Swine Day, 1988
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Item Open Access Sunflower oil seeds in nursery pig diets(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-15T21:48:59Z) Fitzner, G.E.; Hines, Robert H.Two hundred forty pigs were used to evaluate the use of various amounts (0, 10, 15, 20, 25%) of black sunflower oil seeds in weanling pig diets. After 14 days, no significant differences were found between any of the dietary treatments in feed intake (FI), average daily gain (ADG), or feed efficiency (F/G). At the conclusion of the 5-wk study, no differences were found in FI, ADG, or F/G between those dietary treatments containing 0, 10, and 15% sunflower seeds. However, in those diets containing 20 and 25% sunflower seeds, there were linear (p<.05) reductions in FI and ADG. These results indicate that sunflower seeds, when finely ground using a hammermill with a 1/8 in screen, can be used in diets for weanling pigs up to 15% of the diet with no reduction in performance.Item Open Access Effects of ultra pig krave extra® on starter pig performance(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-15T21:47:48Z) Stoner, G.R.; Johnston, M.E.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Hines, Robert H.; jnelssenA growth study and a preference study were conducted to evaluate the effect of a commercially available flavoring agent on starter pig performance. A total of 192, 3-wk old, weaned pigs were utilized. A 2-phase starter program was used in the growth study. Half the pigs received creep feed with added flavor and half without, beginning at 10 days of age. Pigs receiving flavored feed at 10 days of age had significantly better gains and feed intake the first 2 wk postweaning than pigs on nonflavored feed. The pigs in the preference study demonstrated a clear preference for flavored vs nonflavored feed. These results indicate addition of flavor to a creep diet beginning at 10 days of age will increase feed intake and gains in the nursery. However, when a creep feed is fed, addition of flavor to a nursery diet did not result in improved performance.Item Open Access The effects of dietary lysine level on performance of pigs weaned at two weeks of age(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-15T21:47:37Z) Thaler, R.C.; Goodband, Robert D.; Hines, Robert H.; Nelssen, Jim L.; goodband; jnelssenOne-hundred fifty pigs weaned at 14 ± 2 days of age and averaging 9.8 ± 2.8 lb were used to determine the effects of increasing levels of dietary lysine on pig performance. Pigs were fed a pelleted corn-soybean meal diet (1.10% lysine) containing 20% dried skim milk and 14.4 % lactose or diets containing 1.25, 1.40, 1.55, or 1.70% lysine provided by L-lysine HCI. Average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion (F/G), and plasma urea concentrations were determined on day 7, 14, and 21 of the experiment. On day 7, ADG increased linearly (P < .05) with increasing lysine level. By day 21, ADG was increased 12% (linear and quadratic P<.15) for those pigs fed the 1.40% lysine diet. On day 7, 14, and 21, F/G improved (linear and quadratic P< .02) and plasma urea concentrations decreased (linear, quadratic, and cubic P<.O 1) as lysine level increased. Feed intake was not affected by dietary treatment (P > .20). At the end of the 21 day experimental period, all pigs were switched to a corn-soybean meal diet (1.25% lysine) containing 15% dried whey for an additional 21 days to determine any compensatory performance from previous lysine treatment. During this period (22 to 42 days), there were no differences in pig performance. For the overall experiment (0 to 42 days), ADG was increased 5% (P>.30) and F/G improved 6% (linear P<.l1; quadratic P<.0 1) as lysine level was increased during the first 3 wk postweaning. Our results indicate that growth performance of early weaned pigs ( < 10 lb) was optimized by a diet containing at least 1.40% lysine for the first 3 wk postweaning.Item Open Access Responses of pig embryos to amino acids(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-15T21:47:24Z) Rosenkrans, C.F.; Davis, Duane L.; davisMixtures of vitamins and amino acids produced detrimental effects on the development of pig embryos. However, addition of three amino acids, phenylalanine, methionine, and isoleuncine, enhanced pig embryo development.Item Open Access Hog Feeders?(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-15T21:47:02Z) Hines, Robert H.During the past 6 yr, extensive research has been conducted at KSU to evaluate feeding systems and various types of wet and dry feeders. Comparisons have been made between timed-feeding and ad libitum feeding systems using dry or wet feeders. Timed-feeding did not improve pig performance (ADG, F/G) when compared with ad libitum dry feeding. Wet feeding in most of the trials resulted in approximately 5% improvement in both average daily gain and feed efficiency. Feeding hogs with an oval or rectangular dry feeder resulted in similar pig performance. A11 feeders were easily adjusted to reduce feed wastage to a minimum.Item Open Access Effect of processing on the nutritional value of soybean proteins(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-15T21:46:40Z) Hancock, Joe D.; jhancockIt has been recognized for many years that some sort of processing of soybeans will yield a product of superior nutritional value. As our understanding of the effects of different processing techniques increases, we will continue to see advances in technology that will yield soybean products of superior nutritional value. The challenge for livestock producers is to recognize the products that offer improved nutritional benefits and to have the wherewithal to use those products when they are economically advantageous.Item Open Access Effects of raw soybeans, roasted soybeans, and soybean oil on finishing pig performance(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-15T21:45:45Z) Goodband, Robert D.; Hines, Robert H.; goodbandTwo trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of raw soybeans, roasted soybeans, and soybean oil on finishing pig performance. In trial 1 pigs were fed a low protein control diet containing 7.5% soybean meal and synthetic lysine. Raw soybeans were added at levels of 8.75, 11.90, 15.05, and 18.20% of the diet. The raw soybean additions replaced the synthetic lysine and part of the milo in the diet and provided lysine levels of .60, .67, .74, and .81% as raw soybean level increased, respectively. Increasing level of raw soybeans had no affect on average daily gain (ADG) or average daily feed intake (ADFI). However, pigs fed increasing levels of raw soybeans had poorer (linear P<.10) feed conversion (F/G). In a second trial, pigs were fed the same control diet or diets containing 3.25% added fat from either raw soybeans, roasted soybeans, or soybean oil. As in the first trial, neither ADG nor ADFI were affected by dietary treatment; however, pigs fed diets containing roasted soybeans or soybean oil had improved F/G compared to pigs fed the control or raw soybean diet. These data indicate that for finishing pigs (> 125 lb) additions of raw soybeans up to 18.2% of the diet did not affect ADG; however, F/G becomes poorer as raw soybean level increases. Furthermore, fat additions from roasted soybeans or soybean oil are utilized more efficiently than that from raw soybeans.Item Open Access The effects of porcine somatotropin (pST) and dietary lysine level on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing swine(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-15T21:45:30Z) Thaler, R.C.; Schricker, B.R.; Fitzner, G.E.; Lewis, A.J.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Hines, Robert H.; Kropf, Donald H.; goodband; jnelssen; dkropfSeventy-two finishing pigs averaging 130 lb were utilized to determine the effects of PST and dietary lysine on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Pigs were injected daily with 4 mg PST in the extensor muscle of the neck and fed either a pelleted corn-sesame meal diet (.6% lysine, 17.7% crude protein) or diets containing .8, 1.0, 1.2, or 1.4% lysine provided by L-lysine HCl. All diets were formulated to contain at least 200% of NRC (1979) recommendations for other amino acids. Control pigs received a placebo injection and the .6% lysine diet. Increasing levels of dietary lysine resulted in increased average daily gain (ADG) and improved feed conversion (F/G; linear and quadratic, P<.01) for PST-treated pigs. Adjusted backfat thickness (ABF) was not affected by dietary lysine; however, PST-treated pigs had less backfat (P<.05) than control pigs. Longissimus muscle area (LMA), trimmed ham, and loin weights increased as dietary lysine was increased among PST-treated pigs (linear and quadratic, P<.01). Percentage of moisture and crude protein of the longissimus muscle increased, (linear P<.05, linear and quadratic P<.05, respectively), whereas dry matter and fat content decreased (linear P<.05). Similar trends in composition were observed for other ham muscles (semimembranous, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris). Heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and lung weights were not affected by PST or lysine treatment. Urea concentrations in plasma on day 28 decreased linearly (P<.O I) as lysine level increased, whereas plasma lysine and insulin increased (linear and quadratic, P<.OI). Plasma glucose and free fatty acid concentrations on day 28 tended to increase (quadratic P<. I0) with increasing dietary lysine level. Plasma somatotropin level was elevated 2 to 3 times in PST-treated pigs compared to control pigs, but was not affected by dietary lysine level. Our results indicate a relatively high requirement for lysine in PST-treated pigs. Growth performance and carcass traits were optimized at dietary lysine levels of 1.2 to 1.4%, which corresponds to lysine intakes of 30 to 36 g/day. These results demonstrate that PST-administration nearly doubles the lysine requirement of finishing swine.Item Open Access Factors affecting feeder pig auction price differentials(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-15T21:45:03Z) Schroeder, Ted C.; Jones, J.M.; Nichols, David A.; tcs; dnicholsA survey of feeder pig sales was conducted at two Kansas feeder pig auctions during the spring and summer of 1988. Several factors were identified that helped explain a large portion of the short-run price differentials observed in feeder pig prices. Physical characteristics of the feeder pigs and changing market fundamentals during the data collection period accounted for 80 percent of the variability in feeder pig prices. The most significant physical characteristics affecting price included weight lot size health, structural soundness, lumps, ruptures and lot uniformity. There are clear incentives for producers to attempt to sell feeder pigs in healthy, structurally sound uniform-sized lots of 40 or more head.Item Open Access Effect of processing on physical characteristics, handling properties and utilization of wheat middlings(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-15T21:44:37Z) Fahrenholz, C.H.; Allee, G.L.; Eustace, D.; Behnke, Keith C.; kbfeed; ddeWheat middlings were pelleted and ground through different types of grinders. The resulting products were incorporated into finishing pig diets and a digestion trial was conducted to determine the effect of processing on nutrient utilization. Pelleting and grinding midds prior to use in pelleted finishing diets improved pelleting throughput and efficiency. Results of the digestion study showed there were no detrimental effects on nutrient utilization because of processing. This, along with reduced shipping costs and improved handling characteristics, indicate that pelleting wheat midds at the flour mill would be beneficial to the feed industry and could result in lower feed costs for the swine producer.Item Open Access Utilization by finishing pigs of reconstituted sorghum grain treated with enzymes or enzymes plus a bacterial inoculant prior to ensiling(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-15T21:43:30Z) Heidker, J.I.; Behnke, Keith C.; kbfeedOne hundred eight finishing pigs averaging 117 lb were used to evaluate the effects of adding enzymes with or without a bacterial inoculant to reconstituted sorghum grain used in swine diets. No differences were noted in gain, feed efficiency, or carcass characteristics as determined by ultrasonic scanning.Item Open Access The effects of porcine somatotropin (pST) dosage and dietary lysine level on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing swine(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-15T21:43:17Z) Schricker, B.R.; Stoner, G.R.; Danler, R.J.; Thaler, R.C.; Kenny, B.P.; Hurt, S.S.; Fitzner, G.E.; Apple, J.; Warren, K.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Hines, Robert H.; Kropf, Donald H.; Hancock, Joe D.; goodband; jnelssen; dkropf; jhancockOne hundred and forty-four finishing pigs (initial weight 126 lb) were utilized to determine the effects of PST dosage (4 or 8 mg PST' head^-1day^-1 ) and dietary lysine level (.8, 1,0, 1.2, or 1.4%) on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Pigs were injected daily in the extensor muscle of the neck with either 4 or 8 mg PST and fed a pelleted corn-soybean meal-sesame meal diet containing .8% lysine. Additional lysine levels of 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4% were provided by L-lysine HCl. Control pigs (placebo injection) received the .8% lysine diet. All diets were formulated to contain at least 220% of NRC (1979) recommendations for other amino acids, vitamins and minerals. There were no PST x lysine interactions for any observed traits (P>,1 0), so only main effects are reported. Increasing level of dietary lysine resulted in linear improvements in average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion (F/G) in PST treated pigs. Adjusted backfat thickness (ABF) was lowered (linear P<.05), whereas longissimus muscle area (LMA) was increased (linear P<.05) with increasing lysine level. Pigs injected with 8 mg PST had similar ADG compared to 4 mg PST-treated pigs, and both were greater than controls (linear and quadratic P < .05%). Increasing PST dosage improved F/G (linear and quadratic P < .05), LMA and reduced ABF (linear P < .05). Urea concentrations determined in plasma on day 28 decreased (linear and Quadratic P<.05) with increasing lysine level, whereas free fatty acids and insulin tended to increase (P<.10). Porcine somatotropin dosage decreased urea concentrations while glucose, insulin and free fatty acid concentrations increased (linear and quadratic P < .05) in plasma. Trimmed ham and loin weights were increased slightly (P >.10) by increasing dietary lysine level and were also increased (linear P < .10) by PST dosage.Item Open Access Effect of wheat mill run on finishing pig performance(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-15T21:43:05Z) Fahrenholz, C.H.; Behnke, Keith C.; Nichols, David A.; kbfeed; dnicholsFinishing pigs were fed diets containing 0, 15, 30, or 45% wheat mill run (WMR) during cold and hot weather. Results indicate that 15% WMR can be included in finishing swine diets without adversely affecting pig performance. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter, gross energy, and crude fiber were lower (P < .05) for diets containing WMR than for the control. During cold weather incorporating up to 15% WMR in the diet may be economically justified, because there was no difference in cost of gain for pigs receiving the control or 15% WMR diets. During hot weather, cost of gain increased as the level of WMR in the diet increased.Item Open Access Comparison of wet versus dry feeding for starter pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-15T21:42:54Z) Thaler, R.C.; Nelssen, Jim L.; jnelssenTwo studies utilizing a total of 480 pigs (21 days old) were conducted to compare wet versus dry feeding during a 4 wk starter period. Pigs were fed a pelletized, high nutrient density diet for the first 2 wk and a semi-complex diet (meal form) for the last 2 wk. Aqua® feeders were used in all pens. During the first 2 wk of the study, feeding method had no effect on daily gain or feed intake; however, pigs fed dry diets required less feed per pound of gain than did pigs consuming wet diets (P<.0002). For the overall 4 wk trial, gains and feed intake did not differ between treatments, but pigs fed the wet diets were less efficient than pigs receiving the dry diets. Based on these results, wet feeding is not advantageous to starter pig performance.Item Open Access Effect of a probiotic on prevention of salmonellosis in pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-15T21:39:38Z) Beeman, K.B.; Erickson, D.E.; Henning, B.J.An experiment was conducted to determine if a commercial probiotic compound could be used to bring about competitive exclusion of Salmonella organisms. The probiotic material was added to the feed of one group of pigs and was not added to the feed of a control group. Both groups of pigs were dosed orally with 10^6 CFU of Salmonella cholerasuis. All pigs were affected; however, the treated group demonstrated less illness than the control group.Item Open Access Space requirement of finishing pigs fed to heavier weight(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-15T21:39:27Z) Nichols, David A.; Hines, Robert H.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; goodband; dnichols; jnelssenTwo trials, using a total of 240, crossbred, finishing pigs were conducted to evaluate 7, 9, and 11 ft^2 space allowance per pig from approximately 115 lb to a market weight of 250 lb. Pigs were removed individually each week as they reached the desired weight. Pigs reared in pens with 7 ft^2 had a reduced average daily feed intake and a significantly reduced average daily gain compared to those with 9 and 11 ft^2. Feed/gain was the same for all treatments; however, the pigs with 7 ft^2 required 4 days longer to reach 250 lb. Performance data suggests that 7 ft^2 is inadequate space allowance for pigs carried to heavier weights. No significant differences were observed in average daily gain, feed intake, or feed efficiency for pigs with 9 or 11 ft^2 allowance, suggesting that 9 ft^2 per pig is adequate space for this management system of removing pigs weekly as they reached the desired market weight.Item Open Access Hedging opportunities for feeder pig finishers(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-15T21:39:04Z) Schroeder, Ted C.; tcsThis study examined the frequency of profitable, short, hedging opportunities that have been available to feeder pig finishers in recent years. The results indicate that there have been periods offering frequent opportunities to "lock in" a profit by hedging. However, there have not been many extended periods beyond 6 mo offering frequent profitable hedging opportunities, and over several feeding periods, no trading day offered profitable hedging opportunities. Though not always offering a profit, the futures market offered some improved returns relative to the cash market. During a few feeding periods, improved return opportunities were present in excess of 80% of the trading days, but overall, the frequency of improved returns was fairly low.Item Open Access Wet vs. dry ad libitum feeding of growing-finishing swine(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-15T21:38:24Z) Nichols, David A.; Hines, Robert H.; dnicholsTwo hundred and twenty-four growing-finishing pigs were used to evaluate wet vs. dry ad libitum feeding utilizing the Pride of the Farm Maxima®feeder. Growth rate, average daily feed intake, and feed/gain were the same for those pigs fed with feeders having water nozzles in the trough (wet) or (Finishing, Wet vs. Dry) without the nozzles in the trough of the feeder (dry).Item Open Access Replacing dried skim milk with select menhaden fish meal in a high nutrient density diet(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-15T21:38:02Z) Stoner, G.R.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Hines, Robert H.; jnelssenA growth study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of replacing dried skim milk (DSM) with select menhaden fish (SMFM) in a high nutrient density diet. A total of 210, 3wk- old weaned pigs was utilized. Diets were formulated by: 1) replacing 50 or 100% of the DSM with SMFM and maintaining the lactose content of the diet by increasing the dried whey inclusion or 2) by replacing 50 or 100% of the DSM with SMFM and corn. These formulations yielded three diets containing 24% lactose, one diet containing 19% lactose, and one containing 14% lactose. Growth performance was similar on diets containing 19 or 24% lactose, but was depressed (P<.05) on the diet containing 14% lactose. These results indicate that SMFM can be used to replace DSM, but the lactose content of the diet must be considered as well.Item Open Access Transient hypersensitivity to soybean meal in the early-weaned pig(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-15T21:37:25Z) Li, D.F.; Reddy, G.; Blecha, Frank; Hancock, Joe D.; Allee, G.; Nelssen, Jim L.; jnelssen; blecha; jhancockAn experiment was conducted to determine if baby pigs develop intestinal hypersensitivity to dietary soy protein. Challenging nursery pigs with soybean meal following oral infusion of soybean meal from day 7 to day 14 of age resulted in villus atrophy and lower average daily gain by 28 days of age. At 56 days of age, there were no differences in weight gains between pigs fed soy protein and pigs fed milk protein. Pigs exposed to soybean meal before weaning had increased anti-soybean protein immnoglobulin titers at 4 wk (7.2 vs 4.0) and at 8 wk (7.6 vs 4.2). Thus, challenging baby pigs with soybean meal followed by feeding soybean meal resulted in an immune response as indicated by transient hypersensitivity at 4 wk and increased anti-soy protein titers. Also, growth was temporarily decreased at 4 weeks, but increased at 8 weeks.
