Swine Day, 2012
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Item Open Access Comparison of pig restraint, sampling methods, and analysis on blood lactate concentration(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-12-07) Buzzard, B.L.; Edwards-Callaway, L.N.; Anderson, D.B.; Engle, T.E.; Grandin, T.; Goodband, Robert D.; goodbandThe objective of the study was to examine the effects of restraint and blood sampling method on blood lactate concentration (LAC) in pigs. Restraint methods used were snaring or restraint with sorting boards. Blood was sampled from 120 pigs at approximately 165 d of age (278.0 ± 6.4 lb) over 2 consecutive days. Each day, 30 pigs were sampled per method. All pigs were housed in one barn, and pigs in adjacent pens were not sampled simultaneously. Snaring consisted of a trained handler snaring each pig while blood was collected via jugular venipuncture (approximately 7 mL). Restraint with sorting boards consisted of a trained handler restraining each pig with two sorting boards and the side of the pen to form a three-sided barrier to reduce pig movement. The distal ear vein was pricked with a 20-gauge needle to obtain several drops of blood for LAC analysis. Lactate concentration was measured using a handheld lactate analyzer. The duration of restraint and a behavior score (1 to 4; 1 = no vocalization or movement and 4 = constant movement, vocalization, and struggle) for each pig were recorded during sampling. Blood lactate was compared between the 2 sampling methods and duration of restraint was used as a covariate in the analysis.Item Open Access Effect of sample size and method of sampling pig weights on the accuracy and precision of estimating the distribution of pig weights in a population(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-12-07) Paulk, C.B.; Highland, G.L.; Haydon, K.D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; jnelssen; dritz; goodband; jderouchProducers have adopted marketing strategies such as topping to help reduce economic losses from weight discounts, but they are still missing target weights and incurring discounts. We have previously determined the accuracy of sampling methods producers use to estimate the mean weight of the population. Although knowing the mean weight is important, understanding how much variation or dispersion exists in individual pig weights within a group can also enhance a producer’s ability to determine the optimal time to top pigs. In statistics and probability theory, the amount of variation in a population is represented by the standard deviation; therefore, our objective is to determine the sample size and method that is optimal for estimating the standard deviation of BW for a group of pigs in a barn. Using a computer program developed in R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria), we were able to generate 10,000 sample standard deviations for different sampling procedures on 3 different datasets. Using this program, we evaluated weighing: (1) a completely random sample of 10 to 200 pigs from the barn, (2) an increasing number of pigs per pen from 1 to 15 pigs and increasing the number of pens until all pens in the barn had been sampled, and (3) selecting the heaviest and lightest pig (determined visually) in each pen and subtracting the lightest weight from the heaviest weight and dividing by 6. For all 3 datasets, increasing the sample size of a completely random sample from 10 to 200 pigs decreased the range between the upper and lower confidence intervals (CI) when estimating the standard deviation; however, this occurred at a diminishing rate. For the barn with the most variation, increasing the number of pens sampled while keeping constant the total number of pigs sampled led to a reduction in range between the upper and lower CI by 7, 6, and 31% for Datasets A, B, and C, respectively. Sampling method 3 resulted in a reduction of the range between the upper and lower CI from 9 to 62% for the 3 datasets. These data indicated that the distribution of pig weights can be practically estimated by weighing the heaviest and lightest pigs in 15 pens.Item Open Access Effect of sampling method on the accuracy and precision of estimating the mean pig weight of the population(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-12-07) Paulk, C.B.; Highland, G.L.; Haydon, K.D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; jnelssen; dritz; goodband; jderouchProducers have adopted marketing strategies such as topping to help reduce economic losses from weight discounts at the processing plant. Despite adopting these strategies, producers are still missing target weights and incurring discounts. One contributing factor is the error of sampling methods that producers use to estimate the mean weight of the population to determine the optimal time to top pigs. The standard sample size that has been adopted by many producers is 30 pigs. Our objective was to determine the best method for selecting 30 pigs to improve the accuracy and precision of estimating the mean pig weight of the population. Using a computer program developed in R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria), we were able to generate 10,000 sample means for different sampling procedures on 3 different datasets. Using this program we evaluated taking: (1) a completely random sample of 30 pigs from the barn, (2) a varying number of pigs per pen to achieve a total sample size of 30 pigs, (3) selecting the heaviest and lightest pig (determined visually) from 15 pens and calculating the mean from those pigs, and (4) calculating the median of the selected pigs.Item Open Access Meta-analysis comparing growth performance, carcass characteristics, and water usage of growing-finishing pigs fed using conventional dry and wet-dry feeders(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-12-07) Nitikanchana, S.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; jderouch; goodband; jnelssenFifteen trials were used for meta-analyses comparing the effects of conventional dry (CD) and wet-dry (WD) feeders on growth performance, carcass traits, and water usage of growing-finishing pigs. The meta-analysis indicated that pigs fed with WD feeders consistently had greater (P < 0.01) ADG (0.09 lb/d) and ADFI compared with those fed with CD feeders; however, although highly variable, no overall difference (P = 0.93) was observed in F/G. As a result of improved growth rate, final BW and HCW of pigs fed with WD feeders was 3.2% greater (P < 0.01) than when fed with CD feeders. For carcass traits, backfat was greater (P < 0.01) and percentage lean was lower (P < 0.01) in pigs fed with WD feeders compared with those fed with CD feeders. Carcass yield and loin depth did not differ (P > 0.14) among feeder types. Water usage for pigs fed with WD feeders was 0.4 gal/pig/d less (P = 0.02) than for pigs using CD feeders. Growing-finishing pigs fed with WD feeders had increased growth rate, feed intake, final BW, and HCW, but deposited more fat as indicated by greater backfat and lower percentage lean.Item Open Access Effects of feeder design (conventional dry vs. wet-dry) on growth performance of 45- to 246-lb pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-12-07) Nitikanchana, S.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; jderouch; goodband; jnelssenA total of 1,253 pigs (PIC 1050 × 337; initially 45 lb) were used in a 104-d study to evaluate the effects of using a wet-dry (WD) or conventional dry (CD) feeder on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs. At the start of the trial, pens of pigs were weighed and randomly allotted to 1 of the 2 feeder types. The CD feeder was a single-sided, 56-in.-wide, stainless steel feeder (Thorp Equipment, Inc., Thorp, WI) with 4 14-in. feeding spaces and a 4.25-in.-deep trough. A cup waterer in pens using CD feeders ensured ad libitum access to water as well as feed. The WD feeder was double-sided (15-in.-wide feeder opening on each side) with a single nipple waterer (Crystal Springs, GroMaster, Inc., Omaha, NE), and the feeder was the only source of water. All pigs were fed the same corn-soybean meal diets containing 30% bakery by-product and 10 to 45% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) during 5 dietary phases. For the overall period, pigs fed with the WD feeder had greater ADG (P < 0.01) and ADFI (P = 0.01) with no differences in F/G (P = 0.50) compared with pigs fed using the CD feeder. This study confirms previous results where pigs fed using a WD feeder have greater ADG and ADFI than those fed with a CD feeder.Item Open Access Evaluation of feeding budgeting strategy or complete diet blending on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-12-07) Frobose, H.L.; Ryder, D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jnelssenA total of 252 mixed-sex pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initial BW = 79.8 ± 0.9 lb BW) were used in a 95-d growth study to compare feed-budgeting strategies and complete diet blending for finishing pigs on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and economics. Feed was delivered to all pens of pigs using a computerized feed delivery system (FeedPro, Feedlogic Corp., Willmar, MN) that is capable of delivering and dispensing 2 separate diets. Four experimental treatments had 9 pens/treatment and 7 pigs/pen in a randomized complete block design. Dietary treatments included: (1) standard 4-phase (0.91, 0.77, 0.67, and 0.61% standardized ileal digestible [SID] lysine, respectively) complete feed program (Standard), (2) blending a high- and low-lysine complete diet to meet the estimated daily SID lysine requirement from d 0 to d 95 (Curve), (3) Treatment 1 diets with 20% greater feed budget allowance per phase (Over), and (4) Treatment 1 diets with 20% lower feed budget allowance per phase (Under). Diets were corn-soybean meal–based with no added fat. The standard diet was budgeted at 117, 138, 158, and 175 lb for Phases 1 through 4, respectively. Overall (d 0 to 95), no differences (P ≥ 0.11) were observed in ADG, ADFI, F/G, or final BW among pigs fed the budgeting strategy diets. Pigs phase-fed a standard phase-feeding program tended to have heavier (P = 0.09) HCW than pigs fed the Curve and tended to have (P = 0.10) greater percentage carcass yield than those fed the Curve or the Over diet. No differences (P ≥ 0.14) were observed in percentage lean, fat depth, or loin depth. Pigs fed diets blended to a lysine curve had lower feed costs (P < 0.004) than all three phase-feeding treatments, but because of heavier HCW, pigs fed the standard feed budget had greater (P = 0.05) revenue per pig and tended to have greater (P = 0.10) income over feed cost (IOFC) under two separate diet and carcass price scenarios compared with pigs fed with the Curve, with pigs over- and under-budgeted remaining intermediate. Over- and under-budgeting situations in phase feeding programs had minimal impact on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and net returns; furthermore, feeding blended diets to a lysine curve did not improve growth performance and led to lower total revenue than using a standard feed budget.Item Open Access Effects of added Zn in diets with Ractopamine HCl on growth performance and carcass quality of finishing pigs in a commercial environment(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-12-07) Paulk, C.B.; Prusa, K.J.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; jnelssen; jderouch; goodbandThe experiment was conducted in a commercial facility to determine the effects of added Zn on the performance of finishing pigs fed Ractopamine HCl (RAC; Paylean®; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN). Pigs were randomly assigned to pens based on gender (14 barrow pens, 11 gilt pens, and 23 mixed-gender pens), with 25 to 28 pigs per pen. Previously, pens of pigs were assigned to treatments containing 0, 7.5, or 15% bakery by-product in a completely randomized design while balancing for initial BW and gender. On d 75, treatments were implemented to determine the effects of adding 50 ppm Zn from ZnO on finishing pig performance. A total of 1,234 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; average BW 224.6 lb) were used in a 28-d study. Pens of pigs were randomly assigned to diets with and without 50 ppm added Zn from zinc oxide (ZnO) and balanced by BW, bakery by-product, and gender. All diets contained 5 ppm RAC and 83 ppm Zn from ZnO provided by the trace mineral premix. There were 24 pens per treatment. Overall (d 75 to 102), no differences (P > 0.22) in growth performance or carcass characteristics were observed when pigs were fed diets with 50 ppm added Zn compared with the RAC control. For pigs subsampled on d 84, pigs fed diets with 50 ppm added Zn had decreased (P < 0.05) edge belly thickness compared with pigs fed the control. For pigs subsampled on d 102, pigs fed diets with 50 ppm added Zn had decreased (P < 0.02) backfat thickness, belly weight, and edge belly thickness; a tendency for decreased (P < 0.07) middle belly thickness; and increased (P < 0.01) percentage lean compared with pigs fed the RAC control. In contrast with our previous research, these data indicate that adding 50 ppm Zn from ZnO to finishing pig diets containing RAC did not improve overall performance. Consistent with the earlier research, income over feed cost (IOFC) was numerically increased with the addition of Zn.Item Open Access The effects of MicroSource S on growth performance, fecal consistency, and postcleaning microbial load of growing-finishing pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-12-04) Nitikanchana, S.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Bergstrom, J.R.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jderouch; jnelssenA total of 1,245 pigs (PIC 1050 × 337, initially 106 lb) were used in a 90-d study to determine the effects of MicroSource S (DSM Nutritional Products Inc., Parsippany, NJ) and diet type on growth performance, carcass traits, fecal consistency, pen cleaning time, and postcleaning microbial load in growing-finishing pigs raised under commercial conditions. Pens of pigs were balanced by initial weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with 25 to 26 pigs per pen and 8 replications per treatment. Treatments were arranged as a 3 × 2 factorial with main effects of MicroSource S (0, 1×, or 1.3×) and diet type (corn-soybean meal or a by-product–based diet with 30% dried distillers grains with solubles [DDGS] and 15% bakery by-product). The MicroSource S dose in the diet was 147 million cfu/g feed for the 1× level and 191 million cfu/g feed for the 1.3× level. Fecal consistency and manure buildup in each pen was scored at the end of the trial by 3 observers with the average value per pen used for analysis. Time required to wash each individual pen was also recorded. After pens were cleaned and dried, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) testing was used to measure microbial load in each pen.Item Open Access Effects of corn particle size, complete diet grinding, and diet form on finishing pig growth performance, caloric efficiency, carcass characteristics, and economics(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-12-04) De Jong, J.A.; Tokach, Michael D.; McKinney, Leland J.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; mtokach; goodband; dritz; jnelssenA total of 855 pigs (PIC TR4 × Fast Genetics York × PIC Line 02), initially 56.54 lb BW) were used in a 111-d trial to evaluate the effects of corn particle size, complete diet grinding, and diet form (meal or pellet) on finishing pig growth performance, caloric efficiency, carcass characteristics, and economics. Pens of pigs were balanced by initial BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with 9 replications per treatment. The same corn-soybean meal–based diets containing 30% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and 20% wheat middlings (midds) were used for all treatments. Diets were fed in four phases. Different processing techniques were used to create the 5 dietary treatments: (1) roller grinding the corn to approximately 650 μ with the diet fed in meal form; (2) hammer-mill grinding the corn to approximately 320 μ with the diet fed in meal form; (3) Treatment 2 but pelleted; (4) corn initially roller-mill ground to approximately 650 μ, then the complete mixed diet reground through a hammer mill to approximately 360 μ with the diet fed in meal form; and (5) Treatment 4 but pelleted. Overall (d 0 to 111), reducing corn particle size from approximately 650 to 320 μ improved (P < 0.03) F/G, caloric efficiency, feed cost per lb of gain, and income over feed cost (IOFC). Grinding the complete diet decreased ADG, ADFI, and final weight when the diet was fed in meal form, but increased performance when fed in pelleted form resulting in diet form × portion ground interactions (P < 0.02). Pelleting the diet improved (P < 0.001) ADG, F/G, caloric efficiency on an ME and NE basis, final weight, carcass weight, and IOFC.Item Open Access Effects of feeding varying ingredient particle sizes and diet forms for 25- to 50-lb nursery pigs on performance, caloric efficiency, and economics(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-12-04) De Jong, J.A.; Tokach, Michael D.; McKinney, Leland J.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; mtokach; goodband; dritz; jnelssenA total of 675 pigs (PIC 1050 barrows; initially 24.5 lb BW and 37 d of age) were used in a 21-d study to determine the effects of feeding varying ingredient particle sizes and diet form for 25- to 50-lb nursery pigs on performance, caloric efficiency, and economics. Pens of pigs were balanced by initial BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 8 dietary treatments with 17 replications per treatment and 5 pigs per pen in two groups of nursery pigs. The 8 experimental diets included 3 corn-soybean meal–based diets consisting of: (1) corn fraction ground to an average of 620 μ and fed in meal form, (2) corn fraction ground to an average of 352 μ and fed in meal form, and (3) diet 2 but pelleted. The remaining 5 diets were high by-product diets containing 20% wheat middlings (midds) and 30% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Diets 4 to 8 consisted of: (4) corn fraction ground to an average of 620 μ, midds and DDGS unground from the plant with an average particle size of 534 μ and 701 μ, respectively, and fed in meal form; (5) diet 4 but corn fraction ground to an average of 352 μ and fed in meal form; (6) diet 5 but fed in pellet form; (7) corn, soybean meal, DDGS, and midds ground to average particle sizes of 352 μ, 421 μ, 377 μ, and 357 μ, respectively, fed in meal form; and (8) diet 7 but fed in pellet form. The two formulated diets were not balanced for energy, so energy was lower for treatments 4 to 8 than for treatments 1 to 3.Item Open Access Effects of diet form and feeder adjustment on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-12-04) Nemechek, J.E.; Fruge, E.; Hansen, E.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jderouch; jnelssenA total of 252 pigs (PIC 327 × 1050, initially 125.2 lb BW) were used in a 69-d trial to determine the effects of diet form and feeder adjustment on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with the main effects of feeder adjustment and diet form. The 2 feeder adjustments were a narrow feeder adjustment (minimum gap opening of 0.50 in.) and a wide adjustment (minimum gap opening of 1.00 in.). The feeders were adjusted to the minimum gap setting, but the agitation plate could be moved upward to a maximum gap opening of 0.75 or 1.25 in. for the narrow and wide adjustments, respectively. The 3 diet forms were meal, poor-quality pellets (50% pellets and 50% fines), and screened pellets with minimal fines. Average daily gain, ADFI, and F/G were determined by weighing pigs and measuring feed disappearance on d 0, 12, 22, 39, 48, and 69. No diet form × feeder adjustment interactions were observed (P > 0.24). For Phases 1 (d 0 to 22) and 2 (d 22 to 48), feeder adjustment did not influence (P > 0.28) ADG, but ADFI tended to increase (P < 0.07) and F/G worsened (P < 0.05) for pigs fed from the wide adjusted feeders. In Phase 3 (d 48 to 69), no differences were detected in growth performance (P > 0.17) between pigs fed from either feeder adjustment.Item Open Access Effect of diet form and feeder adjustment on growth performance of nursery pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-12-04) Nemechek, J.E.; Fruge, E.; Hansen, E.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jderouch; jnelssenTwo experiments were conducted to determine the effect of feeder adjustment and diet form on growth performance of nursery pigs. In Exp. 1, a total of 210 nursery pigs (PIC 1050 × 327, initially 26.2 lb BW) were used in a 21-d trial. In Exp. 2, a total of 1,005 nursery pigs (Fast × PIC sows × TR4 boars, initially 31.1 lb BW) were used in a 28-d trial. Treatments in both experiments were arranged as 2 × 3 factorials with main effects of feeder adjustment and diet form. The 2 feeder adjustments consisted of a narrow feeder adjustment (minimum gap opening of 0.50 in.) and a wide adjustment (minimum gap opening of 1.00 in.). The feeders were adjusted to the minimum gap setting, but the agitation plate could be moved upward to a maximum gap opening of 0.75 or 1.25 in, respectively. The 3 diet forms were meal, poor-quality pellets (70% pellets and 30% fines), and screened pellets with minimal fines. Pigs were weighed weekly to calculate ADG, ADFI, and F/G.Item Open Access Effects of diet form and fiber withdrawal before marketing on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-12-04) Nemechek, J.E.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jderouch; jnelssenA total of 288 pigs (PIC 327 × 1050, initially 109.3 lb BW) were used in an 81-d trial to determine the effects of diet form and fiber (from dried distillers grains with solubles [DDGS] and wheat middlings) withdrawal before harvest on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with the main effects of diet form and dietary fiber feeding regimen. The 2 diet forms were meal or pellet. The 3 fiber feeding regimens were (1) low dietary fiber (corn-soybean meal–based diets) from d 0 to 81, (2) high dietary fiber (30% DDGS and 19% wheat midds) from d 0 to 64 followed by low fiber from d 64 to 81 (fiber withdrawal), and (3) high dietary fiber from d 0 to 81.Item Open Access The interactive effects of high-fiber diets and Ractopamine HCl on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, carcass fat quality, and intestinal weights(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-12-04) Graham, A.B.; Houser, Terry A.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; goodband; houser; mtokach; mtokach; jderouch; dritz; jnelssenIn previous research, feeding pigs high amounts of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and wheat middlings (midds) has been shown to reduce carcass yield and negatively affect iodine value (IV). The influence of Ractopamine HCl (RAC; Paylean, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) on this response is not known; therefore, a total of 575 finishing pigs (PIC 327 × 1050, initially 123 lb) were used in two consecutive 73-d trials to determine the effects of DDGS and midds (high fiber) withdrawal 24 d before harvest in diets with or without RAC on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fat quality. From d 0 to 49, pigs were allotted to 1 of 2 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design based on initial pen weight. The dietary treatments included a corn-soybean meal–based control diet or diets with 30% DDGS and 19% wheat midds. Twelve pens of pigs were fed the corn-soybean meal control diet, and 24 pens were fed the high-fiber diet. During this 49 d period, pigs fed the corn-soybean meal diets had improved (P < 0.0001) ADG and F/G compared with those fed the high-fiber diets. On d 49, pens of pigs were re-allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments; pigs remained on the corn-soybean meal diets, switched from the high-fiber diet to corn-soybean meal (withdrawal diet), or were maintained on the high-fiber diet. These 3 regimens were fed with or without 9 g/ton RAC.Item Open Access Effect of dietary addition of Denagard (Tiamulin) and CTC (Chlortetracycline) on pig performance immediately after placement in the finishing barn(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-12-04) Nitikanchana, S.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; jderouch; goodband; jnelssenA total of 1,313 pigs (PIC 1050 × 337; initially 49 lb) were used in a 35-d study to determine the effects of adding Denagard (Tiamulin) and CTC (chlortetracycline) to feed on pig performance immediately after placement in the finisher barn. Pigs were transported from one nursery facility and placed into the finishing barn without maintaining pen integrity. Immediately after placement in the finishing barn, pens of pigs were weighed and randomly allotted to treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of Denagard (0 and 35 g/ton; Novartis Animal Health, Greensboro, NC) and chlortetracycline (CTC; 0 and 400 g/ton). Diets were corn-soybean meal–based and contained 20% bakery and 35% dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS). Treatment diets were fed from d 0 to 15 with a common non-medicated diet fed from d 15 to 35. An interaction (P < 0.01) was observed for ADFI from d 0 to 15 and for the overall period, with pigs fed the diet without medication and the combination of Denagard and CTC having greater ADFI than either medication alone. Adding antibiotics to the diets also improved F/G from d 0 to 15, with no differences among pigs fed Denagard, CTC, or their combination (Denagard × CTC interaction, P < 0.01). Adding Denagard or CTC to diets improved (P < 0.01) ADG and F/G from d 0 to 15; however, when the antimicrobials were removed from the diet (d 15 to 35), ADG of pigs previously fed any of the medicated diets decreased (Denadard P < 0.01; CTC P < 0.06) compared with pigs previously fed the non-medicated diet. Because the advantages in growth performance from d 0 to 15 were lost during the period from d 15 to 35, there were no differences (P > 0.15) in overall ADG or F/G. In conclusion, adding Denagard and/or CTC to diets immediately after pig placement in the finisher can improve growth performance, but the performance was not maintained in the subsequent period when pigs were fed non-medicated diets.Item Open Access The effects of immunocastration and dried distillers grains with solubles withdrawal on growth performance, carcass characteristics, fatty acid analysis, and iodine value of pork fat depots(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-12-04) Asmus, M.D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; jnelssen; goodband; jderouchA total of 1,360 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050, initially 53.0 lb) were used in a 125-d study to determine the effects of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) withdrawal post-immunocastration (IC; Improvest, Pfizer Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI) on growth performance and carcass fat quality of growing-finishing pigs. Pens of pigs were randomly allotted by initial weight and gender (barrows or IC) to 1 of 3 dietary treatments with 8 replications per treatment for a total of 48 pens with 27 to 29 pigs per pen. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with the main effects of gender (barrow or IC) and diet (0% DDGS throughout, 30% DDGS throughout, or 30% DDGS through d 75 then withdrawn to 0% to d 125). Boars were injected with Improvest on d 39 and 74 of the study. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal– based diets and fed in 5 phases. No gender × diet interactions (P > 0.18) were observed except for a tendency for F/G (P < 0.07) during the second phase (d 25 to 53), when 1 of the 2 barrow groups fed 30% DDGS had an increase in ADFI resulting in poorer F/G. For the entire period before the second Improvest injection (d 0 to 74), barrows tended (P < 0.08) to have increased ADG (1.98 vs. 1.95 lb) and increased (P < 0.001) ADFI (4.32 vs. 3.91 lb) but were less efficient (P < 0.001) than boars (2.19 vs. 2.01). During the same time period, pigs fed 30% DDGS had reduced (P < 0.002) ADG and poorer feed efficiency.Item Open Access Effects of lowering dried distillers grains with solubles and wheat middlings with or without the addition of choice white grease prior to marketing on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, carcass fat quality, and intestinal weights(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-12-04) Asmus, M.D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; Goodband, Robert D.; Houser, Terry A.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; jderouch; jnelssen; mtokach; dritz; goodband; houserA total of 225 pigs (PIC 327 × 1050, initially 100.1 lb) were used in a 92-d study to determine the effects of withdrawing high-fiber diets 19 d before market on growth performance, carcass characteristics, fat quality, and intestinal weights of finishing pigs. Pigs were allotted to 1 of 7 dietary treatments (5 or 6 pens/treatment). Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial plus control with main effects of added choice white grease (CWG; 0 or 3%) during the withdrawal period (d 73 to 92) and fiber levels of low (corn-soybean meal diet), medium (9.5% wheat middlings [midds] and 15% dried distillers grains with solubles [DDGS]), or high (19% midds and 30% DDGS) during the withdrawal period. Pigs were fed high-fiber (19% midds and 30% DDGS) diets from d 0 to 73. Control pigs were fed low-fiber corn-soybean meal diets from d 0 to 92. No CWG × fiber interactions (P > 0.13) occurred except for jowl iodine value (IV), which increased (linear, P < 0.03) with increasing DDGS and midds only when CWG was added to the diet during the withdrawal period. Adding CWG during the withdrawal period (d 73 to 92) improved (P < 0.02) ADG (1.81 vs 1.94 lb/d) and F/G (3.46 vs 3.19), leading to an overall (d 0 to 92) improvement (P < 0.02) in F/G. Carcass yield and backfat depth increased (linear, P < 0.05) when low-fiber diets were fed from d 73 to 92. Pigs fed high levels of DDGS and midds had increased (P < 0.001) jowl IV, with a larger increase when CWG was added. Feeding low levels of DDGS and midds during the withdrawal period decreased (linear, P < 0.01) whole intestine weights, mainly due to the reduction (P < 0.02) in rinsed stomach and full large-intestine weights. Lowering dietary DDGS and midds during a 19-d withdrawal period increased yield through reduced large intestine weight and content and lowered jowl IV. The addition of CWG improved F/G but did not improve carcass characteristics.Item Open Access Effects of Xylanase in high-co-product diets on nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-12-04) Asmus, M.D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen; dritzA total of 36 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initially 185 lb BW) were used in a 14-d study to evaluate the effects of xylanase (Porzyme 9302; Danisco Animal Nutrition, St. Louis, MO) in growing-finishing diets varying in dietary fiber on nutrient digestibility. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial. Main effects were increasing dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; 35, 42.5, and 50%) with or without xylanase (0 or 4,000 units xylanase per kilogram of diet. The 6 treatment diets were corn-soybean meal–based with 15% added wheat middlings (midds), with 6 replications per treatment. All diets were fed in meal form. Multiple enzyme × DDGS interactive effects (P < 0.05) were observed for digestibility of various nutrients. The majority of these interactions resulted from differences in response to increasing DDGS with and without xylanase. In diets with xylanase, apparent digestibility generally decreased as DDGS increased. In diets without xylanase, apparent digestibility decreased as DDGS increased from 35 to 42.5% but increased in diets containing 50% DDGS. Overall, despite the interactions, increasing DDGS regardless of enzyme inclusion lowered (quadratic, P < 0.01) apparent fecal digestibility of DM, GE, ADF, NDF, and zinc as well as fecal digestibility (linear, P < 0.02) of fat, Ca, and P. Despite the interactions, adding dietary xylanase did not improve digestibility in corn-soybean meal–based diets containing fibrous co-products.Item Open Access Determining the effects of standardized ileal digestible tryptophan:lysine ratio and tryptophan source in diets containing dried distillers grains with solubles on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-11-28) Nitikanchana, S.; Usry, J.L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jderouch; jnelssenA total of 2,290 pigs (PIC 1050 × 337; initially 157 lb) were used to determine the effect of tryptophan source (L-tryptophan vs. soybean meal) and increasing SID tryptophan:lysine ratio in diets containing 30% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on finishing pig performance. Pens of pigs were balanced by initial weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 7 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with 26 to 28 pigs per pen and 10 to 13 replications per treatment. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of tryptophan source (L-tryptophan or soybean meal) and SID tryptophan:lysine ratio (18, 20, and 22% of lysine). The seventh treatment was a negative control diet formulated to a 16% SID tryptophan:lysine ratio.Item Open Access The effects of dietary soybean hulls, particle size, and diet form on nursery pig performance(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-11-28) Goehring, D.L.; James, B.W.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; jderouch; jnelssen; goodband; dritzA total of 1,100 nursery pigs (PIC C-29 × 359, initially 15.0 lb BW) were used in a 42-d growth trial to determine the effects of increasing soybean hulls (10 or 20%) and soybean hull particle size (unground or ground) in nursery pig diets fed in both meal and pelleted forms. The average particle size of the unground and ground soybean hulls were 617 and 398 μ, respectively. Pens of pigs (5 barrows and 5 gilts) were balanced by initial BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 8 treatments with 11 replications per treatment. A 2-phase diet series was used with treatment diets fed from d 0 to 14 for Phase 1 and d 14 to 42 for Phase 2. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of 10 or 20% unground or finely ground soybean hulls with diets in pelleted or meal form. For individual phases and overall (d 0 to 42), no soybean hull × particle size × diet form or particle size × soybean hull interactions (P > 0.37 and P > 0.17, respectively) were observed; however, diet form × particle size interactions were observed for F/G and ADFI (P < 0.05 and P < 0.10, respectively). Grinding soybean hulls resulted in improved F/G and reduced ADFI when added to meal diets, but did not change F/G and had less effect on ADFI when added to pelleted diets. Diet form × particle size interactions (P < 0.05) also were observed for caloric efficiency on an ME and NE basis. Grinding soybean hulls slightly improved caloric efficiency in meal diets but worsened NE and ME caloric efficiency in pelleted diets. There was also a tendency for a diet form × soybean hulls interaction (P < 0.06) for ADFI and F/G. Increasing soybean hulls from 10 to 20% increased ADFI and worsened F/G in meal diets but resulted in slightly reduced ADFI and no changes to F/G when added to pelleted diets; furthermore, there were tendencies for diet form × soybean hulls interactions (P < 0.06) on caloric efficiency on an ME and NE basis in which increasing soybean hulls from 10 to 20% improved caloric efficiency to a greater extent in pelleted diets than in meal diets.
