Swine Day, 2003

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Open Access
The optimal true ileal digestible lysine requirement for 22 to 45 lb pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-10T14:36:49Z) Lenehan, N.A.; Usry, J.L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen; jderouch
A total of 1,440 pigs (initially 22.5 lb and 21 d after weaning) was used in a 21-d growth assay to determine the optimal lysine level to maximize growth performance of 22- to 45-lb pigs. Pigs were fed one of five dietary treatments with increasing dietary lysine (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5% true digestible lysine). All diets had the same soybean meal level with crystalline amino acids added to achieve the increasing lysine levels while maintaining a minimum ratio of all other amino acids to lysine. Average daily gain and feed efficiency improved linearly (P<0.01) with increasing dietary lysine. Although the response to lysine was linear (P<0.01), it would appear that pigs weighing between 22 and 45 lb require approximately 1.4% true digestible lysine (1.54% total lysine) to maximize growth performance.
Open Access
Mannanoligosaccharides in diets for nursery pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-10T14:35:39Z) Jones, C.L.; Starkey, C.W.; Hancock, Joe D.; jhancock
A total of 168 pigs (average initial BW of 13.2 lb and avg initial age of 21 d) was used in a 35-d experiment to determine the effects of mannanoligosaccharides on growth performance of nursery pigs fed diets without antibiotics. Treatments were: 1) a positive control with carbadox added at 50 g/ton of diet, 2) a negative control without antibiotic, 3) the negative control with mannanoligosaccharides from dried Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation solubles (Bio-Mos added at 0.2% of the diet), and 4) the negative control diet with mannanoligosaccharides from the cell walls of yeast (Safmannan added at 0.1% of the diet). For d 0 to 7, ADG and F/G was no better (P>0.36) for pigs fed the diet with antibiotic than the other treatments. However, this lack of difference was the result of good growth performance among pigs fed the diets with mannanoligosaccharides vs the negative control (i.e., P<0.07 for ADG and P<0.02 for F/G). For d 0 to 21 and overall (d 0 to 35), ADG was greater (P<0.02) for pigs fed diets with antibiotic vs the other treatments and for pigs fed mannanoligosaccharides vs the negative control (P<0.04). However, there were no differences in ADG, ADFI, or F/G among pigs fed diets with the two different sources of mannanoligosaccharides (P>0.49). Analyses of fecal samples indicated no effect of any treatment on fecal concentrations of total coliforms and E. coli (P>0.54). In conclusion, we did observe a positive effect of the mannanoligosaccharides on growth performance of weanling pigs that was intermediate to the nonmedicated and medicated control diets. Those effects were not associated with changes in coliform concentrations in the feces and were most likely caused by other physiological effects.
Open Access
The influence of chop location on pork loin quality
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-10T14:34:55Z) Homm, J.W.; Johnson, R.C.; Unruh, John A.; junruh
Pork longissimus muscle quality characteristics were evaluated on 109 center cut boneless loins. After 21 d aging, loins were cut into 1-inch chops and allowed to bloom for 30 minutes before visual measurements (color, marbling and firmness) and instrumental color were recorded for each chop. Overall, visual color was the lightest on the anterior and posterior ends and was the darkest from approximately 50% to 80% of the length of the loin. Marbling was the highest at the posterior end, lowest in mid-loin, then higher toward the anterior end. Loins were the softest at the anterior end and became firmer toward the posterior end. From the anterior to approximately 40- 50% of the loin length, chops became darker (lower L*), redder (higher a*), and less yellow (lower b*). Near the center of the loin, color was constant, but became lighter (higher L*) and more yellow (higher b*) at the posterior end. Chops located at 25% (anterior), 50% (middle) and 75% (posterior) of the length of each loin were collected and further analyzed. Section chops within loins had similar pH values. The chop from the anterior section contained the highest percentage of crude fat, followed by the posterior section chop, and the middle section chop contained the lowest percentage. The middle section chop contained the highest percentage of moisture. The posterior section chop had more moisture display loss than the anterior and middle section chops. The anterior section chop had more cooking loss than the posterior section chop. Chops became progressively less tender the more posterior the section location.
Open Access
Influence of carnichrome® on energy balance of gestating sows
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-10T14:34:19Z) Young, M.G.; Noblet, J.; Aherne, F.X.; Van Milgen, J.; Woodworth, J.C.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jnelssen
Twelve multiparous sows were utilized in a randomized complete block design to determine the effects of feeding diets with or without Carnichrome® (50 ppm carnitine and 200 ppb chromium picolonate) on the components of heat production (HP) in early, mid and late gestation. All sows were fed dietary treatments for the 28 d lactation, and the subsequent weaning to estrus and gestation periods. The kinetics of HP and its partitioning (basal or resting HP, activity HP, and short term thermic effect of feeding (TEFst)) were determined during three stages of gestation, early (weeks 5 or 6), mid (weeks 9 or 10) and late (weeks 14 or 15) for each block. Feeding allowances were based on modeled calculations of energy and nutrient requirements to achieve a target sow maternal weight gain of 44 lb and remained constant throughout gestation. On d 111 of gestation sows were slaughtered and total uterus, individual fetal, placenta and empty uterus weights were recorded. Organic matter and energy digestibility for the Carnichrome® diet was greater (P<0.05) and fecal N excretion was lower (P<0.05), which resulted in the DE and ME content of the Carnichrome® diet being greater (P<0.05) compared to the control diet. Carnichrome® had no effect on total HP, energy retained as protein or lipid or maternal energy retention in early, mid or late gestation. Increased HP in late gestation was associated with increased uterine energy requirements. The ME intake on d 110 of gestation was 6.9 Mcal/d, but to prevent sows from mobilizing maternal tissues ME intake would need to be increased to 8.4 Mcal/d. This equates to a 21.5% increase in ME intake or an additional 1 lb/d of a corn soybean meal diet on d 110 of gestation than fed in the present experiment. Energy requirements for maintenance averaged 91 kcal/kgBW0.75/d, and was greater in late compared with mid-gestation in the present experiment. On average 20% of ME intake was utilized for physical activity but ranged from 11.6 to 37.1%. Each 100 minutes of standing time/day represented an additional requirement of 0.38 lb/d of a standard corn soybean meal diet (1485 kcal/lb). The results of the present experiment indicate that improvements in reproductive performance found in previous experiments with carnichrome do not appear to be due to changes in heat production or improvements in energy retention. In conclusion, Carnichrome® had no effect on the components of heat production and maternal weight gain during early-, mid- or lategestation, but did improve energy and organic matter digestibility of the diet.
Open Access
Evaluation of different soy protein concentrate sources on growth performance of weanling pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-10T14:33:39Z) Lenehan, N.A.; Barker, M.R.; Frantz, N.Z.; Groesbeck, C.N.; Iwasawa, T.; Keegan, T.P.; Lawrence, K.R.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; dritz; jnelssen
Three experiments were conducted using 486 weanling pigs (216 in Experiment 1; 210 in Experiment 2; 60 in Experiment 3) to determine the effects of different soy protein concentrate (SPC) sources on growth performance. Soy protein concentrate source 1 is dried with a torus disk following the concentration of soy proteins. This drying procedure will generate some degree of heat and possibly mechanical forces somewhat similar to extrusion processing (Soycomil P®, ADM). Soy protein concentrate source 2 is dried by a different process, and then it is moist extruded (Profine E, Central Soya). Therefore, the objective of our study was to determine the relative feeding value of the different SPC sources compared with a complex diet containing milk and other specialty proteins (no soy protein), or a diet containing 40% soybean meal. In Experiment 1, each SPC source (28.6%) replaced all the soybean meal (SBM) in the control diet on a lysine basis. Pigs fed the diet containing 40% SBM had similar performance to pigs fed the milk-protein based diet from d 0 to 14. Pigs fed either SPC source had lower ADG and ADFI compared to pigs fed either the diet containing 40% SBM or the milkprotein based diet. Pigs fed the diet containing 40% SBM and SPC from source 2 had better F/G than pigs fed the milk-protein based diet or SPC from source 1. In Experiment 2, either all or half of the soybean meal was replaced by the 28.6 or 14.3% SPC from source 1 and 2. From d 0 to 14 and d 0 to 28, an SPC source by level interaction was observed for ADG (P<0.01) and ADFI (P<0.07). Replacing soybean meal with SPC from source 1 did not influence pig performance. However, replacing soybean meal with SPC from source 2 resulted in a quadratic (P<0.05) improvement in ADG with performance being improved for the diet containing 14.3% SPC, but no benefit to replacing all the soybean meal with SPC. Replacing soybean meal with SPC from either source influenced feed efficiency in a quadratic (P<0.01) manner with feed efficiency being optimal for pigs consuming the diet with half the soybean meal replaced by SPC. Because replacing all of the soybean meal with SPC reduced ADFI in Experiments 1 and 2, we hypothesized that pigs may not prefer the taste of a diet with a high inclusion rate of SPC (28.6%). To test this theory, a 7-day preference test was conducted to determine feed intake of weanling pigs provided the option of consuming diets containing either 40% soybean meal or 28.6% SPC (from source 2). Average daily feed intake was 0.41 and 0.01 lb for the 40% soybean meal and 28.6% soy protein concentrate diets, respectively (P<0.0001). The poor intake of the SPC diet may indicate a palatability problem when high levels of SPC are included in the diet. Our results suggest replacing a portion of the soybean meal in the diet with SPC from source 2 improves ADG and feed efficiency; however, high levels (28.6%) of SPC should not be included in the diet.
Open Access
Effects of a prebiotic, Inulin, and a direct fed microbial on growth performance of weanling pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-10T14:32:59Z) Frantz, N.Z.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; jnelssen; jderouch; goodband; mtokach; dritz
A 32-day growth study with a total of 252 weanling pigs (18 ± 3 d of age) was conducted to evaluate the effects of a prebiotic, Inulin (a fructooligosaccharide derivative of chicory), and a direct fed microbial (Lactobacillus strain) in diets for weanling pigs. Pigs were fed one of six experimental diets containing: 1) no antibiotic or prebiotic (negative control); 2) carbadox (50 g/ton, positive control); 3) direct fed microbial (DFM, 0.1%); 4) Inulin (0.5% and 0.2% of phase I and phase II diets, respectively); 5) carbadox plus DFM; or 6) carbadox plus Inulin. Pigs fed carbadox improved (P<0.04) ADG from d 0 to 14, 14 to 32, and overall (0 to 32) compared to pigs fed diets without carbadox. Pigs fed diets containing carbadox increased (P<0.01) ADFI from d 0 to 14 and tended to have increased (P<0.06) ADFI overall compared to pigs fed diets without carbadox. No differences in ADG or ADFI were seen for pigs fed diets containing either Inulin or the DFM compared to pigs fed diets without Inulin or DFM. Pigs fed the DFM had poorer feed efficiency d 0 to 14 (P<0.03), 14 to 32 (P<0.01), and overall (P<0.01) compared to those fed diets without DFM. Also, there was a trend for pigs fed diets containing Inulin to have poorer feed efficiency (P<0.07) from d 14 to 32 and overall when compared to pigs fed diets without Inulin. There were no additive responses for ADG or ADFI when Inulin or DFM were combined with carbadox. Pigs fed diets containing both the DFM and carbadox resulted in poorer feed efficiency (P<0.02) from d 14 to 32 and overall (0 to 32) than pigs fed diets without carbadox or DFM. Pigs fed the diet containing Inulin and carbadox had poorer feed efficiency from d 0 to 14 (P<0.04) compared to pigs fed diets without carbadox or Inulin. In summary, nursery diets containing either Inulin or the DFM did not enhance growth performance; however, carbadox improved ADG and ADFI.
Open Access
The effects of poultry meal source on growth performance of weanling pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-10T14:32:18Z) Keegan, T.P.; Hasted, C.W.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; jnelssen; jderouch; goodband; mtokach; dritz
A total of 350 pigs (PIC, initially 19.7 lb and 22 ± 2 d of age) was used to evaluate the effects of select menhaden fishmeal and stabilized poultry meal source on growth performance of nursery pigs. Seven dietary treatments were fed from d 4 to 19 after weaning. Diets included a control with no specialty protein products and diets with 2.5% or 5% fishmeal, or two different sources of poultry meal (low or high ash content). All the diets were formulated on an equal lysine basis. The poultry meal replaced the lysine provided by fishmeal with inclusion rates of 2.9% and 5.8% for low ash and 3.1% and 6.2% for high ash poultry meal. The low ash and high ash poultry meal sources had ash concentrations of 9% and 13%, respectively. Overall, d 0 to 15, pigs fed diets containing fishmeal or poultry meal had improved (P<0.05) F/G compared to pigs fed the control diet. Also, pigs fed low ash poultry meal had improved (P<0.05) F/G compared to pigs fed high ash poultry meal. Consistent with many previous trials, these results indicate that the addition of select menhaden fishmeal to diets improved growth performance in weanling pigs the first week and feed efficiency over a two-week period. The addition of low ash poultry meal resulted in improvements in feed efficiency, whereas high ash poultry meal did not. Based on these data, quality control specifications, such as ash content, need to be considered when using poultry meal as an animal protein replacement in diets for nursery pigs.
Open Access
The effects of poultry meal and fishmeal on growth performance of weanling pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-10T14:31:29Z) Keegan, T.P.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; jnelssen; jderouch; goodband; mtokach; dritz
A total of 210 weanling pigs (initially 16.4 lb and 21 ± 2 d of age, PIC) was used to evaluate the effects of select menhaden fishmeal and stabilized poultry meal on growth performance of nursery pigs. Five dietary treatments were fed from d 0 to 28 after weaning. Diets included a control with no specialty protein products and diets with 2.5% and 5.0% fishmeal and poultry meal replacing the lysine provide by fishmeal at 2.9% and 5.9%. All the diets were formulated on an equal lysine basis. Overall (d 0 to 28), pigs fed diets containing fishmeal had greater (P < 0.05) ADG compared to pigs fed the control diet and pigs fed diets containing poultry meal. Also, increasing fishmeal tended (quadratic, P<0.07) to improve ADG, with the greatest increase observed in pigs fed 2.5% fishmeal. Feed intake was not affected by any dietary treatment. Pigs fed diets containing select menhaden fishmeal had improved (P<0.05) feed efficiency compared to pigs fed diets containing stabilized poultry meal. In conclusion, the addition of fishmeal to the diet improved the growth performance of weanling pigs, while stabilized poultry protein meal did not affect growth performance.
Open Access
Effects of increasing crystalline amino acids and the subsequent change in diet net energy on growing pig performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-09T22:51:09Z) Steidinger, M.U.; Usry, J.L.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; jderouch; goodband; jnelssen
Three individual trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of increasing the amount of crystalline amino acids (L-lysine, L threonine, and DL-methionine) as a replacement for soybean meal in the diet on pig growth performance. A second objective was to determine if increasing net energy (NE) concentration in the diet as a result of increased crystalline amino acids and less soybean meal would affect pig growth. In all three studies, pigs (each approximately 21 lb) were fed a cornsoybean meal diet, or diets with 2, 4, 6, or 8 lb/ton L-lysine HCl and other amino acids to maintain their proper ratio relative to lysine. In Experiments 1 and 3, added fat level was constant at 1%. In Experiment 2, the fat level was reduced slightly as amino acids replaced soybean meal to account for the slight change in ME as synthetic amino acids were added to the diet. In Experiment 1, increasing L-lysine and other crystalline amino acids had no effect on ADG, but F/G improved (linear, P<0.05). In Experiment 2, ADG tended (linear, P<0.09) to increase and F/G improved (quadratic, P<0.04) with increasing L-lysine. In Experiment 3, ADG and ADFI tended (P<0.09) to increase with increasing L-lysine HCl, but F/G was unchanged. In summary, these results indicate that in the young pig, up to 8 lb of Llysine HCl with other amino acids to maintain a proper ratio relative to lysine are effective replacements for soybean meal in the diet. Furthermore, when replacing soybean meal with crystalline amino acids, feed efficiency improvements are correlated with changes in the diet’s net energy concentration. Using ME to calculate the energy value of low-protein amino acid fortified diets will tend to underestimate the diet's actual energy value.
Open Access
Effects of corn source and fat level on growth performance of grow-finish pigs reared in a commercial facility
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-09T22:50:26Z) Hastad, C.W.; Jones, C.L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; jnelssen; dritz; goodband; jderouch
A total of 1,144 gilts (initially 110.4 lb, PIC) was used in a commercial research facility to evaluate the effects of corn source (NutriDense™, BASF, or #2 Yellow Dent) and added fat (averaging 0, 3, and 6%) on pig performance and carcass traits. Energy levels were based such that the higher energy (assuming 5% greater ME than #2 yellow dent) in NutriDense corn (with or without added fat) was calculated to be equal to that provided by yellow dent corn and added fat. In each phase, the first treatment diet contained yellow dent corn and no added fat. In the next dietary treatment, yellow dent corn was replaced with NutriDense corn, and then fat was added (2.7 to 3.2% based on phase) to the yellow dent corn-based diet to equal the energy content of the NutriDense corn diet. This amount of added fat was then added to the NutriDensebased diet. The last yellow dent corn based diet used 5.2 to 6.2% (based on phase) added fat to equal the energy content of the second NutriDense corn diet. This amount of fat was then added to the NutriDense-base diet to complete the treatment structure. For the overall study, pigs fed NutriDense corn had greater (P<0.04) ADG compared to pigs fed yellow dent corn. There was a corn source by fat level interaction (P<0.01) observed for ADFI and F/G. When fat was added to diets containing NutriDense corn, F/G decreased linearly, whereas when fat was added to yellow dent corn the greatest improvement in feed efficiency was observed with the first 3% added fat. Adding fat to diets also increased (P<0.01) final and carcass weight, and tended (P<0.09) to increase backfat thickness. Using the known energy values of yellow dent corn and fat, we calculated NutriDense corn to have 5.3% more ME than yellow dent corn. These results are similar to previous research in nursery pigs at Kansas State University showing 5% more ME for NutriDense corn than yellow dent corn. This also supports work done the University of Illinois which determined that NutriDense corn has 6.5% more ME than yellow dent corn. Increasing the dietary energy level above a yellow dent corn-soybean meal-based diet with 6% added fat improved ADG and F/G in grow-finish pigs. Furthermore, pigs fed NutriDense corn had greater ADG than pigs fed yellow dent corn.
Open Access
Comparison of three methods of feeding sows in gestation and the subsequent effects on lactation performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-09T22:49:46Z) Young, M.G.; Aherne, F.X.; Main, R.G.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jnelssen
A total of 684 sows from breeding groups over six weeks were used to compare three methods of feeding during gestation and to assess the subsequent effects on lactation performance. Control gilts and sows were fed according to body condition based on a scale of 1 to 5, (1=thin, 5=fat). Sows were visually assessed for body condition at breeding and were assigned a daily feed allowance to achieve a body condition score of 3 at farrowing. Sow body condition was evaluated every two weeks throughout gestation, and feed allowance was adjusted as required. Treatment two used feeding levels based on backfat thickness (measured between d 0 and 5 after breeding) and weight at weaning for sows or weight at service for gilts. Feed allowance was calculated to achieve a target backfat of 19 mm at farrowing. Sow feeding level remained constant from d 0 to 101 of gestation. Feed allowances were based on modeled calculations of energy and nutrient requirements to achieve target sow maternal weight and backfat gain. Treatment three was identical to treatment two except that feeding pattern was altered for thin sows and gilts (<15 mm at service) in an attempt to reach 19 mm by d 36 of gestation. Sows were weighed at the previous weaning and gilts at-service and again between d 112 and 114 of gestation. Backfat was measured between d 0 and 5 and again between d 108 and 113 of gestation. Sows on treatments two and three achieved backfat of 19 and 19.1 mm at farrowing, respectively, while control sows numerically tended to have greater backfat at farrowing (20 mm). On average, sows targeted to gain large amounts (6 to 9 mm) of backfat in gestation failed to achieve target gains regardless of feeding method. Feeding sows in gestation based on backfat (treatments two and three) resulted in a higher proportion of sows in the target backfat range of 17 to 21 mm at farrowing and a lower percentage of fat sows (>21 mm) but no difference in the percentage of thin sows (<17 mm) compared to the standard method of feeding based on body condition. Gestation feeding method had no effect on performance during lactation. Feed intake in lactation was lower for high backfat sows (>21 mm) at farrowing compared to sows with <21 mm. The high proportion of sows in the optimum backfat category demonstrates that feeding based on backfat and body weight has potential for facilitating more precise gestation feeding.
Open Access
Evaluation of hemicell® on growth performance of late nursery pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-09T22:49:05Z) Lenehan, N.A.; Groesbeck, C.N.; Hastad, C.W.; Keegan, T.P.; Lawrence, K.R.; Young, M.G.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen; dritz
A total of 276 pigs (initially 21.9 lb) was used to determine the effects of added Hemicell® on growth performance. Hemicell® is a patented fermentation product of Bacillus lentus. The active ingredient in the fermentation product is β-mannanase. However, other enzymes such as amylase, xylanase, cellulases, and α-galactosidase also are present. It is claimed that Hemicell® degrades β-mannan in feed, thus, removing its effects as an antinutritive factor in swine diets. Dietary treatments were arranged as a 2 x 3 factorial, with or without 0.05% Hemicell®, in diets with 3 levels of energy density (1,388, 1,488, 1,588 ME, kcal/lb). The 100 kcal increments were achieved by the addition of wheat bran or soy oil to a corn-soybean meal based diet. The addition of Hemicell® to the diets, regardless of energy level, did not lead to an improvement in growth performance in these late nursery pigs. Increasing energy density of the diet, however, resulted in an improved ADG and F/G.
Open Access
The effects of reducing dietary crude protein and/or adding chicory on composition and odor of stored swine manure
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-09T22:48:14Z) Hanni, S.M.; Groesbeck, C.N.; Young, M.G.; Lawrence, K.R.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; mtokach; jnelssen; goodband; dritz
A feeding study was conducted to compare nutrient excretion and odor analysis of pigs fed either a conventional corn-soybean meal diet, or a diet formulated to minimize nutrient excretion and odors through use of crystalline amino acids, phytase, and nonsulfur containing trace minerals. These diets (0.85% true digestible lysine), were fed to pigs (each initially 130 lb) with or without chicory, a feed ingredient speculated to reduce odors in swine waste. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial, with main effects of diet nutrient excretion potential (low or high) and chicory (0 or 10%). Twelve nonlittermate barrows were fed each of the four diets over four, 10-d periods in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each pig was housed in a stainless steel metabolism cage (5 × 2 ft) designed to allow separate collection of urine and feces. Feces and urine were collected between the seventh and eleventh meals in order to measure nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P) intake, excretion, and retention. Feces and urine also were collected the last two days of each period and mixed into a 7.5% DM slurry for odor analysis at the University of Minnesota Olfactometry Laboratory. The 7.5% DM slurries were measured for pH, total solids (TS), total volatile solids (TVS), ammonia, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), hydrogen disulfide (H2S), percentage sulfur (sum of sulfur in air and slurry samples), and Ca, K, Mg, Na, and P. Air samples collected from the slurries were measured for H2S, intensity, and offensiveness. Pigs fed diets formulated to reduce nutrient excretion and odor had a 20% and 34% reduction (P<0.001) in total N and P excretion, respectively, and a 33% reduction in urinary S excretion. The addition of chicory to the diet further reduced (P<0.002) N and P excretion by 10% and 14%, respectively. Pigs fed the diets formulated to reduce nutrient excretion and odor had lower (P<0.001) total pH, ammonia, sulfur dry weight percentage, and TKN in the slurry samples. However, H2S emission, odor intensity and offensiveness were not affected (P<0.19). These results indicate that formulating a diet to meet the needs of a pig, yet lower nutrient excretion by use of synthetic amino acids, phytase, nonsulfur-containing trace mineral premixes and the addition of chicory will reduce nutrient excretion in swine manure, but do not appear to affect the intensity or offensiveness of odors.
Open Access
Effects of L-carnitine on fetal growth and the insulin-like growth factor system in pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-09T22:47:34Z) Waylan, A.T.; Johnson, B.J.; Kayser, J.P.; Gnad, D.P.; Dunn, J.D.; Sissom, E.K.; Higgins, James J.; Woodworth, J.C.
Twelve sows were used to examine the effects of feeding L-carnitine from artificial insemination to mid-gestation on maternal circulating IGF-I and carnitine concentrations and fetal growth. Supplementing L-carnitine did not influence the serum concentration of IGF-I. However, sows that were fed carnitine had increased circulating plasma free carnitine. Litters from sows fed L-carnitine were heavier and had more fetuses. The increase in litter fetus number was not detrimental to other growth traits such as individual fetal weight or crown to rump length. Our study suggests that feeding L-carnitine to gestating sows is beneficial for fetal growth and development.
Open Access
Effects of increasing dietary lysine in transition diets on nursery pig growth performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-09T22:46:44Z) Usry, J.L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen
A total of 1,400 weanling pigs (initially 13.6 lb) was used in a 9 d growth assay (d 4 to 13 postweaning) to determine the effects of increasing lysine in the transition diet on nursery pig growth performance. All pigs were fed a common SEW diet until d 4 after weaning. Pigs were then switched to experimental diets with total dietary lysine levels of 1.40, 1.50, 1.60, 1.70 or 1.80%. All diets were formulated to contain 20% soybean meal, with increasing amounts of synthetic amino acids to achieve desired amino acid concentrations in the diets. From d 4 to 9 postweaning, increasing lysine increased ADG (linear, P<0.03) and improved feed efficiency (linear, P<0.001), but ADFI was not affected. Overall (d 4 to 13 postweaning), pigs fed diets containing increasing dietary lysine had improved ADG (linear, P<0.03) and feed efficiency (linear, P<0.001), with no differences in ADFI. Although responses to increasing dietary lysine were linear, there was little improvement either ADG or F/G above 1.7% lysine. There was no difference in average pig weight at the end of the trial, probably because of the short duration of the study. In conclusion, increasing dietary lysine up to 1.7% in transition diets (13 to 19 lb) for nursery pigs maximized growth performance.
Open Access
Effects of increasing dietary lysine in phase ii diets (15- to 25-lb) on nursery pig growth performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-09T22:46:03Z) Usry, J.L.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; jderouch; goodband; jnelssen
A total of 1,260 weanling pigs (initially 18.6 lb) was used in a 19 d growth assay (d 10 to 29 after weaning) to determine the effects of increasing lysine in Phase II diets on nursery pig growth performance. All pigs were weaned and fed 1.2 lb per pig of a SEW diet, then switched to a transition diet until day 10 after weaning. Pigs were then weighed and switched to experimental diets containing true digestible lysine levels of 1.22, 1.32, 1.42, 1.52, and 1.62%, corresponding to approximately 1.36, 1.47, 1.56, 1.65, and 1.75% total lysine. All diets were formulated to contain 30% soybean meal, with increasing amounts of synthetic amino acids to achieve desired amino acid concentrations in the diets. From d 10 to 17 after weaning, increasing lysine increased ADG (quadratic, P<0.04) and improved feed efficiency (quadratic, P<0.01), with both appearing to be maximized at 1.52% true ileal digestible lysine. From d 17 to 24 and 24 to 29, ADFI and F/G improved (linear, P<0.05) with increasing true ileal digestible lysine. For the overall study, (d 10 to 29 after weaning), increasing true ileal digestible lysine increased ADG (quadratic, P<0.07) and improved feed efficiency (quadratic, P<0.001). In conclusion, 1.52% true ileal digestible lysine maximized both ADG and F/G early in the study, but the lysine requirement appeared to decrease to 1.42% from d 17 to 24. Results of two recent studies conducted at the University of Missouri with similar lysine levels fed to 15- to 25-lb pigs suggest a requirement estimate between 1.32 and 1.42% true ileal digestible lysine, slightly lower than the requirements observed in the present study.
Open Access
Effects of increasing crystalline lysine with other amino acids on growth performance of 85- to 135-lb gilts
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-09T22:45:21Z) Main, R.G.; Usry, J.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; jderouch; goodband; jnelssen
A total of 1,134 gilts (each initially 85 lb, PIC L337 x C22) was used in a 28-d experiment to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal with up to 8 lb/ton of crystalline Llysine HCl with other crystalline amino acids on growth performance. Gilts were randomly allotted to one of six experimental diets. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based with 3% added fat. Diets included a negative control containing 3 lb/ton of L-lysine HCl and formulated to 0.90% true ileal digestible lysine. Two additional diets were formulated with 3 lb/ton Llysine to 1.0% true ileal digestible lysine but with or without crystalline threonine and methionine to compare threonine to lysine ratios of 60 versus 65% and methionine & cystine (TSAA) ratios of 55 vs. 60%. The three remaining diets contained 6, 7, or 8 lb/ton of Llysine HCl with crystalline threonine and methionine to provide the same ratios relative to lysine of 65 and 60%, respectively. Pigs fed the negative control diet (0.90 true ileal digestible lysine) had decreased ADG, poorer F/G, and were lighter at then end of the trial than pigs fed the diet containing 3 lb/ton L-lysine with added L-threonine and DL methionine (P<0.05). This indicates that diets containing 1.0% true ileal digestible lysine were not over the pigs’ lysine requirement. Pigs fed 1.0% true ileal digestible lysine with high threonine and TSAA ratios (65 and 60% relative to lysine, respectively) had similar ADG but tended to have better (P<0.08) F/G than those fed the lower threonine and TSAA ratios. Using 6, 7, or 8 lb/ton of Llysine HCl with added threonine and methionine in diets formulated to 1.0% true ileal digestible lysine had no effect on ADG or F/G, but did tend to decrease ADFI (linear, P<0.04; quadratic P<0.07). These results suggest that the use of up to 8 lb/ton of L-lysine HCl in conjunction with L-threonine and DL methionine to maintain proper amino acid to lysine ratios will not negatively affect pig performance. In addition, increasing the true ileal digestible threonine:lysine (60 to 65%) and TSAA:lysine ratios (55 to 60%) improved F/G in this experiment.
Open Access
Effects of increasing CA:P ratio in diets containing phytase on finishing pig growth performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-09T22:44:32Z) Hanni, S.M.; Barker, M.R.; Frantz, N.Z.; Groesbeck, C.N.; Keegan, T.P.; Hastad, C.W.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; jnelssen; jderouch; goodband; dritz
A total of 144 finishing pigs (72 barrows and 72 gilts, initially 85 lb) were used to determine the effects of calcium to total phosphorus (Ca:P) ratio in diets containing phytase on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and bone ash percentage. Pigs were housed in an environmentally regulated finishing building with two pigs per pen and six pens per sex per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were blocked by initial weight and sex, and then allotted to one of six dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based diets fed in three phases. In each phase, diets consisted of a 0.75:1; 1:1; 1.25:1; 1.5:1, and 2:1 Ca:P ratio. A sixth treatment group was a diet containing 77% of the total P as the other treatment diets. Diets were formulated to contain 0.44%, 0.39%, and 0.34% total phosphorus and 0.15%, 0.12%, and 0.07% available phosphorus from d 0 to 28, 28 to 57, and 57 to 76, respectively. All diets contained 0.05% phytase, providing 300 FTU/kg in order to achieve equivalent available phosphorus values of 0.23%, 0.19%, and 0.15%. For the overall experiment, increasing Ca:P ratio decreased (linear, P<0.03) ADG and F/G. However, the greatest decrease in ADG and F/G was observed when Ca:P ratio increased from 1.5:1 to 2:1. Daily feed intake was not affected by Ca:P ratio. There was no difference in backfat thickness for pigs fed Ca:P ratios between 0.75:1 and 2.0:1 (P<0.17). However, pigs fed the negative control diet had reduced backfat thickness (P<0.05) compared to the other pigs. Bone ash percentage was not affected (P<0.23) by Ca:P ratio. These results suggest that in finishing diets containing 300 FTU/kg phytase, a Ca:P ratio greater then 1.5:1 will decrease ADG and ADFI.
Open Access
Effects of a heat-stable yeast product and antibiotics in diets for nursery pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-09T22:43:36Z) Jones, C.L.; Starkey, C.W.; Hancock, Joe D.; jhancock
A total of 192 pigs (average initial BW of 15 lb and 21 d of age) were used in a 35-d experiment to determine the effects of a heatstable yeast product on growth performance of nursery pigs fed diets without and with antibiotics. Treatment diets were formulated to: 1.7% lysine for d 0 to 7, 1.5% lysine for d 7 to 21, and 1.3% lysine for d 21 to 35. The treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial, with main effects of antibiotics (without and with carbadox at 50 g/ton) and yeast (without and with 0.2% Biosaf). All diets had 3,000 ppm total Zn for d 0 to 7 and 250 ppm total Cu for d 7 to 35. For d 0 to 7 and 7 to 21, the diets were steam conditioned for approximately 10 seconds at atmospheric pressure and temperatures of 140oF and 160oF, respectively. For d 21 to 35, the diets were fed in meal form. The antibiotic improved efficiency of gain for d 0 to 7 and 0 to 21 (P<0.04). Rate of gain was greater (P<0.01) in pigs fed the antibiotic for d 0 to 21 and overall (d 0 to 35). However, there was no effect of yeast addition on growth performance (P>0.15) and there were no interactions among antibiotic and yeast addition in any phase of the experiment (P>0.08). In conclusion, the antibiotic (carbadox) was effective as a non-specific growth promoter, but the yeast product had minimal effect.
Open Access
Effect of added fat on performance of growing-finishing pigs in commercial conditions
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-09T22:42:49Z) Young, M.G.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jnelssen
A total of 1,040 pigs (half barrows and half gilts) was used in a 42-day experiment conducted in a commercial research facility to determine the influence of graded levels of added fat on growth performance, feed cost per pound of gain and margin over feed of growing-finishing pigs. The four dietary treatments were based on level of added dietary fat (0, 2, 4, or 6%), with the diets fed for a six-week period from 158 to 232 lb. Adding fat to the diet for pigs weighing 158 to 232 lb decreased ADFI, improved feed efficiency, increased cost per pound of gain and had no effect on income over feed cost. The economics of whether fat should be added to the growing finishing pig diet will depend on the cost of corn, soybean meal and fat. The results of this experiment demonstrate that, with current prices, the lowest cost per pound of gain was obtained when no fat was added to the diet for pigs from 158 to 232 lb. But because of the numerically greater ADG income over feed cost (IOFC) was numerically similar when fat was added to the diet.