Cattlemen's Day, 2001

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Open Access
Addition of urea to finishing cattle diets containing steam-flaked corn and wet corn gluten feed
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-06T21:16:28Z) Montgomery, Sean P.; Sindt, J.J.; Farran, T.B.; Pike, N.J.; Coetzer, C.M.; LaBrune, H.J.; Trater, A.M.; Hunter, R.D.; Stock, R.A.; Drouillard, James S.; jdrouill
Three hundred thirty-nine crossbred beef heifers were used in a 74-day finishing study to evaluate effects of adding 0.5% urea to finishing diets containing steam-flaked corn and 34% (dry basis) Sweet Bran® wet corn gluten feed (WCGF). Diets were fed once daily ad libitum. Urea addition tended (P<0.06) to increase finishing average daily gain, to improve (P<0.12) feed efficiency, and to increase (P<0.06) fat thickness. Heifers fed urea had a lower percentage (P<0.03) of carcasses grading USDA Choice. This study suggests that finishing diets containing a combination of steam-flaked corn and WCGF may benefit from addition of urea as a source of supplemental ruminally available nitrogen.
Open Access
Using a mixture of cottonseed hulls and cottonseed meal to replace alfalfa hay in diets for stressed feeder calves
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-06T21:16:15Z) Farran, T.B.; Hunter, R.D.; Montgomery, Sean P.; Sindt, J.J.; Blasi, Dale A.; Drouillard, James S.; dblasi; jdrouill
One 28-day receiving experiment was conducted using 625 exotic × British cross heifers to evaluate growth performance and morbidity on receiving diets that contained either alfalfa hay or a pellet composed of 65% cottonseed hulls and 35% cottonseed meal as the roughage source. Heifers fed the cotton byproduct pellet consumed more feed (P<0.01) but tended to be less efficient than those fed alfalfa hay. Daily gain was comparable between diets (P>0.05), and the percentages of heifers diagnosed, treated, or retreated for respiratory disease were similar.
Open Access
Effect of cooked molasses tubs on performance and health of newly received stocker calves
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-06T21:15:45Z) Paisley, S.I.; Stokka, Gerald L.; Brazle, F.K.
Eight paired comparisons conducted at three field sites with 1059 newly-received lightweight stocker calves were used to determine the effect of free-choice cooked molasses tubs designed for receiving cattle on 28-day receiving period performance, percentage of cattle treated for respiratory disease, and death loss. At all sites, cattle received similar management with the exception that cooked molasses tubs were added to half of the pens immediately following initial processing. Weight gains were similar (P=0.36) for cattle with or without access to tubs (43 and 38 lb, respectively). The addition of tubs also did not affect the number of cattle treated (P=0.48) or percent death loss (P=0.61); however, there was a numerical decrease in death loss for cattle with access to tubs (2.7 vs 1.8%). Tub consumption (0.245 lb/day) based on beginning and ending weights of the tubs, was below the desired level of 0.5 lb/day. Low tub consumption may have compromised any potential for improved performance or overall health response for cattle offered free access to cooked molasses tubs.
Open Access
Performance of beef heifers limit-fed growing diets containing alfalfa hay and wet corn gluten feed
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-06T21:14:29Z) Montgomery, Sean P.; Sindt, J.J.; Farran, T.B.; Pike, N.J.; Coetzer, C.M.; LaBrune, H.J.; Trater, A.M.; Hunter, R.D.; Stock, R.A.; Drouillard, James S.; jdrouill
Three hundred thirty-nine crossbred beef heifers were used in a 99-day growing study to identify optimum combinations of alfalfa hay and wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) in limit-fed growing diets. Diets contained 10, 20, or 30% ground alfalfa hay, and 0, 40, or 68% Sweet Bran® WCGF (dry basis) in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. An interaction occurred (P<0.05) between level of alfalfa hay and level of WCGF for both average daily gain and feed efficiency. Increasing the levels of alfalfa hay or WCGF reduced cattle performance, with the exception of the 30% alfalfa hay and 40% WCGF diet, which supported average daily gains similar (P>0.10) to diets containing 20 or 30% alfalfa hay and no WCGF. Feed efficiencies for the 30% alfalfa hay and 40% WCGF diet were better (P<0.05) than the diet containing 30% alfalfa hay and no WCGF. Dry matter intake as measured two hours after feeding increased linearly (P<0.01) with increasing levels of alfalfa hay, and decreased linearly (P<0.01) with increasing levels of WCGF. This study suggests that including WCGF at 40% of the diet (dry basis) can effectively replace steam-flaked corn in limit-fed diets containing 20 or 30% alfalfa hay.
Open Access
Branched-chain amino acids for growing cattle limit-fed diets based on soybean hulls
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-06T21:13:49Z) Löest, C.A.; Lambert, B.D.; Trater, A.M.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; etitgeme
This study evaluated the effects of branched-chain amino acids on nitrogen retention and plasma branched-chain amino acid concentrations. Five ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (387 lb) were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square. Steers were limit-fed soybean hull-based diets twice daily (7.5 lb/day, as fed basis). Energy in the form of acetate (400 grams/day) was continuously infused into the rumen. Treatments were continuous abomasal infusions of 1) 115 grams/day of a mixture of 10 amino acids, 2) 10 amino acid mix with leucine removed, 3) 10 amino acid mix with isoleucine removed, 4) 10 amino acid mix with valine removed, and 5) 10 amino acid mix with all three branched-chain amino acids removed. Nitrogen retention decreased (P<0.06) in response to removal of leucine, valine, or all three branched-chain amino acids. Changes in nitrogen balance of growing cattle limit-fed soybean hull-based diets demonstrate limitations in the basal supply of leucine and valine, but not isoleucine.
Open Access
Response of Holstein steers fed a soybean hull-based diet to amino acid supplementation when the methionine requirement was met
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-06T21:11:54Z) Lambert, B.D.; Löest, C.A.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; etitgeme
A study was conducted to determine the response to amino acid supplementation when the first limiting amino acid (methionine) was provided in excess. Three ruminally cannulated Holstein steer calves (281 lb) were fed 4.8 lb of a soybean hullbased diet (87% soyhulls and 8% wheat straw) daily. Methionine is the first limiting amino acid on diets of this type, and all steers were abomasally infused with 10 g/day of methionine to ensure that this requirement was met. Treatments consisted of increasing amounts (100, 250, or 400 g/day) of an amino acid mixture supplied abomasally. Calves received decreasing amounts of supplemental energy in the form of volatile fatty acids and dextrose as amino acid infusion increased in order for treatments to remain isoenergetic. Nitrogen balance increased as amino acid supply increased, indicating that amino acids other than methionine limited protein deposition. The nitrogen balance change between the 100 and 250 g/day amino acid treatments was greater than that from 250 to 400 g/d, suggesting that 250 g/day supplied amounts of amino acids near the requirement.
Open Access
Influence of low-level fall supplementation with a self-fed, high-protein supplement and level of winter supplementation on performance of beef cows grazing tallgrass-prairie range
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-06T21:07:47Z) Wickersham, T.A.; Cochran, R.C.; Dhuyvetter, D.V.; Farmer, C.G.; Grieger, David M.; dgrieger
An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of providing a small amount of a high-protein supplement during the fall and effects of increasing subsequent level of winter supplementation on cow-calf performance. One hundred-sixty spring-calving Hereford × Angus cows grazing tallgrassprairie range were used. During the fall, cows either had access to a self-fed, highprotein supplement (30% CP) or were not supplemented. During the winter, range cubes (20% CP) were fed at a daily equivalent of 1, 2, 3, or 4 lb/head and all cows had access to the same self-fed supplement used during the fall period. Cumulative performance (as measured by changes in body condition score and body weight) tended to show limited response to low-level fall supplementation, but was significantly improved as level of winter supplementation increased.
Open Access
Evaluation of Ralgro® on pasture and subsequent feedlot performance and carcass merit of mexican crossbred steers
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-06T21:07:21Z) Paisley, S.I.; Kuhl, Gerry L.; Higgins, James J.; Huck, G.L.; Farran, T.B.; Sindt, J.J.; Montgomery, Sean P.; Birkelo, C.; Blasi, Dale A.; Dikeman, Michael E.; Holder, Michael S.; Kehler, David E.; dblasi; mdikeman; jhiggins; mholder; dkehler
A pasture/feedlot field study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a single Ralgro® implant during the stocker phase on steer grazing performance and subsequent feedlot performance and carcass merit. A total of 2,764 steers of Mexican origin averaging 449 lb were assembled in Texas and shipped to Kansas, where they grazed on three intensively-early-stocked Flint Hills pastures. At initial processing, the steers were individually weighed and randomly assigned to either a non-implanted control group or a Ralgro implant group. Ralgro steers gained more (23 lb; P<0.01) than controls during the 82- to 93-day grazing phase. Following the grazing phase, all steers were shipped to a commercial feedlot in southwestern Kansas where steers from each pasture were individually weighed and given a single Component E-S® implant. Immediately after processing, steers from each pasture were sorted into either a light- or heavy-weight pen, regardless of pasture implant treatment, resulting in six feedlot pens. Days on feed ranged from 127 to 197. Control steers gained faster (P<0.01) during the feedlot phase; however, Ralgro steers had higher cumulative weight gains across the combined pasture and feedlot phases (P<0.01) and averaged three fewer days on feed (P<0.05). There were no significant differences for marbling, fat thickness, ribeye area, KPH fat, or yield grade. Ralgro steers had lower (P<0.05) quality grades because of a higher incidence (P<0.001) of steers with B and C carcass maturities.
Open Access
Ovulation synchronization with progestins prior to a Cosynch protocol in beef cows
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-06T20:55:08Z) Medina-Britos, M.A.; Richardson, A.M.; Lamb, G.C.; Hensley, B.A.; Marple, T.J.; Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; Johnson, Sandra K.; jss; sandyj
A multi-location study was conducted using suckled beef cows in Minnesota and Kansas to test the benefit of adding a source of progestin to the Cosynch ovulation synchronization protocol (injections of GnRH, 7 days before and 48 hr after an injection of PGF2", with a fixed-time artificial insemination (AI) administered at the same time as the second GnRH injection). Feeding melengestrol acetate (MGA) for 14 days followed in 12 days by the Cosynch protocol was compared to the Cosynch protocol with the addition of a progesterone-impregnated insert (CIDR) placed in the vagina for 7 days concurrent with the first GnRH injection. Pregnancy rates after the first AI (timed AI) were 22% greater with the CIDR insert, whereas conception rates for those cows returning to estrus were greater for cows previously fed MGA. Total pregnant cows after two inseminations were 64% for CIDR cows and 59% for MGA cows.
Open Access
Resynchronization of estrus with progesterone and estrogen in previously inseminated beef cows
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-06T20:54:26Z) Medina-Britos, M.A.; Richardson, A.M.; Lamb, G.C.; Hensley, B.A.; Marple, T.J.; Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; Johnson, Sandra K.; jss; sandyj
A study was conducted in 609 beef cows to determine whether or not estrus might be resynchronized in previously inseminated beef cows to accommodate a second artificial insemination (AI) early in the breeding season. Previously inseminated cows were treated for 7 days with progesterone (via a previously used intravaginal progesterone-releasing insert [CIDR]) beginning 13 days after AI. In addition, injections of estrogen (estradiol benzoate [EB] or estradiol cypionate [ECP]) were given at insertion and removal of the CIDR insert. Rates of return to estrus and total pregnancy rates were increased after treatments with progesterone and estrogen compared with controls. No harm to pregnancies occurred in pregnant cows and a second AI period was facilitated by the end of the first 23 days of the breeding season.
Open Access
Timed-insemination of beef heifers using Cosynch with or without MGA
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-06T20:51:50Z) Wickersham, T.A.; Cochran, R.C.; Grieger, David M.; dgrieger
Our purpose was to determine if feeding melengesterol acetate (MGA) for 1 week in combination with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and prostaglandin-F2" (PGF) would better synchronize heifers for timed artificial insemination. Sixty-nine yearling beef heifers received an injection of GnRH 7 days before receiving an injection of PGF. Half of the heifers were fed MGA between the GnRH and PGF injections (Cosynch+MGA), whereas the remaining heifers were not (Cosynch). All heifers were given a second GnRH injection 2 days after PGF and inseminated at that time. Pregnancy rate for the Cosynch group (43%) was greater (P<0.05) than that for the Cosynch+MGA group (15%). This experiment suggests that short-term feeding (7 days) of MGA in concert with a Cosynch protocol was detrimental to fertility in beef heifers.
Open Access
Factors affecting beef demand
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-06T20:48:10Z) Mintert, J.; Schroeder, Ted C.; Marsh, T.; jmintert; tcs
We investigated factors that have affected beef demand over the last two decades. Beef demand is typically modeled as a function of beef prices, competing meat prices, prices of all other goods, and consumer expenditures. Our comprehensive model also investigated the impact on beef demand of food safety issues, health concerns, and changes in consumer lifestyle and demographics. Results from this analysis help explain changes in beef demand that occurred during the 1980s and 1990s. First, consumer concerns about food safety, as measured by increases in beef recalls, had a negative impact on beef demand over the last two decades. Second, consumer awareness of the linkage between cholesterol and heart disease also contributed to the decline in beef demand. In contrast, as the net number of medical journal articles linking cholesterol and heart disease increased, poultry demand actually increased. Finally, increased labor force participation by females had a negative impact on beef demand, because an increase in female employment outside the home likely resulted in a decline in time available for food preparation. Because poultry demand benefitted from this consumer demographic shift and because of beef's negative health image, these results suggest that beef industry efforts to provide consumers with more convenient, high quality products have lagged behind those of the poultry industry.
Open Access
Motivation factors for beef processor-producer linkages
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-06T20:47:48Z) Lawrence, J.D.; Hayenga, M.L.; Schroeder, Ted C.; tcs
A survey was conducted of the 15 largest beef processors to identify the mix of procurement practices being used and to understand reasons motivating recent processorproducer linkages. Processors are shifting away from cash-market live, fed-cattle trade, which represents only 36% of cattle procured by survey respondents in 1999. Processorowned cattle feeding represents only approximately 5%, where it has been for more than a decade. Various other forms of pricing such as carcass weight, grid, and formula represented the largest portion of purchases at 49%. Processors indicated the two most important reasons they get involved in contracts and marketing agreements with producers is to secure higher and more consistent quality cattle. Assuring food safety was also a motivation for linking more closely with cattle producers. In the future, processors felt these motivational factors would increase in importance. As cattle feeders explore grid pricing and alliance opportunities, it is important they understand why processors desire to enter into contracts and marketing agreements.
Open Access
Effects of vaccinating beef dams precalving and calves preweaning with a Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-06T20:47:19Z) Wankel, L.E.; Marston, T.T.; Stokka, Gerald L.; Brethour, J.R.; Rozell, Timothy G.; trozell
Our objective was to determine if vaccinating dams precalving and calves preweaning for Pasteurella haemolytica could effect serum antibody titers in dams, and the pre- and post-weaning health and performance of their calves. Vaccination increased serum antibody titers in multiparous cows, but not first-calf heifers. Precalving vaccination had minimal effects on mortality and morbidity of calves before or after weaning. Subsequent steer feedlot gains were unaffected by precalving and preweaning vaccinations and carcasses were not affected. However, heifers’ weight gains were greater from weaning to one year of age when reared by vaccinated dams.
Open Access
Evaluation of southwestern Kansas native grasses
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-06T20:45:03Z) Marston, T.T.; Yauk, D.O.
Native grass samples were collected monthly for five years and analyzed for nutrient content. Crude protein and ADF content indicate that grass quality is highest in May and June, then steadily declines until October. Stocker operators may need to begin protein supplementation as early as July to sustain weight gains. Trace mineral values were erratic from year to year and month to month between and within years, indicating that trace mineral supplementation should probably be maintained throughout the grazing season.
Open Access
A survey of phytoestrogenic activity in Kansas flint hills pastures
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-06T20:44:45Z) Paisley, S.I.; Welshons, W.V.; Rottinghaus, G.E.; Davidson, Jeffrey L.; Higgins, James J.; Blasi, Dale A.; Holder, Michael S.; Kehler, David E.; dblasi; mholder; jdavidso; dkehler; jhiggins
The botanical composition and basal cover of three Kansas Flint Hills pastures located in Butler and Chase counties was surveyed to estimate the incidence of plant species that contain appreciable levels of estrogenic activity. Many-flowered scurfpea and Ladino clover were the only plant species classified as high in estrogenic activity. Although significant estrogenic activity existed in specific species, the willingness of livestock to consume those species is unclear.
Open Access
Effects of vascular infusion with a solution of sugars, sodium chloride, and phosphates plus vitamins C, E, or C+E on display color
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-06T20:41:40Z) Yancey, E.J.; Hunt, Melvin C.; Addis, P.B.; Katsanidis, E.; Dikeman, Michael E.; mdikeman
Three groups of 12 (n=36) grain-finished, crossbred Charolais steers were humanely slaughtered, and nine in each group were infused via the carotid artery with an aqueous solution of sugars, sodium chloride, and phosphates plus either vitamin C, E, or C plus E. Three in each group served as noninfused controls. Vascular infusion improved redness of longissimus thoracis (ribeye) muscles at 24 hours postmortem, but had little effect on display color stability for steaks. Vascular infusion with the solutions containing vitamin E improved color panel visual evaluations of ground beef at 4 days simulated retail display.
Open Access
Interrelationships among carcass characteristics of feedlot steers and heifers selected for competition
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-06T20:40:48Z) King, D.A.; Lawrence, T.E.; Schafer, D.E.; Dikeman, Michael E.; mdikeman
We evaluated the interrelationships among carcass characteristics of steers and heifers selected from commercial feedlots for competition in the Beef Empire Days live and carcass contests. Because judging criteria are weighted heavily on cutability, the majority of cattle entered were trim and muscular. Within this highly selected group, heifer carcasses had larger ribeye areas, lower hot carcass weights, more ribeye area/100 lbs. of hot carcass weight, and a higher percentage of kidney-pelvic-heart fat than steers. However, steers graded USDA Choice or better 4% more often than heifers. Ribeye area, ribeye area/100 lbs. of hot carcass weight, and percentage of kidneypelvic- heart fat increased as dressing percentage increased; however, 12th rib fat thickness had no effect on dressing percentage. Percentage of carcasses grading USDA Choice or better tended to decrease with improved dressing percentage. As 12th rib fat thickness increased, ribeye area and ribeye area/100 lbs. of hot carcass weight decreased whereas percentage of kidneypelvic- heart fat and hot carcass weight of steers increased. As 12th rib fat thickness increased up to 0.50-0.59 inches, the percentage of cattle that graded low Choice or higher increased, but more finish did not result in further increase in percentage of low Choice or better. This study indicates that ribeye area is more closely related to economically important carcass characteristics in trim, muscular cattle than previously identified.
Open Access
Effects of wet corn gluten feed and intake level on diet digestibility and rumen passage rate in steers
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-06T20:38:18Z) Montgomery, Sean P.; Sindt, J.J.; Farran, T.B.; Pike, N.J.; Coetzer, C.M.; Trater, A.M.; Higgins, James J.; Drouillard, James S.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; jdrouill; etitgeme; jhiggins
Including 40% wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) in the diet increased total tract digestion of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber (P<0.01), reduced total volatile fatty acid concentration (P<0.01), increased rumen NH3 concentration (P<0.01), increased rumen pH, and tended (P<0.06) to increase total tract digestion of starch. Furthermore, WCGF increased rumen passage rate of solid digesta (P<0.01) compared to diets containing no WCGF. Limit feeding reduced total tract digestion of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber (P<0.01), decreased total volatile fatty acid concentration (P<0.01), increased rumen NH3 concentration (P<.01), increased rumen pH at 0 and 12 hours after feeding, reduced rumen pH at 4 hours after feeding, and increased rumen liquid passage rate (P<0.02).
Open Access
Soybean hulls and alfalfa for limit-fed cattle
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-08-06T20:17:03Z) Trater, A.M.; Löest, C.A.; Lambert, B.D.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; etitgeme
We evaluated the optimal level of alfalfa inclusion in limit-fed, soybean hull-based diets. Steers were fed soybean hull-based diets containing 0 to 30% alfalfa or alfalfa alone. Feed intakes were lower for alfalfa than for soybean hull-based diets. Digestibilities of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber were lower (P<0.05) for alfalfa than for diets containing soybean hulls. Dry matter and neutral detergent fiber digestibilities were similar for different levels of alfalfa in diets containing soybean hulls, although there were positive associative effects between soybean hulls and alfalfa. Rates of liquid passage from the rumen were higher for alfalfa than for soybean hull-containing diets, and increased as alfalfa was added to the soybean hull diets. Solid passage rates also increased with increasing amounts of alfalfa in soybean hull-containing diets. Adding 30% alfalfa to primarily soybean hull diets led to positive associative effects on diet digestibility, but alfalfa additions increased liquid and solid passage rates, suggesting that the benefit was not a result of slower passage of soybean hulls from the rumen.