Food Science Institute Faculty Research and Publications

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/2097/566

This collection represents the breadth and depth of scholarly output of faculty and researchers related to the Food System in its entirety. Papers and presentations in this collection represent the totality of the "food system” from production through processing through consumption of final product.

Although many authors in this community are formally affiliated with the Food Science Institute, affiliation with the FSI is not a prerequisite for an author's materials to appear here.

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Open Access
Elimination of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in an Animal Feed Manufacturing Facility
(2017-01-18) Huss, Anne R.; Schumacher, Loni L.; Cochrane, Roger A.; Poulsen, Elizabeth; Bai, Jianfa; Woodworth, Jason C.; Dritz, Steve S.; Stark, Charles R.; Jones, Cassandra K.; jbai; jwoodworth; dritz; crstark; jonesc; Huss, Anne R.; Schumacher, Loni L.; Cochrane, Roger A.; Poulsen, Elizabeth; Bai, Jianfa; Woodworth, Jason C.; Dritz, Steve S.; Stark, Charles R.; Jones, Cassandra K.
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) was the first virus of wide scale concern to be linked to possible transmission by livestock feed or ingredients. Measures to exclude pathogens, prevent cross-contamination, and actively reduce the pathogenic load of feed and ingredients are being developed. However, research thus far has focused on the role of chemicals or thermal treatment to reduce the RNA in the actual feedstuffs, and has not addressed potential residual contamination within the manufacturing facility that may lead to continuous contamination of finished feeds. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the use of a standardized protocol to sanitize an animal feed manufacturing facility contaminated with PEDV. Environmental swabs were collected throughout the facility during the manufacturing of a swine diet inoculated with PEDV. To monitor facility contamination of the virus, swabs were collected at: 1) baseline prior to inoculation, 2) after production of the inoculated feed, 3) after application of a quaternary ammonium-glutaraldehyde blend cleaner, 4) after application of a sodium hypochlorite sanitizing solution, and 5) after facility heat-up to 60°C for 48 hours. Decontamination step, surface, type, zone and their interactions were all found to impact the quantity of detectable PEDV RNA (P < 0.05). As expected, all samples collected from equipment surfaces contained PEDV RNA after production of the contaminated feed. Additionally, the majority of samples collected from non-direct feed contact surfaces were also positive for PEDV RNA after the production of the contaminated feed, emphasizing the potential role dust plays in cross-contamination of pathogen throughout a manufacturing facility. Application of the cleaner, sanitizer, and heat were effective at reducing PEDV genomic material (P < 0.05), but did not completely eliminate it.
Open Access
Food Safety: Recommendations for Determining Doneness in Consumer Egg Dish Recipes and Measurement of Endpoint Temperatures When Recipes Are Followed
Godwin, S.; Maughan, Curtis; Chambers, Edgar, IV; eciv; Chambers, Edgar, IV; Maughan, Curtis
Many consumers do not follow recommended food safety practices for cooking egg dishes, such as pies, quiches, and casseroles, potentially leading to foodborne illnesses such as Salmonellosis. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) recommends cooking egg mixtures until the center reaches 71 degrees C (160 degrees F). The objectives of this study were to determine what endpoint temperature information consumers receive from egg dish recipes, and if recipes would lead to safe temperatures when followed. Egg dish recipes (n = 226) from 65 websites, 50 cookbooks, and nine magazine titles (multiple issues of each) were analyzed. Time was the most frequently used indicator, given in 92% of the recipes, with 15% using only time. Other indicators included: set (89), browned (76), clean toothpick/knife (60), puffed (27), and jiggled (13). Only two recipes indicated final endpoint temperatures. Three recipes (a pie, a quiche, and an egg casserole) were chosen and prepared in triplicate to see if they would reach recommended temperatures. The pie and quiche were still liquid at 71 degrees C, and were well over the recommended temperature when cooked according to instructions, but the egg casserole was not consistently above 71 degrees C, when the recipe instructions indicated it was done and the center was light brown and "jiggled" This research indicates that consumers are not receiving information on endpoint temperatures in egg recipes, but the likelihood of foodborne illness is low since most dishes probably be cooked past the recommended temperature before the consumer considers them done unless there are many inclusions that may absorb liquid and reduce the appearance of liquid in the dish.
Open Access
Motivations for Food Consumption during Specific Eating Occasions in Turkey
(2016-05-24) Chambers, Delores H.; Phan, Uyen T. X.; Chanadang, Sirichat; Maughan, Curtis; Sanchez, Karolina; Di Donfrancesco, Brizio; Gomez, David; Higa, Federica; Li, Han; Chambers, Edgar, IV; Esen, E.; delores; eciv; Chambers, Delores; Chambers IV, Edgar; Phan, Uyen T. X.; Chanadang, Sirichat; Maughan, Curtis; Sanchez, Karolina; Di Donfrancesco, Brizio; Gomez, David; Higa, Federica; Li, Han
Several studies in different countries have been conducted to investigate factors affecting food choices. The objective of this study was to understand the motivations of specific food and beverage choices for different eating occasions in a typical diet of the Turkish people. A convenience sample of 141 respondents from seven different geographical regions in Turkey completed an online survey questionnaire that included questions about demographic information and details about their latest eating occasion. Respondents reported all of their motivations for choosing each food/beverage item reported for that specific eating occasion. Results indicated that different motivations played different roles in food choices of people in Turkey. Liking was a key characteristic for all eating occasions, but key natural concerns were even more important at breakfast, and need and hunger were more important for a mid-afternoon snack. Lunch involved additional motivations such as Sociability, Variety Seeking, and Social Norms. In addition to Liking, choices of different food groups were also driven by other motivations such as Habits, Convenience, Need and Hunger, Natural Concerns, and Health. This study helped better understand the current dietary patterns of Turkish people as well as the motives underlying their choices of foods and beverages for different meals and snacks. These findings could be useful for dietary campaigns that aim to improve eating behaviors in Turkey.
Open Access
The impact of rendered protein meal oxidation level on shelf-life, sensory characteristics, and acceptability in extruded pet food
Chanadang, Sirichat; Koppel, Kadri; Aldrich, Greg C.; kadri; aldrich4; Koppel, Kadri; Aldrich, Greg C.; Chanadang, Sirichat
Pet foods are expected to have a shelf-life for 12 months or more. Sensory analysis can be used to determine changes in products and to estimate products’ shelf-life. The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate how increasing levels of oxidation in rendered protein meals used to produce extruded pet food affected the sensory properties and (2) determine the effect of shelf-life on pet owners’ acceptability of extruded pet food diet formulated without the use of preservative. Pet food diets contained beef meat bone meal (BMBM) and chicken byproduct meal (CBPM) in which the oxidation was retarded with ethoxyquin, mixed tocopherols, or none at all, and then extruded into dry pet foods. These samples represented low, medium, and high oxidation levels, respectively. Samples were stored for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months at ambient temperature. Each time point, samples were evaluated by six highly trained descriptive panelists for sensory attributes related to oxidation. Samples without preservatives were chosen for the acceptability test, since the differences in sensory characteristics over storage time were more distinguishable in those samples. Pet owners evaluated samples for aroma, appearance and overall liking. Descriptive sensory analysis detected significant changes in oxidized-related sensory characteristics over storage time. However, the differences for CBPM samples were more pronounced and directional. The consumer study showed no differences in pet owners’ acceptability for BMBM samples. However, the noticeable increase in aroma characteristics (rancid aroma 0.33-4.21) in CBPM samples over storage time did have a negative effect on consumer’s liking (overall liking 5.52-4.95). © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Open Access
Effects of thirty and sixty minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on postprandial lipemia and inflammation in overweight men: a randomized cross-over study
Emerson, Sam R.; Kurti, Stephanie P.; Snyder, Brian S.; Sitaraman, Karthikeyan; Haub, Mark D.; Rosenkranz, Sara K.; haub; sararose; Haub, Mark D.; Rosenkranz, Sara K.; Emerson, Sam R.; Kurti, Stephanie P.; Snyder, Brian S.; Sitaraman, Karthikeyan
Background: The transient rise in blood lipids following a high-fat meal (HFM), known as postprandial lipemia, is linked to systemic inflammation and cardiovascular disease, but can be blunted by exercise. However, minimal research has investigated the effects of realistic exercise bouts on postprandial lipemia and inflammation in at-risk individuals. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise lasting 30 or 60 min performed the evening before a HFM, on postprandial lipemia and inflammation in overweight, insufficiently active men. Methods: In this randomized-crossover study, twelve participants remained sedentary (CON), or performed a brisk walk on a treadmill at 60 % VO2peak for either 30 min (EX-30) or 60 min (EX-60), after which they consumed a small snack (270 kcal) to partially replace exercise energy expenditure. Following a 12-h overnight fast, participants consumed a standard HFM (1 g fat/kg; 1 g CHO/kg; 1117.8 +/- 117.0 kcal). Blood draws were performed at baseline (pre-HFM) and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h post-HFM to assess glucose, insulin, lipids, and systemic inflammation. Results: There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in fasting triglycerides between EX-60 (118.7 +/- 68.3 mg/dL), CON (134.8 +/- 66.2 mg/dL) or EX-30 (135.5 +/- 85.4 mg/dL). There were no differences in peak, time-to-peak, total or incremental area-under-the-curve between trials for triglyceride response (p > 0.05). There was no significant main effect of time (p > 0.05) in IL-1ra, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 or TNF-alpha from baseline to 8 h post-HFM in any trial. Conclusions: In summary, we found that in overweight, insufficiently active men, neither 30 nor 60 min of moderate-intensity exercise performed 12 h prior to a HFM attenuated postprandial lipemia or inflammation, which could potentially be explained by the partial caloric replacement of exercise energy expenditure.
Open Access
Adhesive performance of camelina protein affected by extraction conditions
Qi, Guangyan; Li, Ningbo; Sun, Xiuzhi S.; Wang, Donghai H.; xss; dwang; Sun, Xiuzhi S.; Wang, Donghai H.; Qi, Guangyan; Li, Ningbo
Camelina protein (CP) adhesives were prepared from de-hulled camelina meal using alkaline solubilization (CP 8, CP 9, CP 10, CP 11, CP 12) and isolelectric precipitation. CP 12 had the highest protein yield with 46.22%, more than twice that of CP 8 (22.71%), indicating that extreme alkaline pH is necessary for high camelina protein solubility and protein yield. Extreme alkalinization resulted in severe molecular dissociation of camelina protein, as indicated by the appearance of a low molecular weight band (20 kDa). Compared to CP 8, CP 9, CP 10, and CP 11, CP 12 had a completely denatured protein structure with greater amounts of exposed functional groups, which is beneficial to the adhesion strength of CP 12. CP 12 with 9% sodium chloride treatment demonstrated optimum adhesion performance with dry and wet strengths of 4.36 and 1.36 MPa, respectively, compared to 3.37 and 1.05 MPa for CP 12 without sodium chloride treatment. © 2016 American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
Open Access
Coating dog kibble with a commercial liquid acidifier reduces the risk of Salmonella cross-contamination
Huss, A. R.; Deliephan, A.; Fuller, J. C.; Jones, Cassandra K.; jonesc; Jones, Cassandra K.; Huss, A. R.; Deliephan, A.
In recent years, several pet food recalls have been attributed to Salmonella contamination. In addition to the negative impacts on animal health, pet foods contaminated with Salmonella have been linked to infection in humans. To help reduce the risks to humans, the Food and Drug Administration has set forth a zero-tolerance policy for Salmonella in pet foods. Typically, the preconditioner and extruder operate at sufficient temperatures to destroy pathogenic bacteria. However, there is the potential for post-processing cross-contamination to adulterate the product. One potential method to reduce the risk of Salmonella cross-contamination in pet foods is through the addition of chemical additive coatings. The objective of this research was to evaluate the ability of the liquid acid, ?-hydroxy-?-methylbutyric acid (HMB; Metabolic Technologies Inc, Ames, IA), to reduce cross-contamination of dry extruded dog kibble with Salmonella. Liquid HMB was applied to a single formula of dog kibble at inclusion levels of 0, 0.9 and 1.5% (w:w) using a laboratory-scale mixer. The coated kibbles were then inoculated with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Enteritidis (ATCC 13076), grown in trypticase soy broth (TSB). Inoculated kibbles were enumerated for Salmonella on d 0, 1, 2, 7, and 14 post-inoculation. For enumerations, a subsample was collected, serial diluted and spread plated to Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) agar. All inoculated plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h, after which black colonies, typical for Salmonella, were counted and cfu/g calculated. The effects of HMB concentration, enumeration day and their interaction were all significant (P < 0.0001) on the resulting Salmonella concentration. Salmonella counts from Day 0 were 6.99, 5.59, and 4.88 log10 cfu/g for 0, 0.9 and 1.5% HMB, respectively. For HMB levels of 0.9 and 1.5%, counts were below the detectable limit for d 1, 2, 7, and 14. For 0% HMB, the Salmonella counts were found to decrease over time to 4.80, 3.99, 2.80, and 3.14 log10 cfu/g for d 1, 2, 7, and 14, respectively. Overall, the HMB coating was effective at reducing Salmonella artificially inoculated to dog kibbles. Further research is warranted to evaluate the minimum effective dose of HMB to reduce Salmonella in dog and cat kibbles.
Open Access
Development of 11-Plex MOL-PCR Assay for the Rapid Screening of Samples for Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coil
(2016-08-31) Woods, T. A.; Mendez, H. M.; Ortega, S.; Shi, Xiaorong; Marx, D.; Bai, Jianfa; Moxley, R. A.; Nagaraja, Tiruvoor G.; Graves, S. W.; Deshpande, A.; jbai; xshi; Bai, Jianfa; Shi, Xiaorong
Strains of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are a serious threat to the health, with approximately half of the STEC related food-borne illnesses attributable to contaminated beef. We developed an assay that was able to screen samples for several important STEC associated serogroups (O26, O45, O103, O104, O111, O121, O145, O157) and three major virulence factors (eae, stx(1), stx(2)) in a rapid and multiplexed format using the Multiplex oligonucleotide ligation-PCR (MOL-PCR) assay chemistry. This assay detected unique STEC DNA signatures and is meant to be used on samples from various sources related to beef production, providing a multiplex and high-throughput complement to the multiplex PCR assays currently in use. Multiplex oligonucleotide ligation-PCR (MOL-PCR) is a nucleic acid-based assay chemistry that relies on flow cytometry/image cytometry and multiplex microsphere arrays for the detection of nucleic acid-based signatures present in target agents. The STEC MOL-PCR assay provided greater than 90% analytical specificity across all sequence markers designed when tested against panels of DNA samples that represent different STEC serogroups and toxin gene profiles. This paper describes the development of the 11-plex assay and the results of its validation. This highly multiplexed, but more importantly dynamic and adaptable screening assay allows inclusion of additional signatures as they are identified in relation to public health. As the impact of STEC associated illness on public health is explored additional information on classification will be needed on single samples; thus, this assay can serve as the backbone for a complex screening system.
Open Access
Proof-of-concept method to sanitize a feed mill contaminated with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
(2016-04-01) Huss, A. R.; Schumacher, L. L.; Cochrane, R. A.; Poulsen, E.; Bai, Jianfa; Woodworth, Jason C.; Dritz, Steven S.; Stark, Charles R.; Jones, Cassandra K.; jbai; jwoodworth; dritz; crstark; jonesc; Bai, Jianfa; Woodworth, Jason C.; Dritz, Steven S.; Stark, Charles R.; Jones, Cassandra K.; Huss, A. R.; Schumacher, L. L.; Cochrane, R. A.; Poulsen, E.
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) has been linked to transmission by livestock feed or ingredients. Measures to exclude pathogens, prevent cross-contamination, and actively reduce the pathogenic load of feed and ingredients are being developed. However, research thus far has focused on the role of chemicals or thermal treatment to reduce PEDV RNA in feedstuffs, and has not addressed potential residual contamination within the manufacturing facility that may lead to continuous cross-contamination of finished feeds. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the use of a standardized protocol to sanitize an animal feed manufacturing facility contaminated with PEDV. Environmental swabs were collected throughout the facility during the manufacturing of a swine diet inoculated with PEDV. To monitor facility contamination of the virus, swabs were collected at 5 decontamination steps: 1) baseline before inoculation, 2) after production of the inoculated feed, 3) after application of a quaternary ammonium-glutaraldehyde blend cleaner, 4) after application of a sodium hypochlorite sanitizing solution, and 5) after facility heat-up to 60°C for 48 h. The feed mill was contaminated and decontaminated 3 separate times for a total of 3 replications. Collected swabs were analyzed via RT-qPCR and categorized by surface (plastic, rubber, concrete, and metal), type (equipment and structural), and zone (1, 2, and 3). Decontamination step, surface, type, zone and their interactions were all found to impact the quantity of detectable PEDV RNA (P < 0.05). As expected, all samples collected from direct feed contact surfaces (zone 1) contained PEDV RNA after production of the contaminated feed. Additionally, all swabs collected directly adjacent to direct feed contact surfaces (zone 2) were positive following production of the contaminated feed. Of the remaining swabs collected (zone 3), outside of zones 1 and 2, 88.9% had detectable RNA, emphasizing the potential role dust plays in cross-contamination of pathogens throughout a manufacturing facility. Application of the cleaner, sanitizer, and heat were effective at reducing PEDV RNA (P < 0.05), but did not completely eliminate it. Specifically, 29.6%, 14.8%, and 7.4% of zone 1 swabs had detectable PEDV RNA after decontamination with the cleaner, sanitizer and heat, respectively, during only replication 2. Due to this, decontamination was repeated with no PEDV RNA detected from subsequent swab collection. These findings do provide a method for facility decontamination of PEDV, however, the use of liquid cleaners, sanitizers, and/or facility heat-up may not be applicable for most commercial feed manufacturing facilities.
Open Access
Preliminary results on growing second generation biofuel crop miscanthus X Giganteus at the polluted military site in Ukraine
(2020-01-01) Pidlisnyuk, V.; Trögl, J.; Stefanovska, T.; Shapoval, P.; Erickson, Larry E.; lerick; Erickson, Larry E.
The semi-field research on using second-generation biofuel crop Miscanthus x giganteus for restoration of former military site in Kamenetz-Podilsky, Ukraine was carried out during two vegetation seasons. Despite high metal pollution of soil, in particular, by Fe, Mn, Ti, and Zr, no growth inhibition was observed. The concentrations followed pattern soil > roots > stems > leaves. Accumulation of particular metals in roots was different: Fe, Mn and Ti were accumulated rather palpably after the first vegetation season and less tangible after the second one. Cu, Pb and Zn were less accumulative in both vegetation seasons, and for As and Pb the accumulative concentrations were very small. Accumulations in the aboveground parts of the plant in comparison to roots were significantly lower in case of Fe, Ti, Mn, Cu, Zn, Sr and even statistically comparable to zero in case of As, Pb and Zr. Calculated translocation ratio of metals in the plant's parts preferably indicated lack of metals' hyper accumulation. Generally, no correlations were observed between concentrations of metals in the soil and in the upper plant's parts. The research confirmed the ability of Miscanthus x giganteus to grow on the military soils predominantly contaminated by metals. © by Josef Trögl 2016.
Open Access
Effects of dietary copper, zinc, and ractopamine hydrochloride on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric bacteria
Feldpausch, J. A.; Amachawadi, Raghavendra G.; Tokach, Michael D.; Scott, H. M.; Nagaraja, Tiruvoor G.; Dritz, Steven S.; Goodband, Robert D.; Woodworth, Jason C.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; jderouch; agraghav; mtokach; tnagaraj; dritz; goodband; jwoodworth; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Amachawadi, Raghavendra G.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nagaraja, Tiruvoor G.; Dritz, Steven S.; Goodband, Robert D.; Woodworth, Jason C.; Amachawadi, R. G.; Scott, H. M.
A total of 480 pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 48.7 ± 2.3 kg) were used to determine the interactive effects of supplemental Cu, Zn, and ractopamine HCl (RAC) on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric bacteria. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial with the main effects of added Cu (CuSO4; 0 vs. 125 mg/kg Cu), Zn (ZnO; 0 vs. 150 mg/kg Zn), and RAC (0 vs. 10 mg/kg during the last 28 d prior to marketing). All diets contained 11 mg/kg Cu and 73 mg/ kg Zn from the trace mineral premix. Pens of pigs were balanced and blocked on initial BW and then randomly allotted to 1 of the 4 mineral treatment diets. At 28 d prior to marketing, pens within each block and mineral treatment were randomly assigned to receive either 0 or 10 mg/kg RAC in addition to the mineral treatment. Adding either Cu or Zn alone did not improve ADG or ADFI yet resulted in numerical improvements in overall G:F and caloric efficiencies, but improvements were not additive (Cu × Zn, P = 0.057, P = 0.068, and P = 0.064 for G:F and caloric efficiency on a ME and NE basis, respectively). Ractopamine improved (P < 0.001) overall ADG, G:F, and caloric efficiency, thereby increasing final BW by 3% with no change in ADFI. Ractopamine also increased (P < 0.001) HCW, percentage carcass yield, G:F, loin depth, and percent fat-free lean and decreased (P = 0.014) backfat. Adding Zn or Cu alone to diets containing RAC numerically improved percent yield and HCW G:F, but this effect was absent when the Cu or Zn was added to the control diet or when Cu and Zn were fed in combination in RAC diets (Cu × Zn × RAC, P = 0.011 and P = 0.018 for yield and HCW G:F, respectively). Fecal samples were collected on d 0 and at the conclusion of the finishing period (d 90) for bacterial isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility determinations according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute minimal inhibitory concentrations breakpoints. Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli isolates displayed varying levels of resistance to certain antibiotics prior to initiation of treatments on d 0. Resistance to most antibiotics decreased (P < 0.05) over time or was stable for those that had a low baseline percentage of resistance. Neither Zn nor RAC adversely affected antimicrobial resistance. However, extended feeding of 125 mg/kg Cu throughout the finishing period seems to decrease enterococcal susceptability to tetracycline, tylosin, and quinupristin/dalfopristin. © 2016 American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved.
Open Access
Effects of limonene on ruminal fusobacterium necrophorum concentrations, fermentation, and lysine degradation in cattle
Saed Samii, Sina; Wallace, N.; Nagaraja, Tiruvoor G.; Engstrom, M. A.; Miesner, M. D.; Armendariz, C. K.; Titgemeyer, E. C.; etitgeme; tnagaraj; mmiesner; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; Nagaraja, Tiruvoor G.; Miesner, Matt D.; Saed Samii, Sina; Wallace, N.; Engstrom, M. A.; Armendariz, C. K.; Engstrom, M. A.
Previous in vitro data showed that Fusobacterium necrophorum was inhibited by limonene. We further evaluated effects of limonene on growth of F. necrophorum in vitro as well as on ruminal concentrations of F. necrophorum in vivo. With in vitro cultivation in anaerobic brain-heart infusion broth, limonene decreased growth of F. necrophorum. Thymol also reduced growth of F. necrophorum, but it was less effective than limonene. Tylosin effectively reduced growth of F. necrophorum in vitro. Although the response over fermentation times and concentrations of antimicrobials differed somewhat between tylosin and limonene, the 2 antimicrobial agents yielded similar inhibitory effects on growth of F. necrophorum at concentrations ranging from 6 to 24 mg/L. The effects of limonene on ruminal F. necrophorum concentration in vivo were tested in 7 ruminally cannulated heifers (225 kg initial BW) used in a 7 × 4 Youden square design. Treatments included: 1) control, 2) limonene at 10 mg/kg diet DM, 3) limonene at 20 mg/kg diet DM, 4) limonene at 40 mg/kg diet DM, 5) limonene at 80 mg/kg diet DM, 6) CRINA-L (a blend of essential oil components) at 180 mg/kg diet DM, and 7) tylosin at 12 mg/kg diet DM. Each period included 11 d with 10 d washouts between periods. Samples of ruminal contents were collected before treatment initiation and after 4, 7, and 10 d of treatment for measuring F. necrophorum by the most probable number method using selective culture medium. Limonene linearly decreased (P = 0.03) ruminal F. necrophorum concentration, with the lowest concentration achieved with 40 mg of limonene/kg dietary DM. Limonene tended (P ? 0.07) to linearly reduce ruminal molar proportions of propionate and valerate while tending to linearly increase (P ? 0.10) those of butyrate and 2-methyl butyrate. Limonene did not affect ruminal NH3 concentrations or degradation rates of lysine. Neither CRINA-L (P = 0.52) nor tylosin (P = 0.19) affected ruminal F. necrophorum concentrations. CRINA-L significantly decreased ruminal concentrations of NH3 and molar proportions of 3-methyl butyrate, whereas tylosin significantly decreased molar proportions of propionate while increasing those of butyrate and tending to increase those of acetate. Limonene supplementation reduced ruminal concentrations of F. necrophorum suggesting that it may have the potential to reduce the prevalence of liver abscesses, although further research is needed to assess the effect of limonene in feedlot cattle. © 2016 American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved.
Open Access
Effects of wheat source and particle size in meal and pelleted diets on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and nutrient digestibility
De Jong, Jon A.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; Goodband, Robert D.; Paulk, C. B.; Woodworth, Jason C.; Jones, Cassandra K.; Stark, Charles R.; jderouch; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jwoodworth; jonesc; crstark; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; Goodband, Robert D.; Woodworth, Jason C.; Jones, Cassandra K.; Stark, Charles R.; De Jong, Jon A.; Paulk, C. B.
Two experiments were conducted to test the effects of wheat source and particle size in meal and pelleted diets on finishing pig performance, carcass characteristics, and diet digestibility. In Exp. 1, pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; n = 288; initially 43.8 kg BW) were balanced by initial BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 3 treatments with 8 pigs per pen (4 barrows and 4 gilts) and 12 pens per treatment. The 3 dietary treatments were hard red winter wheat ground with a hammer mill to 728, 579, or 326 ?m, respectively. From d 0 to 40, decreasing wheat particle size decreased (linear, P < 0.033) ADFI but improved (quadratic, P < 0.014) G:F. From d 40 to 83, decreasing wheat particle size increased (quadratic, P < 0.018) ADG and improved (linear, P < 0.002) G:F. Overall from d 0 to 83, reducing wheat particle size improved (linear, P < 0.002) G:F. In Exp. 2, pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; n = 576; initially 43.4 ± 0.02 kg BW) were used to determine the effects of wheat source and particle size of pelleted diets on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics. Pigs were randomly allotted to pens, and pens of pigs were balanced by initial BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 12 replications per treatment and 8 pigs/pen. The experimental diets used the same wheat–soybean meal formulation, with the 6 treatments using hard red winter or soft white winter wheat that were processed to 245, 465, and 693 ?m and 258, 402, and 710 ?m, respectively. All diets were pelleted. Overall, feeding hard red winter wheat increased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI when compared with soft white winter wheat. There was a tendency (P < 0.10) for a quadratic particle size × wheat source interaction for ADG, ADFI, and both DM and GE digestibility, as they were decreased for pigs fed 465-?m hard red winter wheat and were greatest for pigs fed 402-?m soft white winter wheat. There were no main or interactive effects of particle size or wheat source on carcass characteristics. In summary, fine grinding hard red winter wheat fed in meal form improved G:F and nutrient digestibility, whereas reducing particle size of wheat from approximately 700 to 250 ?m in pelleted diets did not influence growth or carcass traits. Finally, feeding hard red winter wheat improved ADG and ADFI compared with feeding soft white winter wheat. © 2016 American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved.
Open Access
Use of electromyography to detect muscle exhaustion in finishing barrows fed ractopamine HCl
Noel, Jere Annabella; Broxterman, R. M.; McCoy, G. M.; Craig, J. C.; Phelps, K. J.; Burnett, D. D.; Vaughn, M. A.; Barstow, Thomas J.; O'Quinn, Travis G.; Woodworth, Jason C.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Rozell, Timothy G.; Gonzalez, John M.; jwoodworth; tbarsto; jderouch; trozell; johngonz; Woodworth, Jason C.; Barstow, Thomas J.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Rozell, Timothy; Gonzalez, John M.; Noel, Jere Annabella; Broxterman, R. M.; McCoy, G. M.; Craig, J. C.; Phelps, K. J.; Burnett, D. D.
The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of dietary ractopamine HCl (RAC) on muscle fiber characteristics and electromyography (EMG) measures of finishing barrow exhaustion when barrows were subjected to increased levels of activity. Barrows (n = 34; 92 +/- 2 kg initial BW) were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: a conventional swine finishing diet containing 0 mg/kg ractopamine HCl (CON) or a diet formulated to meet the requirements of finishing barrows fed 10 mg/kg RAC (RAC+). After 32 d on feed, barrows were individually moved around a track at 0.79 m/s until subjectively exhausted. Wireless EMG sensors were affixed to the deltoideus (DT), triceps brachii lateral head (TLH), tensor fasciae latae (TFL), and semitendinosus (ST) muscles to measure median power frequency (MdPF) and root mean square (RMS) as indicators of action potential conduction velocity and muscle fiber recruitment, respectively. After harvest, samples of each muscle were collected for fiber type, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and capillary density analysis. Speed was not different (P = 0.82) between treatments, but RAC+ barrows reached subjective exhaustion earlier and covered less distance than CON barrows (P < 0.01). There were no treatment x muscle interactions or treatment effects for end-point MdPF values (P > 0.29). There was a treatment x muscle interaction (P = 0.04) for end-point RMS values. The RAC diet did not change end-point RMS values in the DT or TLH (P > 0.37); however, the diet tended to decrease and increase end-point RMS in the ST and TFL, respectively (P < 0.07). There were no treatment x muscle interactions for fiber type, SDH, or capillary density measures (P > 0.10). Muscles of RAC+ barrows tended to have less type I fibers and more capillaries per fiber (P < 0.07). Type I and IIA fibers of RAC+ barrows were larger (P < 0.07). Compared with all other muscles, the ST had more (P < 0.01) type IIB fibers and larger type I, IIA, and IIX fibers (P < 0.01). Type I, IIA, and IIX fibers of the ST also contained less SDH compared with the other muscles (P < 0.01). Barrows fed a RAC diet had increased time to subjective exhaustion due to loss of active muscle fibers in the ST, possibly due to fibers being larger and less oxidative in metabolism. Size increases in type I and IIA fibers with no change in oxidative capacity could also contribute to early exhaustion of RAC+ barrows. Overall, EMG technology can measure real-time muscle fiber loss to help explain subjective exhaustion in barrows.
Open Access
Molecular aspects of β, β-carotene-9′, 10′-oxygenase 2 in carotenoid metabolism and diseases
(2016-07-07) Wu, Lei; Guo, Xin; Wang, Weiqun; Medeiros, Denis M.; Clarke, Stephen L.; Lucas, Edralin A.; Smith, Brenda J.; Lin, Dingbo; wwang; Wang, Weiqun
Carotenoids, the carotenes and xanthophylls, are essential components in human nutrition. β, β-carotene-9′, 10′-oxygenase 2 (BCO2), also named as β, β-carotene-9′, 10'-dioxygenase 2 (BCDO2) catalyzes the asymmetrical cleavage of carotenoids, whereas β, β-carotene-15, 15′-monooxygenase (BCMO1) conducts the symmetrical cleavage of pro-vitamin A carotenoids into retinoid. Unlike BCMO1, BCO2 has a broader substrate specificity and has been considered an alternative way to produce vitamin A. In contrast to BCMO1, a cytoplasmic protein, BCO2 is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The difference in cellular compartmentalization may reflect the different substrate specificity and physiological functions with respect to BCMO1 and BCO2. The BCO2 gene mutations are proven to be associated with yellow color of skin and fat tissue and milk in livestock. Mutation in intron 2 of BCO2 gene is also supposed to be related to the expression of IL-18, a pro-inflammatory cytokine associated with obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes. Further, BCO2 is associated with the development of mitochondrial oxidative stress, macular degeneration, anemia, and hepatic steatosis. This review of the literature will mostly address recent updates regarding the role of BCO2 in carotenoid metabolism, and discuss the potential impacts of BCO2 protein and the mutations in mammalian diseases.
Open Access
Effect of various dietary fats on fatty acid profile in duck liver: Efficient conversion of short-chain to long-chain omega-3 fatty acids
(2016-08-10) Chen, Xi; Du, Xue; Shen, Jianliang; Lu, Lizhi; Wang, Weiqun; wwang; Chen, Xi; Wang, Weiqun
Omega-3 fatty acids, especially long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, have been associated with potential health benefits for chronic disease prevention. Our previous studies found that dietary omega-3 fatty acids could accumulate in the meat and eggs in a duck model. This study was to reveal the effects of various dietary fats on fatty acid profile and conversion of omega-3 fatty acids in duck liver. Female Shan Partridge Ducks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments, each consisting of 6 replicates of 30 birds. The experimental diets substituted the basal diet by 2% of flaxseed oil, rapeseed oil, beef tallow, or fish oil, respectively. In addition, a dose response study was further conducted for flaxseed and fish oil diets at 0.5%, 1%, and 2%, respectively. At the end of the five-week treatment, fatty acids were extracted from the liver samples and analyzed by GC-FID. As expected, the total omega-3 fatty acids and the ratio of total omega-3/omega-6 significantly increased in both flaxseed and fish oil groups when compared with the control diet. No significant change of total saturated fatty acids or omega-3 fatty acids was found in both rapeseed and beef tallow groups. The dose response study further indicated that 59Ð81% of the short-chain omega-3 ALA in flaxseed oil-fed group was efficiently converted to long-chain DHA in the duck liver, whereas 1% of dietary flaxseed oil could produce an equivalent level of DHA as 0.5% of dietary fish oil. The more omega-3 fatty acids, the less omega-6 fatty acids in the duck liver. Taken together, this study showed the fatty acid profiling in the duck liver after various dietary fat consumption, provided insight into a dose response change of omega-3 fatty acids, indicated an efficient conversion of short- to long-chain omega-3 fatty acid, and suggested alternative long-chain omega-3 fatty acid-enriched duck products for human health benefits.
Open Access
Reduced signaling of PI3K-Akt and RAS-MAPK pathways is the key target for weight-loss-induced cancer prevention by dietary calorie restriction and/or physical activity
(2014-12-01) Standard, Joseph; Jiang, Yu; Yu, Miao; Su, Xiaoyu; Zhao, Zhihui; Xu, Jianteng; Chen, Jie; King, Brenee; Lu, Lizhi; Tomich, John; Baybutt, Richard; Wang, Weiqun; jtomich; wwang; Standard, Joseph; Jiang, Yu; Yu, Miao; Su, Xiaoyu; Xu, Jianteng; Chen, Jie; King, Brenee; Tomich, John; Wang, Weiqun
Weight control through either dietary calorie restriction (DCR) or exercise has been associated with cancer prevention in animal models. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully defined. Bioinformatics using genomics, proteomics and lipidomics was employed to elucidate the molecular targets of weight control in a mouse skin cancer model. SENCAR mice were randomly assigned into four groups for 10 weeks: ad-libitum-fed sedentary control, ad-libitum-fed exercise (AE), exercise but pair-fed isocaloric amount of control (PE) and 20% DCR. Two hours after topical TPA treatment, skin epidermis was analyzed by Affymetrix for gene expression, DIGE for proteomics and lipidomics for phospholipids. Body weights were significantly reduced in both DCR and PE but not AE mice versus the control. Among 39,000 transcripts, 411, 67 and 110 genes were significantly changed in DCR, PE and AE, respectively. The expression of genes relevant to PI3K-Akt and Ras-MAPK signaling was effectively reduced by DCR and PE but not AE as measured through GenMAPP software. Proteomics analysis identified ~120 proteins, with 27 proteins significantly changed by DCR, including up-regulated apolipoprotein A-1, a key antioxidant protein that decreases Ras-MAPK activity. Of the total 338 phospholipids analyzed by lipidomics, 57 decreased by PE including 5 phophatidylinositol species that serve as PI3K substrates. Although a full impact has not been determined yet, it appears that the reduction of both Ras-MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways is a cancer preventive target that has been consistently demonstrated by three bioinformatics approaches.
Open Access
Characterisation and stability of anthocyanins in purple-fleshed sweet potato P40
(2015-11-1) Xu, Jianteng; Su, Xiaoyu; Lim, Soyoung; Griffin, Jason; Carey, Edward E.; Katz, Benjamin; Tomich, John; Smith, J. Scott; Wang, Weiqun; jgriffin; jtomich; jsschem; wwang; Xu, Jianteng; Su, Xiaoyu; Lim, Soyoung; Griffin, Jason; Katz, Benjamin; Tomich, John; Smith, J. Scott; Wang, Weiqun
Purple-fleshed sweet potato P40 has been shown to prevent colorectal cancer in a murine model. This study is to identify anthocyanins by using HPLC/MS–MS and assess the stability during various cooking conditions. P40 possesses a high content of anthocyanins up to 14 mg/g dry matter. Total 12 acylated anthocyanins are identified. Top three anthocyanins, e.g., cyanidin 3-caffeoyl-p-hydroxybenzoyl sophoroside-5-glucoside, peonidin 3-caffeoyl sophoroside-5-glucoside, and cyanidin 3-(6″-caffeoyl-6″-feruloylsophoroside)-5-glucoside, account for half of the anthocyanin contents. Over 80% of anthocyanins measured by acid hydrolysis were cyanidin derivatives, indicating P40 is unique when compared with other purple-fleshed sweet potatoes that usually contain more peonidin than cyanidin. Steaming, pressure cooking, microwaving, and frying but not baking significantly reduced 8–16% of total anthocyanin contents. Mono-acylated anthocyanins showed a higher resistance against heat than di- and non-acylated. Among of which, cyanidin 3-p-hydroxybenzoylsophoroside-5-glucoside exhibited the best thermal stability. The stable acylated and cyanidin-predominated anthocyanins in P40 may provide extra benefits for cancer prevention.
Open Access
Identification and quantification of anthocyanins in transgenic purple tomato
Su, Xiaoyu; Xu, Jianteng; Rhodes, Davina; Shen, Yanting; Song, Weixing; Katz, Benjamin; Tomich, John; Wang, Weiqun; weixing; jtomich; wwang; Su, Xiaoyu; Xu, Jianteng; Rhodes, Davina; Shen, Yanting; Song, Weixing; Katz, Benjamin; Tomich, John; Wang, Weiqun
Anthocyanins are natural pigments derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. Most tomatoes produce little anthocyanins, but the transgenic purple tomato biosynthesizes a high level of anthocyanins due to expression of two transcription factors (Del and Ros1). This study was to identify and quantify anthocyanins in this transgenic tomato line. Seven anthocyanins, including two new anthocyanins [malvidin-3-(p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside and malvidin-3-(feruloyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside], were identified by LC-MS/MS. Petunidin-3-(trans-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside and delphinidin-3-(trans-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside were the most abundant anthocyanins, making up 86% of the total anthocyanins. Compared to undetectable anthocyanins in the wild type, the contents of anthocyanins in the whole fruit, peel, and flesh of the Del/Ros1-transgenic tomato were 5.2 ± 0.5, 5.1 ± 0.5, and 5.8 ± 0.3 g/kg dry matter, respectively. Anthocyanins were undetectable in the seeds of both wide-type and transgenic tomato lines. Such novel and high levels of anthocyanins obtained in this transgenic tomato may provide unique functional products with potential health benefits.
Open Access
Hypothalamic mitochondria in energy homeostasis and obesity
(2016-03-04) Guo, Xin; Wu, Lei; Wang, Weiqun; Medeiros, Denis M.; Clarke, Stephen; Lucas, Edralin; Smith, Brenda; Chowanadisai, Winyoo; Lin, Dingbo; wwang
Obesity, which is largely due to energy imbalance, has emerged as one of the most serious health issues in the world. The hypothalamus is the most important organ to regulate feeding behavior and energy expenditure through nutrient sensing and signal integration from central and peripheral pathways. As the main organelle to produce energy, mitochondria play a critical role in energy homeostasis from the organelle level. Besides providing a platform for the oxidation of fuel substrates, mitochondria are also involved in a variety of cell signaling pathways and modulate energy homeostasis through mitochondrial dynamics. Mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to obesity due to inadequate ATP production, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation. ?, ?-carotene-9’,10’-oxygenase2 (BCO2) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the asymmetric cleavage of both provitamin A and non-provitamin A carotenoids. This enzyme is localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane, where the electron transport chain is located. Besides the enzymatic function, BCO2 is important for mitochondrial function and is genetically associated with interleukin-18. Moreover, BCO2 protein expression is suppressed in obese and diabetic mice. Given that the important role of BCO2 in mitochondrial structure and function, and the key position of the hypothalamus in energy balance, BCO2 may play a new role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis that has been overlooked before. The mutation of BCO2 might lead to the impairment of whole body energy homeostasis through hypothalamic mitochondrial dysfunction. Here we will be presenting the updates on hypothalamic mitochondria in cellular energy homeostasis and discussing the potential of BCO2 in regulation of hypothalamic mitochondria in health and obesity.