Swine Day, 2000
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Item Open Access Effects of freezing pork chops on warner-bratzler shear force and cookery traits(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-19T22:51:19Z) Andrews, B.S.; Unruh, John A.; Hunt, Melvin C.; Kastner, Curtis L.; junruh; hhunt; ckastnerEighty-one boneless pork loins were used to determine the influence of freezing and pH on Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBS) values and cookery traits. Chops with lower pH (<5.5 to 5.5) had higher cooking losses than chops with intermediate pH (5.7 to 5.9) and higher pH (6.0 to >6.2). Similar to cooking losses, total moisture losses decreased with increased pH. Frozen chops had lower WBS values (more tender) than fresh chops. However, fresh chops had a higher total yield (lower moisture loss) than frozen chops.Item Open Access Effects of pH and location within a loin on pork quality(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-19T22:50:57Z) Andrews, B.S.; Unruh, John A.; Hunt, Melvin C.; Kastner, Curtis L.; junruh; hhunt; ckastnerEighty-one boneless pork loins were used to determine the influence of pH on quality characteristics. With increasing loin pH, instrumental values for L* (lightness) and b* (yellowness) of loins and chops decreased, and cooking losses of chops before 0 d and after 1 d of retail display also decreased. The pH had no effects on package losses or Warner-Bratzler shear force values of chops. Center loin chops (0 d and 1 d) had higher ratios of reflectance than blade and sirloin chops. Sirloin chops had higher ratio of reflectance than blade chops. Center loin chops had lower package losses than blade and sirloin chops. Blade chops had lower (more tender) WBS values than center loin and sirloin chops. Measuring loin pH can predict instrumental color (L*and b*) values as well as cooking losses.Item Open Access Air quality in swine-finishing barns(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-19T22:50:46Z) Predicala, B.Z.; Maghirang, Ronaldo G.; Jerez, S.B.; Urban, J.E.; Goodband, Robert D.; GoodbandAir quality was assessed in two commercial swine-finishing barns: one naturally ventilated (NV) and one mechanically ventilated (MV). The concentrations of inhalable dust (IDC), respirable dust (RDC), airborne viable particles, carbon dioxide (CO2), and ammonia (NH3), as well as the air temperature and relative humidity (RH) inside the barns were monitored for 41 weeks. The two barns did not differ significantly (P>0.05) in IDC, RDC, and bioaerosol concentration. Overall mean levels for IDC, RDC, CO2, and NH3 were below the threshold limit values specified by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). However, some measurements exceeded the exposure limits suggested by previous researchers, especially during cold days. In general, the air quality in the two types of buildings was acceptable except under certain conditions (e.g., low ventilation rates during cold weather). In such case, workers and producers may need help or further training to ensure adequate air quality. In addition, under these conditions, workers should wear respiratory protective devices to minimize risk of inhalation of dust, gases, and bioaerosols.Item Open Access Effects of creatine monohydrate on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-19T22:49:54Z) James, B.W.; O’Quinn, P.R.; Andrews, B.S.; Goodband, Robert D.; Unruh, John A.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; goodband; junruh; mtokach; jnelssenGrowth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality were evaluated from 320 pigs fed either a control diet or diets containing added creatine monohydrate (CMH). Dietary treatments, initiated 30-d prior to slaughter (192 lb BW), consisted of: 1) a control diet; 2) control diet with 3 g CMH/pig/d for 30 d (maintenance); 3) 25 g CMH/pig/d for 5 d followed by 3 g CMH/pig/d for the next 25 d (early load); 4) or 25 g CMH/pig/d 5 d before slaughter (late load). The results from this experiment suggest that added CMH does not affect finishing pig growth performance but may increase longissimus muscle firmness and decrease drip loss at 14 d postmortem.Item Open Access Influence of dietary niacin on finishing pig performance and meat quality(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-19T22:49:40Z) Real, D.E.; Woodworth, J.C.; Webster, M.J.; James, B.W.; Alonso, E.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Unruh, John A.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; jnelssen; mtokach; goodband; dritz; junruh; jderouchOne hundred forty-four finishing pigs were used to determine the influence of added dietary niacin on their growth performance and meat quality. Gilts grew slower, ate less, and were more efficient than barrows for the entire growth performance period. Increasing dietary niacin levels to 25 g/ton increased ADG in gilts for the first 25 days, but decreased ADG for barrows. No other interactions occurred. From d 25 to 62, ADFI tended to increase for pigs fed up to 100 g/ton niacin, whereas pigs fed 500 g/ton niacin ate less. Dietary niacin level did not significantly affect carcass yield or quality characteristics.Item Open Access Effects of increasing L-lysine HCl in corn-soybean meal diets on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing gilts(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-19T22:49:29Z) De La Llata, M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jnelssenAn experiment using 1,200 gilts (65 to 260 lb) was conducted to determine the effects of increasing L-lysine HCl in cornsoybean meal diets on growth performance and carcass characteristics. The dietary treatments consisted of a control diet with no added L-lysine HCl and six increasing levels of L-lysine HCl (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 lb/ton) replacing the lysine provided by soybean meal. A negative control treatment was used to ensure that dietary lysine was not above required levels. Increasing L-lysine HCl above 3 lb/ton decreased ADG and increased F/G. Backfat was increased and FFLI decreased with increasing L-lysine HCl in the diet, and the greatest responses occurred at levels above 3 lb/ton. These results indicate that no more than 3 lb/ton (.15%) of L-lysine HCl should be added to corn-soybean meal diets for growing-finishing pigs unless other synthetic amino acids are added to avoid deficiencies that compromise growth performance.Item Open Access Effects of free fatty acid concentrations in choice white grease on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weanling pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-19T22:49:19Z) Hines, Robert H.; Cao, H.; Maloney, C.A.; Dean, D.W.; Lee, D.J.; Park, J.S.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Hancock, Joe D.; jderouch; jhancockAs much as 53% free fatty acids in choice white grease did not adversely affect piglet performance. Thus, concentration of free fatty acids, if they are not otherwise damaged or rancid, is not an acceptable measure of fat quality.Item Open Access Optimal parity distribution – when is the best time to cull sows?(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-19T22:48:58Z) Dhuyvetter, Kevin C.; kcdThe economic impact of alternative sowculling strategies was examined by simulating costs and returns for a farrowing-to-weaning swine operation. Culling strategies considered were to sell sows after parity 1 (P1) through parity 10 (P10). These 10 culling strategies resulted in different parity distributions. The optimal parity distribution is a complex issue, because it is related to conception rates, litter size, feed intake, as well as other factors. Results of this analysis indicate that the most economical time to cull a sow is after her eighth or ninth parity. This results in a breeding herd comprised of 18 to 20% gilts and a herd average parity of 3.5 to 4.0. However, the additional benefits of keeping a sow beyond about six parities are relatively small. The optimal time to cull a sow decreases as the cost of replacement gilts increases and vice versa. Feed costs impact the level of costs and returns but have very little impact on the optimal parity distribution. Similarly, over a range of conception rates and litter sizes, the optimal time to cull a sow is relatively constant.Item Open Access Effects of expanding and pelleting diets on finishing pigs fed from wet/dry feeders(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T22:03:20Z) Amornthewaphat, N.; Hancock, Joe D.; Behnke, Keith C.; McKinney, Leland J.; Starkey, C.W.; Lee, D.J.; Jones, C.L.; Park, J.S.; Dean, D.W.; jhancock; kbfeed; lelandmPigs fed pelleted and expanded diets from wet/dry feeders had 4.4% greater ADG and 7.9 % greater efficiency of gain than pigs fed a mash diet. Also, trends for greater efficiencies of gain occurred among pigs fed expanded pellets vs standard pellets and expandate vs expanded pellets.Item Open Access Effects of increasing levels of spray-dried blood meal and blood cells on nursery pig performance(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T22:02:15Z) James, B.J.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; jnelssen; mtokach; goodband; dritzThree hundred fifty weanling pigs (initially 14.6 lbs and 17 ± 2 d of age) were used in a 19-d growth assay to determine the effects of increasing levels (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5%) of spray-dried blood meal or blood cells in the diet on growth performance. Overall, the dietary inclusion of both blood products improved ADG and feed efficiency. However, spray-dried blood meal improved ADG, ADFI, and F/G from d 0 to 7 more compared to blood cells. The greatest differences during this period occurred at the 5 and 7.5% inclusion levels. No differences in growth performance were detected from d 7 to 14. Therefore, when high levels (>5%) of blood products are used in nursery diets immediately after weaning, spray-dried blood meal provides some advantage over blood cells, but the advantage may be lost in the overall period.Item Open Access Comparisons of lysine bioavailability in spray-dried blood meal, blood cells, and crystalline lysine in nursery pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T22:02:06Z) Woodworth, J.C.; James, B.W.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; jnelssen; mtokach; goodband; dritzThree hundred thirty-three nursery pigs (initially 23.7 lb) were used in a 21-d growth assay to determine the lysine bioavailability of spray-dried blood meal, blood cells, and crystalline lysine on growth performance. Regardless of lysine source, ADG improved linearly as dietary lysine increased. However, pigs fed diets containing blood cells gained faster then those fed diets with spraydried blood meal. Pigs fed diets containing crystalline lysine and blood cells had greater ADFI then pigs fed spray-dried blood meal. Feed efficiency improved by 11.6, 13.6, and 12.7% with increasing amounts of L-lysine HCl, spray-dried blood meal, and blood cells, respectively. If L-lysine has a lysine bioavailability of 100%, the lysine bioavailabilities of spray-dried blood meal and blood cells, as determined by a sloperatio, were 103 and 102%, respectively.Item Open Access Effects of irradiation processing of speciality protein products on nursery pig performance(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T22:01:24Z) Woodworth, J.C.; Webster, M.J.; James, B.W.; Real, D.E.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; mtokach; jnelssen; goodband; dritzThree hundred weanling pigs (initially 13.4 lb and 20 ± 2 d of age) were used in a 14-d growth assay to determine the effects of irradiation processing of specialty protein products on nursery pig performance. Overall, irradiated of AP 920 and Peptide-Plus™ resulted in increased ADG compared to nonirradiated products. Irradiation of Peptide-Plus® improved feed efficiency compared to its nonirradiated form. Also, ADG was greater for pigs fed diets containing ProtiOne™ and DPS 30 and tended to increase with AP 920 compared to those fed the control diet. In addition, feed efficiency was improved for pigs fed diets containing ProtiOne™, DPS 30, Peptide-Plus™, and spray-dried egg compared to those fed the control diet. Therefore, adding specialty protein products to diets in most cases improved growth performance, and irradiation processing improved growth performance with certain specialty protein products.Item Open Access Effects of gamma ray and electron beam irradiation levels in spray-dried blood meal on nursery pig performance(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T21:58:23Z) Woodworth, J.C.; Webster, M.J.; James, B.J.; Real, D.E.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; jnelssen; mtokach; goodband; dritzThree hundred weanling pigs (initially 23.7 lbs and 17 ± 6 d of age) were used in a 19-d growth assay to determine the effects of increasing levels (2.5, 5.0, and 10.0, and 20.0 kGy) of gamma ray and electron beam irradiation of spray-dried blood meal on growth performance. Irradiation of blood meal resulted in decreased concentrations of aerobic bacteria, E. coli, mold, and yeast in spray-dried blood meal. The inclusion of irradiated spray-dried blood meal tended to improve F/G from d 0 to 7 and for the overall trial (d 0 to 14), but had no effects on ADG or ADFI. Comparison of the two types of irradiation and dosage level showed no differences in growth performance. In this experiment, the inclusion of spray-dried blood meal did not improve growth performance over that obtained with the control diet.Item Open Access Effects of irradiation of spray-dried blood meal and animal plasma on nursery pig growth performance(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T20:30:35Z) James, B.W.; Webster, M.J.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; mtokach; jnelssen; goodband; dritzTwo trials were conducted to determine the effects of irradiation of spray-dried blood meal and animal plasma on nursery pig growth performance. In Exp. 1, irradiation of spray-dried blood meal resulted in improved ADG and F/G and tended to increase ADFI for the 14 d experiment. The majority of the increase in growth performance occurred during the first week of the trial. In Exp. 2, ADG and ADFI were increased from d 0 to 10 for pigs fed irradiated spray-dried animal plasma compared to pigs fed regular spray-dried animal plasma. In addition, we observed differences in growth performance between different sources of spray-dried plasma used in this experiment.Item Open Access The pH of spray-dried blood meal does not influence nursery pig performance(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T20:30:12Z) Woodworth, J.C.; James, B.W.; Webster, M.J.; Real, D.E.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; jnelssen; mtokach; goodband; dritzTwo studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of spray-dried blood meal and its pH on nursery pig performance. Spray-dried blood meal pH decreases as storage time increases prior to spray drying. In Exp. 1, addition of 2.5% spray-dried blood meal to the diet improved ADG and ADFI in nursery pigs (15.4 lb to 35.9 lb), but did not influence feed efficiency. In Exp. 2, the inclusion of 5% spray-dried blood meal improved feed efficiency without affecting ADG or ADFI. The pH (7.4 to 5.9 in Exp. 1 and 7.6 to 5.9 in Exp. 2) of the blood meal did not influence growth performance.Item Open Access Effects of a quillaja saponaria extract on weanling pig growth performance and immune function during an acute enteric disease challenge(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T20:29:35Z) Turner, J.L.; Werner, J.R.; Hill, C.M.; Skjolaas, K.; Hogge, S.; Herkleman, K.; Minton, J. Ernest; Dritz, Steven S.; orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-169X; dritz; emintonA total of 96 pigs (initially 19 lb and 17 d of age) was used in a 28 d growth trial to determine the effects of Quillaja saponaria (QS) extract on weanling pig growth performance and immune function in response to enteric disease challenge with Salmonella typhimurium (ST). Experimental treatments were arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial with main effects of disease challenge (control vs. ST challenge) and dietary addition of QS (0, 4, 8, or 16 oz/ton). The results suggest little beneficial effect of QS on growth performance or immune response in the presence or absence of ST challenge.Item Open Access Effects of a seaweed extract on weanling pig growth performance and immune function during an acute enteric disease challenge(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T20:28:53Z) Turner, J.L.; Werner, J.R.; Hill, C.M.; Skjolaas, K.; Hogge, S.; Minton, J. Ernest; Dritz, Steven S.; orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-169X; dritz; emintonA total of 95 pigs (initially 15 lb and 17 d of age) was used in a 28 d growth trial to determine the effects of Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract (ANOD) on weanling pig growth performance and immune function in response to enteric disease challenge with Salmonella typhimurium (ST). Experimental treatments were arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial with main effects of disease challenge (control vs. ST challenge) and dietary addition of ANOD (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% of diet). Results suggest little beneficial effect of dietary ANOD on growth performance or immune response in the presence or absence of ST challenge.Item Open Access Effects of dietary L-carnitine on growth performance of nursery pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T20:28:33Z) Real, D.E.; Rincker, M.J.; Steidinger, M.E.; Carter, S.D.; Owen, K.Q.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; jnelssen; goodband; mtokach; dritzFour experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of added dietary Lcarnitine on growth performance of nursery pigs. Pigs were fed a control diet containing no added L-carnitine or the control diet with 25, 50, 75, or 100 ppm of added L-carnitine (25, 50, or 100 ppm in Exp. 4). In Exps. 1, 2, and 3 for the overall study, ADG and F/G improved with increasing dietary L-carnitine. In Exp. 4, pigs fed increasing L-carnitine had improved ADG from d 0 to 3 and d 10 to 24. Increasing added carnitine improved F/G from d 10 to 24 and for the overall study. The results suggest that 25 to 50 ppm of added L-carnitine can improve ADG and F/G in nursery pigs. The largest response in pig growth performance was found when carnitine was supplemented to the phase II diet.Item Open Access Use of infrared thermography to evaluate differences in mean body surface temperature and radiant heat loss in growing pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T20:25:33Z) Loughmiller, J.A.; Spire, M.F.; Hogge, S.B.; James, B.W.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; jnelssen; goodbandEighty barrows were used in two experiments to determine the relationship between feed intake or dietary energy concentration and mean body surface temperature (MBST) and mean body surface radiant heat loss (MBSL) as measured using infrared thermographic images. In Exp. 1, feed intake level was varied. As expected, pigs with higher feed intake grew faster. The faster growing pigs had higher MBST and MBSL. In Exp. 2, pigs (initially 130 lb) were allotted to one of four dietary energy levels (1,250 ME/lb, 1,360 ME/lb, 1,475 ME/lb, 1,590 ME/lb). Increasing dietary ME levels increased ADG, G/F, ME intake, MBST, and MBSL. These experiments indicate that infrared thermography can detect MBST and MBSL changes in growing pigs caused by changes in dietary intake or energy level.Item Open Access Sorting growing-finishing pigs by weight fails to improve growth performance or weight variation(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T20:25:11Z) O’Quinn, P.R.; Swanson, J.C.; Musser, R.E.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; goodband; mtokach; jnelssenA trial was conducted to determine the effects of sorting pigs by body weight at placement on growth performance and weight variation at finishing. Unsorted pigs and heavy sorted pigs had higher ADG than medium or light sorted pigs. By the end of the trial, final body weights ranked in the following descending order: heavy sorted, unsorted, medium sorted, and light sorted. Final weights of unsorted pigs were heavier than the average final weight of all sorted pigs. Additionally, differences in body weight variation were not detectable by the end of the study. These data suggest that sorting pigs uniformly by weight to pens has little effect on final variability in individual body weights and placing pigs into pens regardless of weight may increase the amount of pork produced from a system and reduce turnaround time in barns.
