–4-h exposure to ozone resulted in 100% final mortality of Sitophilus spp., whereas O. surinamensis required a 6- to 10-h exposure to ozone. Adults of T. castaneum were least susceptible to ozone, and after a 10-h exposure, mortality ranged between 82 and 95%. Time for the 5 d 99% mortality (LT99) for adults of laboratory and field strains of Sitophilus spp., O. surinamensis and T. castaneum were 2.00–5.56, 4.33–11.18 and 14.35–29.89 h, respectively. The LT99 values for adults of T. castaneum and O. surinamensis were not significantly different between bioassays conducted with 0 and 10 g of wheat. The LT99 values for the laboratory strains of Sitophilus spp. in the absence of wheat were significantly lower than those obtained in the presence of wheat. Both phosphine-susceptible and -resistant strains were equally susceptible to ozone. Ozone effectively suppressed adult progeny production of all four species. Ozone is a viable alternative fumigant to control phosphine-resistant strains of these four species. © 2017 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Item Open Access Impact of varying analytical methodologies on grain particle size determinationKalivoda, Julie R.; Jones, Cassandra K.; Stark, Charles R.; crstark; jonesc; Stark, Charles R.; Jones, Cassandra K.The determination of particle size is an important quality control measurement for feed manufacturers, nutritionists, and producers. The current approved method for determining the geometric mean diameter by weight (d(gw)) and geometric standard deviation (S-gw) of grains is standard ANSI/ASAE S319.4. This method controls many variables, including the suggested quantity of initial material and the type, number, and size of sieves. However, the method allows for variations in sieving time, sieve agitators, and the use of a dispersion agent. The objective of this experiment was to determine which method of particle size analysis best estimated the particle size of various cereal grain types. Eighteen samples of either corn, sorghum, or wheat were ground and analyzed using different variations of the approved method. Treatments were arranged in a 5 x 3 factorial arrangement with 5 sieving methods: 1) 10-min sieving time with sieve agitators and no dispersion agent, 2) 10-min sieving time with sieve agitators and dispersion agent, 3) 15-min sieving time with no sieve agitators or dispersion agent, 4) 15-min sieving time with sieve agitators and no dispersion agent, and 5) 15-min sieving time with sieve agitators and dispersion agent conducted in 3 grain types (ground corn, sorghum, and wheat) with 4 replicates per treatment. The analytical method that resulted in the lowest dgw and greatest Sgw was considered desirable because it was presumably representative of increased movement of particles to their appropriate sieve. Analytical method affected dgw and Sgw (P <= 0.05) measured by both standards. Inclusion of sieve agitators and dispersion agent in the sieve stack resulted in the lowest dgw, regardless of sieving time. Inclusion of dispersion agent reduced dgw (P <= 0.05) by 32 and 36 mu m when shaken for 10 and 15 min, respectively, compared to the same sample analyzed without dispersion agent. The addition of the dispersion agent also increased S-gw. The dispersion agent increased the quantity of very fine particles collected in the pan; therefore, S-gw was significantly greater (P <= 0.05). Corn and sorghum ground using the same mill parameters had similar dgw (P > 0.05), but wheat ground using the same mill parameters was 120 to 104 m larger (P = 0.05) than corn and sorghum, respectively. Both sieve agitators and dispersion agent should be included when conducting particle size analysis. The results indicate that 10 and 15 min of sieving time produced similar results.Item Open Access Anticancer Drug Camptothecin Test in 3D Hydrogel Networks with HeLa cellsLiang, J.; Sun, Xiuzhi Susan; Yang, Zhilong L.; Cao, S.; xss; zyang; Sun, Xiuzhi; Yang, Zhilong L.Development of a biomimetic 3D culture system for drug screening is necessary to fully understand the in vivo environment. Previously, a self-assembling peptide hydrogel has been reported; the hydrogel exhibited physiological properties superior to a 3D cell culture matrix. In this work, further research using H9e hydrogel with HeLa cells was carried out considering H9e hydrogel's interaction with camptothecin, a hydrophobic drug. According to AFM images, a PGworks solution triggered H9e hydrogel fiber aggregation and forms a 3D matrix suitable for cell culture. Dynamic rheological studies showed that camptothecin was encapsulated within the hydrogel network concurrently with peptide self-assembly without permanently destroying the hydrogel's architecture and remodeling ability. Fluorescence measurement indicated negligible interaction between the fluorophore part of camptothecin and the hydrogel, especially at concentration 0.25 and 0.5 wt%. Using a dialysis method, we found that H9e hydrogel could not significantly inhibit the diffusion of camptothecin encapsulated inside the hydrogel matrix. In the cell culture experiment, HeLa cells were simultaneously embedded in the H9e hydrogel with the initialization of hydrogelation. Most importantly, cell viability data after camptothecin treatment showed responses that were drug-dose dependent but unaffected by the H9e hydrogel concentration, indicating that the hydrogel did not inhibit the drug.Item Open Access Adhesive performance of camelina protein affected by extraction conditionsQi, Guangyan; Li, Ningbo; Sun, Xiuzhi S.; Wang, Donghai H.; xss; dwang; Sun, Xiuzhi S.; Wang, Donghai H.; Qi, Guangyan; Li, NingboCamelina protein (CP) adhesives were prepared from de-hulled camelina meal using alkaline solubilization (CP 8, CP 9, CP 10, CP 11, CP 12) and isolelectric precipitation. CP 12 had the highest protein yield with 46.22%, more than twice that of CP 8 (22.71%), indicating that extreme alkaline pH is necessary for high camelina protein solubility and protein yield. Extreme alkalinization resulted in severe molecular dissociation of camelina protein, as indicated by the appearance of a low molecular weight band (20 kDa). Compared to CP 8, CP 9, CP 10, and CP 11, CP 12 had a completely denatured protein structure with greater amounts of exposed functional groups, which is beneficial to the adhesion strength of CP 12. CP 12 with 9% sodium chloride treatment demonstrated optimum adhesion performance with dry and wet strengths of 4.36 and 1.36 MPa, respectively, compared to 3.37 and 1.05 MPa for CP 12 without sodium chloride treatment. © 2016 American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.Item Open Access Coating dog kibble with a commercial liquid acidifier reduces the risk of Salmonella cross-contaminationHuss, A. R.; Deliephan, A.; Fuller, J. C.; Jones, Cassandra K.; jonesc; Jones, Cassandra K.; Huss, A. R.; Deliephan, A.In recent years, several pet food recalls have been attributed to Salmonella contamination. In addition to the negative impacts on animal health, pet foods contaminated with Salmonella have been linked to infection in humans. To help reduce the risks to humans, the Food and Drug Administration has set forth a zero-tolerance policy for Salmonella in pet foods. Typically, the preconditioner and extruder operate at sufficient temperatures to destroy pathogenic bacteria. However, there is the potential for post-processing cross-contamination to adulterate the product. One potential method to reduce the risk of Salmonella cross-contamination in pet foods is through the addition of chemical additive coatings. The objective of this research was to evaluate the ability of the liquid acid, ?-hydroxy-?-methylbutyric acid (HMB; Metabolic Technologies Inc, Ames, IA), to reduce cross-contamination of dry extruded dog kibble with Salmonella. Liquid HMB was applied to a single formula of dog kibble at inclusion levels of 0, 0.9 and 1.5% (w:w) using a laboratory-scale mixer. The coated kibbles were then inoculated with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Enteritidis (ATCC 13076), grown in trypticase soy broth (TSB). Inoculated kibbles were enumerated for Salmonella on d 0, 1, 2, 7, and 14 post-inoculation. For enumerations, a subsample was collected, serial diluted and spread plated to Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) agar. All inoculated plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h, after which black colonies, typical for Salmonella, were counted and cfu/g calculated. The effects of HMB concentration, enumeration day and their interaction were all significant (P < 0.0001) on the resulting Salmonella concentration. Salmonella counts from Day 0 were 6.99, 5.59, and 4.88 log10 cfu/g for 0, 0.9 and 1.5% HMB, respectively. For HMB levels of 0.9 and 1.5%, counts were below the detectable limit for d 1, 2, 7, and 14. For 0% HMB, the Salmonella counts were found to decrease over time to 4.80, 3.99, 2.80, and 3.14 log10 cfu/g for d 1, 2, 7, and 14, respectively. Overall, the HMB coating was effective at reducing Salmonella artificially inoculated to dog kibbles. Further research is warranted to evaluate the minimum effective dose of HMB to reduce Salmonella in dog and cat kibbles.Item Open Access The evaluation of liquid disinfectants to reduce Salmonella contamination on animal food manufacturing surfacesMuckey, M. B.; Huss, A. R.; Jones, Cassandra K.; jonescRecent research had demonstrated that Salmonella and Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus have been isolated from feed, ingredients, and feed manufacturing equipment surfaces. However, there is limited data regarding the sanitation of animal food manufacturing surfaces. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of liquid chemical treatments to reduce Salmonella contamination of metal surfaces. Metal coupons (103cm2, stainless steel 316; Built-so-Well, Manhattan, KS) were placed in sterile Petri dish, and inoculated with 1 mL of Salmonella Typhimurium Coupons were incubated overnight at 35°C, then subjected to treatments for 15 min: 1) no inoculation or sanitation treatment (positive control), 2) inoculated with no sanitation treatment (negative control), 3) inoculated and treated with a liquid alcohol-based commercial equipment sanitizer (DrySan Duo, Ecolab, St. Paul, MN), and 4) inoculated and treated with a liquid formaldehyde-based commercial product (SalCURB; Kemin Inc., Des Moines, IA). Immediately following treatment, excess material was removed by tapping. The coupon was then swabbed and the swab vortexed in neutralizing broth (EMD Chemicals, Darmstadt, Germany) before dilution. Samples were then serial diluted (10?1 to 10?6) and spread to Trypticase Soy Agar plates. Plates were incubated at 35°C for 24 h, and then enumerated. The quantity of Salmonella colony forming units (CFU) are depicted as CFU/cm2. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS as a completely randomized design with 3 replicates per treatment. As expected, treatment affected (P < 0.0001) residual Salmonella concentration, and there was no growth on the positive control treatment. The liquid formaldehyde-based commercial product was highly effective, resulting in no detectable growth (P < 0.05). Treating metal surfaces with the liquid alcohol-based commercial equipment sanitizer reduced (P < 0.05) Salmonella concentrations by 2 logs compared to the negative control. Liquid sanitizer treatment of metal surfaces led to a reduction in Salmonella, and can be effective steps in bacterial contamination in feed and animal food manufacturing. However, liquid sanitizers have drawbacks because they may be corrosive and most feed manufacturing equipment is not designed as clean-in-place to withstand liquid sanitation. More research is needed to evaluate dry sanitation methods that are able to break biofilms and sanitize animal food manufacturing surfaces.Item Open Access Effect of a dry acidulant coating on the palatability of dry extruded dog foodJeffrey, A. M.; Aldrich, Greg C.; Huss, A. R.; Knueven, C. J.; Jones, Cassandra K.; aldrich4; jonescIn the pet food industry, Salmonella is getting greater scrutiny because it is considered a “reasonably foreseeable hazard” with the implementation of the Food Safety Modernization Act. Specifically, there is zero tolerance for any serotype of Salmonella in pet foods. Salmonella contamination was responsible for 78% of the Class I recalls in pet food according to the most recent Reportable Food Registry Report (FDA, 2015). One potential method of Salmonella mitigation shown to be effective was through coating the exterior of the kibble with a powdered dry acidulant, such as sodium bisulfate (SBS; Jones-Hamilton, Co.). Sodium bisulfate coating on both dog and cat kibbles was shown to provide complete mitigation of Salmonella within 14-d storage (Jeffrey et al., 2014). However, it is thought that the use of dry acidulant with a palatant for coating kibble may negatively impact palatability of a dry dog food. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to determine if the use of a dry acidulant, SBS, would influence the palatability of a dry dog food. A single dry extruded all life stages dog food was collected from a commercial pet food manufacturer before the coating step. The kibble was coated with either 2.2% spray dried chicken liver + 0.2% SBS or 2.2% spray dried chicken liver + 0.2% powdered silica (control). A total of 20 beagles were used in a standard 2-bowl forced choice palatability test method for 2 d. Dogs were fed 400 g of both diets once per day, with bowls rotated daily to address side bias. Results were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (Cary, NC). The inclusion of SBS did not affect daily preference of diet (P = 0.23). Furthermore, there was no effect of day (P = 0.18) or the interaction of treatment × day (P = 0.98). These results demonstrate that palatability is not affected by the inclusion of SBS with a palatant in the coating of dog food kibble. Considering that the inclusion of SBS has been shown to be effective at mitigating Salmonella in pet food and no negative effects on palatability were observed, the use of a dry acidulant in a dog food coating gives the industry a promising method to control Salmonella contamination of finished dog foods.Item Open Access An evaluation of total starch and starch gelatinization methodologies in pelleted animal feedZhu, L.; Jones, Cassandra K.; Guo, Q.; Lewis, L.; Stark, Charles R.; Alavi, Sajid; jonesc; crstark; salaviThe quantification of total starch content (TS) or degree of starch gelatinization (DG) in animal feed is always challenging because of the potential interference from other ingredients. In this study, the differences in TS or DG measurement in pelleted swine feed due to variations in analytical methodology were quantified. Pelleted swine feed was used to create 6 different diets manufactured with various processing conditions in a 2 x 3 factorial design (2 conditioning temperatures, 77 or 88 degrees C, and 3 conditioning retention times, 15, 30, or 60 s). Samples at each processing stage (cold mash, hot mash, hot pelletized feed, and final cooled pelletized feed) were collected for each of the 6 treatments and analyzed for TS and DG. Two different methodologies were evaluated for TS determination (the AOAC International method 996.11 vs. the modified glucoamylase method) and DG determination (the modified glucoamylase method vs. differential scanning calorimetry [DSC]). For TS determination, the AOAC International method 996.11 measured lower TS values in cold pellets compared with the modified glucoamylase method. The AOAC International method resulted in lower TS in cold mash than cooled pelletized feed, whereas the modified glucoamylase method showed no significant differences in TS content before or after pelleting. For DG, the modified glucoamylase method demonstrated increased DG with each processing step. Furthermore, increasing the conditioning temperature and time resulted in a greater DG when evaluated by the modified glucoamylase method. However, results demonstrated that DSC is not suitable as a quantitative tool for determining DG in multicomponent animal feeds due to interferences from nonstarch transformations, such as protein denaturation.Item Open Access Effect of ground corn fractionation on flowabilityKalivoda, J. R.; Jones, Cassandra K.; Stark, Charles R.; jonesc; crstarkParticle size reduction is an important component of feed manufacturing that impacts pellet quality and animal feed efficiency. However, reducing particle size too fine often results in reduced flowability of the ground corn and finished feed, which creates potential handling and storage concerns at the feed mill and farm. The objective of this experiment was to determine how fractionation affected flowability of ground corn. Whole corn was received from a single source and ground to achieve 3 target particle sizes, 400, 500, and 600 µm, with actual results of 469, 560, and 614 µm. Each target particle size was fractionated into 3 fractions: coarse ( > 630 µm), medium ( < 630 µm and > 282 µm), and fine ( < 282 µm) particles using a vibratory separator (model LS18SP3, SWECO, Florence, KY). Within each particle size, the percentage of ground corn as each fraction included: 400 µm: 57.5, 32.3, and 4.6% for coarse, medium, and fine, respectively; 500 µm: 64.4, 30.1, and 1.80% for coarse, medium, and fine, respectively; and 600 µm: 71.2, 23.2, and 0.90% for coarse, medium, and fine, respectively. When the target particle sizes were fractionated, their particle sizes were: 400 µm: 744, 269, and 94 µm for coarse, medium, and fine, respectively; 500 µm: 815, 253, and 96 µm for coarse, medium, and fine, respectively; and 600 µm: 898, 220, and 99 µm for coarse, medium, and fine, respectively. Fractionated samples were analyzed for multiple flowability characteristics, including: angle of repose, critical orifice diameter, composite flow index (CFI), density, and compressibility. Treatments were arranged in a nested model with 3 replicates per treatment. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. When particle size was analyzed as a main effect, density affected flowability (P = 0.014) with the 400 µm having the lowest density. However, when fraction was nested within particle size, it impacted (P < 0.001) all measures of flowability, with the fine fraction ( < 282 µm) of the 400 µm corn having the poorest flowability. In conclusion, reducing particle size resulted in the ground corn having poorer flowability characteristics, caused predominantly by particles that passed through 282 µm. Based on this data, producers may potentially grind corn to a lower particle size while maintaining flowability if fine particles ( < 282 µm) are removed.Item Open Access Modeling the transboundary risk of feed ingredients contaminated with porcine epidemic diarrhea virusDee, S.; Neill, C.; Singrey, A.; Clement, T.; Cochrane, R.; Jones, Cassandra K.; Patterson, G.; Spronk, G.; Christopher-Hennings, J.; Nelson, E.; jonescBackground: This study describes a model developed to evaluate the transboundary risk of PEDV-contaminated swine feed ingredients and the effect of two mitigation strategies during a simulated transport event from China to the US. Results: Ingredients imported to the USA from China, including organic & conventional soybeans and meal, lysine hydrochloride, D-L methionine, tryptophan, Vitamins A, D & E, choline, carriers (rice hulls, corn cobs) and feed grade tetracycline, were inoculated with PEDV. Control ingredients, and treatments (ingredients plus a liquid antimicrobial (SalCURB, Kemin Industries (LA) or a 2 % custom medium chain fatty acid blend (MCFA)) were tested. The model ran for 37 days, simulating transport of cargo from Beijing, China to Des Moines, IA, US from December 23, 2012 to January 28, 2013. To mimic conditions on land and sea, historical temperature and percent relative humidity (% RH) data were programmed into an environmental chamber which stored all containers. To evaluate PEDV viability over time, ingredients were organized into 1 of 4 batches of samples, each batch representing a specific segment of transport. Batch 1 (segment 1) simulated transport of contaminated ingredients from manufacturing plants in Beijing (day 1 post-contamination (PC)). Batch 2 (segments 1 and 2) simulated manufacturing and delivery to Shanghai, including time in Anquing terminal awaiting shipment (days 1-8 PC). Batch 3 (segments 1, 2 and 3) represented time in China, the crossing of the Pacific and entry to the US at the San Francisco, CA terminal (day 1-27 PC). Batch 4 (segments 1-4) represented the previous events, including transport to Des Moines, IA (days 1-37 PC). Across control (non-treated) ingredients, viable PEDV was detected in soybean meal (organic and conventional), Vitamin D, lysine hydrochloride and choline chloride. In contrast, viable PEDV was not detected in any samples treated with LA or MCFA. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the ability of PEDV to survive in a subset of feed ingredients using a model simulating shipment from China to the US. This is proof of concept suggesting that contaminated feed ingredients could serve as transboundary risk factors for PEDV, along with the identification of effective mitigation options.Item Open Access Determination of entrapment victim extrication forces with and without use of a grain rescue tubeRoberts, M. J.; Field, W. E.; Maier, Dirk E.; Stroshine, R. L.; dmaierItem Open Access Factors Governing Pasting Properties of Waxy Wheat FloursPurna, S. K. G.; Shi, Yong-Cheng; Guan, L.; Wilson, J. D.; Graybosch, R. A.; ycshiItem Open Access Profiling Endosperm Purity of Commercial Mill Streams Preceded by Debranning Using Quantitative Chemical ImagingBoatwright, M. D.; Posner, E. S.; Lopes, R.; Wetzel, David L.; dwetzelItem Open Access Pet food palatability evaluation: A review of standard assay techniques and interpretation of results with a primary focus on limitationsAldrich, Greg C.; Koppel, Kadri; aldrich4; kadriItem Open Access The Investigation of Virginiamycin-Added Fungal Fermentation on the Size and Immunoreactivity of Heat-Sensitive Soy ProteinChen, L. Y.; Vadlani, Praveen V.; Madl, R. L.; Wang, Weiqun; Shi, Yong-Cheng; Gibbons, W. R.; vadlani; wwangItem Open Access Maier's Initial Vision for the Department of Grain Science & Industry(Kansas State University.) Maier, Dirk E. Dr.Item Open Access GSI State of the Department Seminar: Why I remain excited about our Department!!!(Kansas State University.) Maier, Dirk E. Dr.Item Open Access Department of Grain Science & Industry Department Responsibilities, Accomplishments and Goals(Kansas State University.) Maier, Dirk E. Dr.Item Open Access GSI State of the Department Seminar: At the Start of our Second Century... making progress and measuring success!(Kansas State University.) Maier, Dirk E. Dr.Item Open Access GSI State of the Department Seminar: More Good Things are Happening in the Department of Grain Science & Industry!!!(Kansas State University.) Maier, Dirk E. Dr.
