Swine Day, 1994

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Open Access
Influence of spray-dried plasma source on growth performance of weanling pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-26T19:23:06Z) Rantanen, M.M.; Smith, J.W. II; Richert, B.T.; Friesen, K.G.; Russell, L.E.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; jnelssen; goodband; mtokach
Six hundred twenty six pigs (initially 9 lb and 13.2 d of age) were used in a 28-d growth trial to determine the effect of spraydried porcine (SDPP), spray-dried bovine (SDBP), and low-ash porcine plasma (LAPP) on growth performance in the early-weaned pig. Pigs were allotted by weight to one of 10 dietary treatments with 8 to 10 pigs per pen and 7 replicate pens per treatment. The control diet was corn-soybean meal-based and contained 14.44% dried skim milk with no plasma added. Each plasma source (2, 4, and 6%) replaced dried skim milk in the control diet. The LAPP is a similar product to SDPP with the ash component removed. Therefore, the protein content is higher, and slightly lower inclusion rates were required at 1.79, 3.59, and 5.38%. Phase I diets were formulated to contain 1.5% lysine, .42% methionine, .9% Ca, and .8% P. SBM was held constant throughout all the diets at 16.31% with 25% dried whey and 4% fish meal added. On d 14 postweaning, all pigs were switched to a common Phase II milo-SBM based diet. Phase II diets were formulated to 1.25% lysine, .35% methionine, .9% Ca, and .8% P; contained 2.5% spray-dried blood meal and 10% dried whey; and were fed in meal form. Adding any of the plasma sources to the diet from d 0 to 7 after weaning resulted in a linear improvement in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFl). Pigs fed diets containing plasma also consumed more feed and were more efficient in feed conversion (F/G) compared to pigs fed the control diet. Adding plasma to the diet also improved ADG and ADFI from d 0 to 14 postweaning. No interactions occurred between level and source; however, pigs fed diets containing SDPP or LAPP had slightly higher ADFI than pigs fed diets containing SDBP d 0 to 14. Feeding a common Phase II diet from d 14 to 28 postweaning had no effect on growth performance. Overall, the pigs fed the plasma sources had greater ADG and ADFI than pigs fed the control diet. These data confirm that feeding spray-dried plasma protein improves growth performance from d 0 to 14 postweaning.
Open Access
Alcohol- and water-extracted soy protein concentrates for early-weaned pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-26T19:22:54Z) Burnham, L.L.; Cabrera, M.R.; Kim, I.H.; Hines, Robert H.; Hancock, Joe D.; jhancock
A total of 72 weanling pigs (average initial wt of 7 lb and 10 d of age) was used in a 38-d growth assay to determine the nutritional value of alcohol- and water-extracted soy protein concentrates. Pigs were sorted by sex, weight, and ancestry and assigned to 12 pens with six pigs/pen. The soy preparations were fed in a nursery regimen with Phase I (d 0 to 10), Phase II (d 10 to 24), and Phase III (d 24 to 38) diets. Pigs and feeders were weighed at initiation and conclusion of each phase, with fecal samples collected on d 38 for determination of OM and N digestibilities. Pigs fed the alcoholextracted soy protein concentrate had greater average daily gain (ADG) in all phases, with similar increases in average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared to pigs fed water-extracted soy protein concentrate. However, feed/gain (F/G) was similar throughout the experiment for pigs fed the soy protein treatments. The diets with water-extracted soy protein concentrate had greater digestibility of dry matter (OM) than the diets with the alcohol-extracted product, but N digestibility was similar for both treatments. Although water is an inexpensive solvent compared to alcohol, pigs fed the alcohol-extracted soy protein concentrate had improved growth performance compared to those fed the water-extracted product.
Open Access
Sodium sulfite and extrusion affect the nutritional valve of soybean products for nursery pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-26T19:22:30Z) Burnham, L.L.; Kim, I.H.; Gugle, Terry L.; Hines, Robert H.; Hancock, Joe D.; jhancock
A total of 150 weanling pigs (14.2 lb avg body wt) was used in a 28-d growth assay to determine the effects of using sodium sulfite as an extrusion enhancer for soy products. Treatments were: 1) soybean meal (SBM), 2) SBM + sodium sulfite, 3) extruded SBM, 4) SBM extruded with sodium sulfite, 5) extruded whole soybeans, and 6) whole soybeans extruded with sodium sulfite. For d 0 to 14, pigs fed SBM had greater average daily feed intake (ADFD, although they had poorer efficiency of gain (F/G) than pigs fed the extruded soy products. Also, pigs fed sodium sulfite showed a trend for greater average daily gain (ADG) and F/G compared to pigs fed diets without sodium sulfite. The positive response to sodium sulfite continued into Phase II (d 14 to 28), where pigs fed sodium sulfite had greater ADG and ADFI compared to those not fed sodium sulfite. Pigs fed extruded soybeans in Phase II had greater ADG than pigs fed extruded SBM. Overall (d 0 to 28), pigs fed diets with sodium sulfite consumed more feed, gained faster, and tended to have improved efficiencies of gain rompared to those fed diets without sodium sulfite. Also, pigs fed extruded soybeans had greater rates and efficiencies of gain than pigs fed extruded SBM. Thus, in conclusion, sodium sulfite improved growth performance of weanling pigs. Also, extruded soybeans supported greater growth performance than extruded SBM, but pigs fed extruded soybeans responded less to the use of sodium sulfite as an extrusion enhancement than pigs fed the other treatments.
Open Access
Roasting and extruding affect nutrient utilization from soybeans in 10- and 20-lb pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-26T19:22:19Z) Kim, I.H.; Gugle, Terry L.; Hines, Robert H.; Hancock, Joe D.; jhancock
Ninety nursery pigs were used in two metabolism experiments to determine the effects of roasting and extruding on the nutritional value of Williams 82 soybeans with (+K) and without (-K) gene expression for the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor. Treatments for both experiments were: 1) soybean meal; 2) +K roasted; 3) +K extruded; 4) -K roasted; and 5) -K extruded. The roasting and extrusion treatments were accomplished with a Roast-A-Tron8 roaster and an InstaPr0 8 extruder. Diets were the soybean preparations (96.5% of the diet) with only vitamins and minerals added as needed to meet or exceed NRC requirements. Daily feed allowance was 5% of initial body wt given as three equal meals. In Exp. I, 50 weanling pigs (10.4 Ib average body wt and 21 d average age) were used. Apparent values for N digestibility, biological value (BV), percentage N retention, gross energy (GE) digestibility, and metabolizable energy (ME) were greater for pigs fed extruded soybeans compared to pigs fed roasted soybeans. Also, N digestibility, BV, and percentage N retention were greater for pigs fed -K soybeans compared to those fed + K soybeans. In Exp. 2, 40 pigs (21.4 lb average body wt and 35 d average age) were allowed to adjust to the nursery environment before use in the experiment. In general, the pigs in Exp. 2 (Le., the older pigs) had greater utilization of nutrients from all of the soybean products than the younger pigs used in Exp. 1. Digestibilities of OM, N, and GE were greater for pigs fed -K soybeans compared to those fed + K soybeans, and extruded soybeans gave greater digestibilities of OM, N, and GE compared to roasted soybeans. Also, percentage N retention and percentage ME were greater for pigs fed extruded soybeans were greater than for pigs fed roasted soybeans. In conclusion, extruded and -K soybeans were of greater nutritional value than roasted and + K soybeans for 10- and 20-lb nursery pigs.
Open Access
Effects of alternative soy sources on growth performance in early-weaned pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-26T19:22:12Z) Cabrera, M.R.; Rantanen, M.M.; Hines, Robert H.; Hancock, Joe D.; jhancock
A total of 144 pigs (initial body wt of 10.4 lb) was used in a 56-d growth assay to determine the effects of different soybean preparations on growth performance and cost of gain in nursery pigs. Experimental diets were fed in three phases from d 0 to 35 postweaning (Le., d 0 to 7, 7 to 21, and 21 to 35). Treatments were a soybean meal-based regimen; a dry-extruded whole soybeans (mill-run) regimen; and a specially processed soy products regimen (Le., soy isolate in Phase I, soy concentrate in Phase 11, and extruded soy flour in Phase Ill). All diets were formulated to 1. 55, 1. 25, and 1.15% lysine for Phases I, 11, and III, respectively. Fat additions to the soybean meal and specialty soy product treatments were 2, 2, and 3%, for Phases I, 11, and III, respectively. The diets with extruded soybeans had more total fat (2.5, 3.8, and 4.8% greater percentage ether extract in Phases I, 11, and III, respectively) than the soybean meal-based control. On d 35 postweaning, the pigs were switched to the same soybean meal-based grower diet (.9% lysine) for a period of 3 wk. During Phase I (d 0 to 7 postweaning), pigs fed soybean meal gained 25% less and were 22% less efficient than those fed extruded soybeans and the specially processed soy products. Average daily feed intake was not affected by dietary treatment; however, pigs fed the specially processed soy product had the greatest ADG of any treatment, and numerically, the best efficiencies of gain. No statistical differences were found for ADG, ADFI, or F/G among treatments from d 7 to 21, 21 to 35, or 35 to 56 of the experiment. Thus, overall (from d 0 to 56 postweaning), pigs fed the various soybean protein sources had similar growth performance. However, overall costs per pound of gain were $.33, $.34, and $.42 for pigs fed extruded soybeans, soybean meal, and the specialty soy products, respectively. In conclusion, although the specially processed soy products regimen (Le., soy isolate) supported the greatest growth performance immediately after weaning (d 0 to 7), the best cost of gain was achieved by feeding extruded soybeans. However, the additional fat provided by extruded soybeans did not influence pig performance in this experiment.
Open Access
The effects of increasing dietary lysine in the phase III starter diet on growth performance of segregated early-weaned pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-26T19:22:01Z) Owen, K.Q.; Bergstrom, J.R.; Friesen, K.G.; Smith, J.W. II; Richert, B.T.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; goodband; jnelssen; mtokach; jbergstr
One hundred forty-four high-health, high-lean growth barrows were used to determine the dietary lysine requirement to maximize growth performance from 40 to 75 lb. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block, with blocks established on initial weight. Prior to the start of the study, pigs were fed a common Phase II diet (1.4% lysine) for 14 d. After the 14 d acclimation period, pigs were allotted to each of six dietary treatments, ranging from .75 to 1.25% digestible lysine (.91 to 1.49% total dietary lysine). Pigs were housed in pens of four, with six replicate pens per treatment. Pig weights and feed disappearance were measured on d 7, 14, and 21 of the experiment to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) , and feed efficiency (F/G). Average daily gain increased with increasing dietary lysine from 40 to 75 lb, with a maximum observed at approximately 1.25 to 1.37% total lysine. Average daily feed intake from 40 to 75 lb was not influenced by dietary lysine. Increasing dietary lysine resulted in improved F/G, with pigs fed between 1.25 and 1.37% lysine having the best F/G. Based on the feed intake observed in this study, high-lean growth barrows that have been segregated early-weaned to improve health status require at least 16 to 17 gld of lysine from 40 to 75 lb to maximize ADG and F/G. These requirements for the Phase III starter diet are substantially higher than previously recommended.
Open Access
Appropriate methionine:lysine ratio for the segregated early-weaned pig
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-26T19:21:27Z) Owen, K.Q.; Richert, B.T.; Friesen, K.G.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; jnelssen; mtokach; dritz
A total of 350 crossbred pigs (9.0 ± 2 d old and 8.4 lb +f- 2.5 BW) was used to determine the appropriate methionine: lysine ratio in diets for the segregated early-weaned pig. Two lysine levels (1.8 and 1.4%) and five methionine levels within each lysine level were used in a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement. Methionine: lysine ratios ranged from 21.5 to 33.5 %. From d 0 to 21 postweaning, all diets contained 25%dried whey, 12% lactose, 7.5% spray dried porcine plasma, 6.0% select menhaden fish meal, and 1.75% spray-dried blood meal. The basal diets containing 1.4 and 1.8% lysine were formulated to contain .301 and .387% dietary methionine, respectively. Cornstarch was replaced by Alimet(equivalent to 88 methionine) to provide the four additional experimental methionine concentrations for each lysine level. Cystine contents of all diets within each lysine level were identical at .52 and .66% for the 1.4 and 1.8% lysine diets, respectively. All other amino acids were formulated on a digestible basis to ensure that methionine was first limiting. No methionine x lysine interactions were observed throughout the 21-day experiment. Increasing dietary methionine increased average daily gain (ADG) during each week of the trial, with the maximum observed at approximately .50 and .39% methionine in the diets containing 1.8 and 1.4% dietary lysine, respectively (27.5% of lysine). Dietary methionine level had no effect on feed efficiency (F/G). Increasing dietary lysine improved ADG and F/G. In conclusion, with either dietary lysine level used, maintaining methionine at 27.5% of lysine was required to maximize growth from d 0 to 21 postweaning.
Open Access
The influence of increasing dietary methionine on the performance of the early-weaned pig (10 ± 4 d of age)
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-26T19:21:15Z) Owen, K.Q.; Kats, L.J.; Richert, B.T.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; jnelssen; goodband; mtokach; dritz
Four hundred thirty-five pigs (initially 7.7 lb and 10.1 ± 4 d of age) were used to determine the influence of increasing dietary methionine on growth performance of the early-weaned pig (10 d of age). Pigs were blocked by weight in a randomized complete block design, resulting in six to 13 pigs per pen and a total of eight pens per treatment. Experimental diets were fed from d 0 to 21 postweaning. Dietary methionine levels were achieved by adding increasing liquid methionine (Alimet) to a common basal diet. The control diet was corn-based and contained 8.7% moist extruded soy protein concentrate, 10% spray-dried porcine plasma, 25% dried whey, 5% dried skim milk, 3% fish meal, and 1.75% spray-dried blood meal. All diets were formulated to contain 1.8% lysine. Liquid methionine replaced sucrose in the control diet to provide dietary methionine levels of .36, .40, .44, .48, .52, and .56%. Each diet contained .62% cystine and 704 g of added choline chloride (60%). During d o to 7 postweaning, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (F/G) were improved by increasing dietary methionine, with optimal performance observed between .48 and .52% dietary methionine. However, average daily feed intake (ADFI) was not affected by dietary methionine. For the entire period (d 0 to 21 postweaning), ADG and F/G were improved with increasing dietary methionine and optimized between .48 to .52% dietary methionine. On d 7 postweaning, plasma urea nitrogen was reduced as dietary methionine increased, with pigs fed the .52% methionine having the lowest plasma urea nitrogen concentrations. These data suggest that the early-weaned pig (1O-d of age) needs approximately .48 to .52% dietary methionine when fed a diet containing 1.8% lysine to optimize growth performance.
Open Access
Dietary lysine requirements of segregated early-weaned pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-26T19:21:05Z) Owen, K.Q.; Richert, B.T.; Friesen, K.G.; Smith, J.W. II; Bergstrom, J.R.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; jnelssen; goodband; mtokach; jbergstr; dritz
A total of 320 (160 barrows and 160 gilts) 14- to 18-d-old pigs (initially 10.2 ± 2.2 lb) was used to determine the optimal level of dietary lysine needed for the segregated early-weaned pig. Two diet formulation methods were used with six dietary lysine levels within each formulation method, resulting in a 2 X 6 factorial arrangement of treatments. The first formulation method consisted of a basal diet that contained 1.95% lysine. Increasing levels of cornstarch replaced L-lysine to achieve the other five dietary treatments (1.2, 1.35, 1.50, 1.65, and 1.80% dietary lysine). All other amino acids in each diet were maintained at the same level as in the 1.95% lysine treatment. The second formulation method consisted of a basal diet (1.2% lysine) with the live additional treatments achieved by adding synthetic lysine and other essential amino acids to maintain an ideal amino acid ratio, relative to lysine. All diets contained 20% dried whey, 10% lactose, 7.5% spray-dried porcine plasma, 5.0% spray-dried wheat gluten, 5.0% select menhaden fish meal, 5.0% soybean oil, and 1.75% spray-dried blood meal. No lysine x formulation method interactions occurred for average daily gain (ADG) or average daily feed intake (ADFI) throughout the 28 d period. However, lysine x formulation method interactions were observed for feed efficiency (F/G) from d 0 to 7, d 0 to 14, and d 0 to 28. From d 0 to 7 postweaning, ADG was improved quadratically as dietary lysine increased and appeared to be maximized at 1.65% dietary lysine. Feed efficiency was lowest for pigs fed 1.80% lysine for the first diet formulation method and for pigs fed 1.95% lysine for the second diet formulation method. From d 0 to 14 postweaning, ADG and F/G were improved by increasing dietary lysine, with both response criteria maximized in pigs fed approximately 1.65% dietary lysine. However, ADFI was not affected during the 28-d experiment. These data suggest that segregated early-weaned pigs require approximately 5.2 and 6.2 g/d of lysine from d 0 to 7 and d 0 to 14 postweaning, respectively, to optimize growth performance. Based on these results, the diet for pigs < 11 lb needs to be formulated to contain at least 1.7% lysine. The transition diet (11 to 15 lb) should be formulated to contain approximately 1.5 to 1.6% lysine.
Open Access
Influence of diet complexity and weaning age on carcass characteristics and growth performance from weaning to market
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-26T19:20:30Z) Signer, T.; Owen, K.Q.; Musser, R.M.; Smith, J.W. II; Richert, B.T.; Dritz, Steven S.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen
A total of 180 barrows (initially 7.4 or 11.9 lb and 9 or 19 d of age) was used in a growth assay to determine the influence of two weaning ages and three diet complexity sequences on growth performance and carcass characteristics. The growth performance of pigs used in this trial was excellent, as shown by the range of average age at 240 lb from 144 to 149.7 d. Growth performance was similar regardless of weaning age. Thus, when health status and environment are similar, pigs weaned at 19 d of age can attain a weight of 240 Ib at the same age as pigs weaned at 9 d of age. The three complexity sequences varied widely in diet composition and the length of time the complex diets were fed. The high complexity sequence was formulated to achieve maximal gain regardless of cost, the medium complexity sequence was formulated to closely match current Kansas State University recommendations, and the low complexity diets were very simple diets with minimal amounts of alternative ingredients fed for short periods of time. Pigs performed the best on the high or medium sequence in Phase I post-weaning. However, growth performance of pigs fed the simple sequence was similar to that of pigs in the medium or high sequences for the 15 to 40 Ib phase. Thus, the data tend to indicate that diet complexity is critical in the first week postweaning, but the complexity can be decreased rapidly for feeding high health-status pigs without reducing performance. This experiment illustrates the tremendous growth potential of the high health-status pigs and that similar growth and performance can be achieved from pigs weaned at 9 and 19 d of age.
Open Access
Processing procedures and feeding systems for sorghum-based diets given to lactating sows
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-26T19:20:10Z) Kim, I.H.; Hancock, Joe D.; Burnham, L.L.; Kennedy, G.A.; Nichols, David A.; Hines, Robert H.; jhancock; dnichols
One-hundred twenty nine primiparous sows were used to determine the effects of alternative processing procedures and feeding systems on the nutritional value of sorghum grain-based diets for lactating sows. Treatments were a ground sorghum control, steam- flaked sorghum and extruded sorghum fed in meal form, or the ground sorghum control given as pellets or gruel (1: 1 ratio of water and feed on a volume:volume basis). Average daily feed intake was greater for sows fed pelleted and gruel forms compared to sow fed the diets with steam-flaked and extruded sorghum. However, no differences occurred in sow weight or backfat losses among the treatments. Number of pigs weaned and percentage survivability were similar among treatments, except that steam-flaked sorghum supported greater litter weight gains than extruded sorghum. Apparent digestibilities of OM, N, and GE in sows fed steam-flaked and extruded sorghum were greater than in sows fed pelleted or gruel diets. Sows fed extruded sorghum tended to have the greatest digestibilities of OM, N, and GE and lowest excretions of DM and N in the feces. Severity of ulceration was not affected significantly by treatments, but keratinization was greatest for sows fed extruded sorghum. In conclusion, the alternative processing methods (steam-flaking and extrusion) and feeding systems (pellets and gruel) had little effect on sow and liner performance. However, nutrient digestibilities were improved for all treatments that involved heating (steam flaking, extrusion, and pelleting), and, thus, these treatments resulted in less fecal excretion of DM and N.
Open Access
Influence of dietary methionine on body weight gain and composition in high-lean growth gilts fed from 100 to 240 lb
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-26T19:19:33Z) Friesen, K.G.; Owen, K.Q.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Unruh, John A.; jnelssen; goodband; mtokach; junruh
One hundred-fourteen high-lean growth gilts (initial wt of 100 lb) were used to determine the level of digestible methionine required to optimize growth performance and carcass characteristics from 100 to 240 lb. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block with blocks based on initial BW. Three pigs per pen and six pens per treatment were used. Gilts were fed a corn and soybean meal-based diet containing .21, .24, .27, .30, .33, or .36% digestible methionine (.25 to .425% total methionine) in both the grower and finisher periods. The grower diet (fed from 100 to 165 lb) was formulated to contain 1.17% total lysine (.94% digestible) and .52% cystine, whereas the finisher diet contained 1.01% total lysine (.83% digestible) and .49% cystine. Cornstarch was replaced by DL-methionine to provide the experimental methionine concentrations. Average daily gain, ADFI, and feed efficiency (F/G) were not influenced by increasing digestible methionine from 100 to 165 lb, 165 to 240 lb, or 100 to 240 lb. Neither average backfat thickness nor longissimus muscle area was influenced by increasing digestible methionine at 240 lb. From 100 to 240 lb, carcass protein and lipid accretion were not influenced by digestible methionine. The data from this experiment suggest that the methionine requirement for high-lean growth gilts is not greater than .25% total methionine (.21 % digestible methionine; 6 gld total methionine intake) from 100 to 240 lb. Thus, the required methionine: lysine ratios do not exceed 22 and 25% for high-lean growth gilts fed diets containing adequate cystine from 100 to 165 and 165 to 240 lb, respectively.
Open Access
Comparison of lactation diets containing various protein sources on sow and litter performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-26T19:19:22Z) Dritz, Steven S.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen
A total of 188 lactating sows was used in Exp. 1 to determine the influence of a complex lactation diet containing oats, linseed meal, and alfalfa meal compared with a corn-soybean meal diet on sow and litter performance. No differences in sow and litter performance were observed. Therefore, a simple corn-soybean meal diet was adequate 10 maximize sow productivity. Average daily feed intake (ADFI) of sows by parity was also examined in Exp. 1. The ADFI of parity 1 sows was considerably lower than that of parity 3 sows, but litter weaning weights were similar. Thus, lactation diet formulation should account for the differences in feed intake by parity and be formulated on ADFI (average daily feed intake) and level of production. A total of 198 lactating sows was used in Exp. 2 to determine the influence of substituting 3 lb/ton of L-lysine HCl and corn for soybean meal in the lactation diet. No differences in sow and litter performances were observed. However, ADFI was excellent for both treatments, resulting in average daily lysine intakes of 67.6 and 69.7 g per day. This is approximately 14 g in excess of the reported requirement for this level of production. Thus, further research is needed to assess the use of L-lysine HCI in lactation diets.
Open Access
The effect of lysine and valine fed during lactation on sow and litter lactation performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-26T19:18:57Z) Richert, B.T.; Campbell, R.G.; Kershaw, S.; Blum, S.A.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; goodband; mtokach; jnelssen
Two hundred two sows (98 parity 1 and 104 parity 2 sows) were used in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine the effect of dietary valine and lysine on sow lactation performance. Treatments included two levels of lysine (.8 or 1.2%) and three valine to lysine ratios (80, 100, 120% of lysine). This experiment was conducted at a research farm of a production facility in New South Wales, Australia from January to March, 1994. For all sows, increasing dietary lysine increased litter weaning weight and litter weight gain and reduced sow weight loss. Increasing dietary valine tended to increase litter weight gain. Parity 1 sows had a greater response in litter weight gain to dietary lysine than parity 2 sows. Parity 1 sows also exhibited a linear increase in litter weight gain as dietary valine increased. Parity 2 sows had an increase in litter weight gain at the low lysine level but a decrease in litter weight gain at the high lysine level with increasing valine in the diet. Both parities had a similar reduction in sow weight loss with increasing dietary lysine. The data also were separated into sows that weaned 10 or more pigs and sows that weaned fewer than 10 pigs. Sows that weaned 10+ pigs had a greater increase in litter weaning weight and litter weight gain when dietary lysine was increased from .8 to 1.2 %. These sows also had a linear increase in litter weaning weights and litter weight gain as valine increased. Sows that weaned fewer than 10 pigs had no response to increasing lysine or valine. Serum urea nitrogen was increased by increased dietary lysine but was not affected by valine. The results demonstrate the need to increase dietary lysine and valine as milk production increases. The high-producing sow (10+ pigs weaned) requires increased lysine and valine to maximize litter growth rate and minimize sow weight loss. The independent increases in litter weaning weights from adding lysine and valine suggest separate modes of action in the high-producing sow for these amino acids in milk synthesis.
Open Access
Calculating feed costs with alternative lysine diets for high-lean growth gilts
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-26T19:18:37Z) Friesen, K.G.; Boland, Michael A.; Schinckel, A.P.; Nelssen, Jim L.; jnelssen
Data from two experiments were used to determine the feed cost per I of lean gain for high-lean growth gilts fed various digestible lysine levels (.54 to 1.04%). The cost for producing 1 lb of lean increased as live weight increased from 75 to 160 lb (Exp 1) and from 160 to 300 lb (Exp 2). However, in Exp I, the cost per lb of lean gain was minimized for gilts fed 1.04 and .94% digestible lysine (1.25 and 1.15% total lysine, respectively) from 75 to 90 lb and from 90 to 160 lb, respectively. These data are similar to the data for maximum rates of lean gain for grower gilts (75 to 160 lb), indicating that maximum gain is the most cost-effective gain during the grower period. During the finishing period (160 to 300 lb), maximal lean gain was attained for gilts fed .94% digestible lysine. However, cost of attaining this rate of lean gain was also the most expensive. The least feed cost per lb of lean gain was achieved when gilts were fed .84 and .54% digestible lysine (1.0 and .65% total lysine, respectively) from 160 to 180 lb and from 180 to 300 lb, respectively. In conclusion, these data indicate that feeding for maximum lean gain during the growing period (75 to 160 lb) results in least cost production. However, during the finishing period, economics will dictate the level of digestible lysine fed rather than maximum rate of lean gain.
Open Access
Determining the valine requirement of the mgr-producing lactating sow
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-26T19:18:07Z) Richert, B.T.; Pettigrew, J.E.; Walker, R.D.; Johnston, L.J.; Blum, S.A.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen
Two hundred-three large white x Landrace or large white x Chester White x Landrace sows (40 or 41/treatment, avg parity 3.7) were used in a 26 d lactation experiment to determine the valine requirement of high-producing sows. All diets were formulated to .9% lysine with all amino acids other than valine formulated to be at least 110% of their respective ratios relative to lysine. Synthetic valine replaced cornstarch to provide .75, .85, .95, 1.05, and 1.15% dietary valine. Corresponding valine:lysine ratios were 83, 94, 106, 117, and 128% of lysine. The experiment was conducted at two experiment stations from July, 1993 through January, 1994. Mean litter size of all treatments after adjustment was 10.33 pigs. Sow feed intake and grams of lysine intake were not different among treatments. Grams of valine intake increased linearly as dietary valine increased. Litter weight at d 21 and weaning increased linearly with increasing dietary valine. Litter weight gain from d 0 to 7 increased linearly as dietary valine increased to 1.15 %. Litter weight gain from d 0 to 21 and d 0 to weaning increased linearly as dietary valine increased, with the greatest portion of the response observed as valine increased to 1.05% of the diet. Dietary valine had no effect on sow weight change, 10th rib backfat (BF) change, or last lumbar BF change from d 0 to 21 or d 0 to weaning. Days to estrus postweaning were not affected by dietary valine. These results demonstrate that high-producing sows have a dietary valine requirement of at least 117% of lysine during lactation (66.4 g/d valine), much greater than is currently recommended by NRC (1988; 100% of lysine) or ARC (1981; 70% of lysine) to maximize litter weaning weight and litter weight gain.
Open Access
The use of growth models to evaluate the changing response to digestible lysine in high-lean growth gilts
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-26T19:17:58Z) Friesen, K.G.; Schinckel, A.P.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; jnelssen; goodband; mtokach
Conventional response criteria for amino acid research include mean live weight gain and tissue accretion rates over a given weight interval. However, these methods fail to characterize the changing response of tissue accretion to dietary amino acids as body weight increases. For this reason, growth modeling was used to characterize the response to digestible lysine in two experiments (114 gilts each) from 80 to 160 lb and 160 to 300 lb, respectively. Corn-soybean meal diets were formulated to assure that lysine (.54 to 1.04% and .54 to .94% digestible lysine for Exp 1 and 2, respectively) was the first limiting amino acid. Analysis of variance was used to test linear and quadratic responses in cumulative weight gain on test as digestible lysine increased. A time by digestible lysine interaction was detected, indicating that a separate regression equation for each lysine level was necessary. In Exp. 1, ADG and carcass CP accretion were maximized for gilts fed 1.04, .94, and .84% digestible lysine from 80 to 100 lb, 100 to 120 lb, and 120 to 160 lb, respectively. Lipid accretion .74 to .84% digestible lysine. In Exp. 2, ADG was maximized by feeding .84% from 160 to 205 lb and .74% from 205 to 300 lb. Carcass CP accretion was maximized by feeding .94% digestible lysine, and lipid accretion was minimized for gilts fed .84% digestible lysine from 160 to 300 lb. If feeding graded levels of digestible lysine resulted in parallel lines for carcass protein accretion, mean values would result in accurate data evaluation. However, responses to digestible lysine changed over the feeding period. Therefore, the use of BW and compositional growth curves offers an innovative approach to more accurately characterize the growing pig's response to increased digestible lysine.
Open Access
Influence of a single injection of beta carotene and/or vitamin A at weaning on subsequent reproductive performance of sows
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-26T19:17:36Z) Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen
A total of 956 sows was used to determine the influence of a single injection of beta carotene, vitamin A, or the combination of beta carotene and vitamin A at weaning on subsequent reproductive performance. At weaning, sows were allotted randomly to one of the following four treatments: 1) 5 ml of saline (control); 2) 5 ml of beta carotene (200mg); 3) 2 ml of vitamin A (1,000,000 IV); or 4) 5 ml of beta-carotene and 2 ml of vitamin A. A total of 718 sows farrowed following a normal return to estrus « 30 days) and normal gestation length. The other 238 sows that received the injections were removed from the study for failing to return to estrus within 30 days postweaning, failing to conceive, failing to farrow, and lameness. Farrowing rate ranged from 73.2 to 78.4% (average of 75.1 %), but was not influenced significantly by treatment. Total pigs born, pigs born alive, or pigs born dead were not influenced by the injections. These results are different from previous research, which indicated that an injection of beta carotene or vitamin A increased number of pigs born alive. Number of pigs born alive (10.4) may have been too high on the farms used in this study to detect a significant improvement. Another possibility is that a second injection of beta carotene or vitamin A at breeding may be needed to elicit the increase in litter size.
Open Access
Nursery growth performance of intact males and barrows
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-26T19:17:27Z) Rantanen, M.M.; Hines, Robert H.; Hancock, Joe D.; jhancock
A total of 100 weanling pigs with an average initial body wt of 11.8 lb and average age of 17 d was used in a 38-d growth assay to determine the effect of castration on growth performance of nursery pigs. All pigs were fed the same Phase I, II, and III diets formulated to 1.6, 1.4, and 1.35% lysine, respectively. Data indicated no differences in growth performance between intact males and barrows in the first 38 d postweaning (12 to 48 lb).
Open Access
Injection of vitamin A at insemination and reproductive performance in gilts
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-26T19:17:17Z) Schoneweis, D.; Nelson, M.; Davis, Duane L.; davis; mnelson
This experiment tested the hypothesis that an injection of vitamin A on the day of first detected estrus would improve reproductive performance of gilts. Gilts (432) were assigned to either receive vitamin A (1,000,000 IV) or placebo injected intramuscularly on the first day of estrus. No differences in farrowing rate, number of pigs farrowed per litter, or birth weight of pigs were detected. Possibly, gilts do not respond to vitamin A with improved fecundity. Other workers have reported an improvement in litter size for sows. Alternatively, treatment with vitamin A may need to precede estrus to improve litter size or multiple injections may be required. Experiments showing benefits for sows have treated them at weaning and, therefore, a few days before estrus.