Dairy Day, 1999
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Item Open Access Using the ovsynch protocol for prompt re-insemination of cows diagnosed open at pregnancy checks(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2011-08-02) Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; jssUsing the Ovsynch protocol to prepare cows for re-insemination proved to be very effective. Its use guarantees that all cows found open at pregnancy diagnosis are reinseminated promptly within 10 days, and the average pregnancy rate of 28.7% in 136 cows was acceptable. Pregnancy rates were not different whether or not estrus was detected in cows at the timed insemination, but they tended to be greater at second services compared to other repeat services. The Ovsynch protocol is an effective tool to use to ensure prompt re-insemination of open cows.Item Open Access Water removal from raw milk at the point of production(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2011-08-02) Cox, I.; Dingeldein, H.; Schmidt, Karen A.; kschmidtMilk processing plants are becoming fewer in number and larger in size. As a result, the distance the raw milk is transported from the point of production to the processing site increases. Because the major component in raw milk is water, the reduction of water at the production site would result in lower transportation costs as well as lower energy needs. Water can be removed from milk through a membrane filtration. This study showed that concentration of raw milk allowed for the microbes to partition into the milk solids fraction. Microbial numbers increased during refrigerated storage of this concentrated raw milk.Item Open Access Increasing pregnancy rates at first service in dairy cows exposed to high ambient temperatures before and after calving(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2011-08-02) Cartmill, J. A.; Rozell, Timothy G.; El-Zarkouny, S. Z.; Smith, John F., 1962-; Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; trozell; jfsmith; jssCows exposed to heat stress before or after calving or both are prone to reduced fertility because of reduced expression of estrus and less embryonic survival if pregnant. Cows calving on three dairy farms during the summer of 1998 were studied. First inseminations were programmed to occur between 50 and 70 days in milk using the Ovsynch protocol, which included a timed artificial insemination. Control cows were treated similarly but did not receive the second injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and were inseminated only after estrus was detected (Select Synch). The Ovsynch protocol increased pregnancy rates from 17.6 to 31.3%, because AI submission rates were 100% and conception rates were not different from those of control (Select Synch) cows.Item Open Access Changes in the textural quality of selected cheese types as a result of frozen storage(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2011-08-02) Herald, T. J.; Schmidt, Karen A.; kschmidtThe change in textural quality of cheese during frozen storage is of concern to the frozen food industry. Many food products such as frozen pizza and dinner entrees are stored at !0.5EF or below for extended periods of time. Food manufacturers have noted detrimental changes including reduced elasticity of cheese on pizza or the absence of melt in filled products. Dynamic rheological testing was used to determine the changes in Cheddar, Colby, and Mozzarella cheeses during frozen storage. Slices of cheese were tested at day 0 and after 30 days of storage at !0.5EF. Elastic attributes were measured at 40, 70, and 194EF. Results indicated that frozen storage reduced the elastic properties of all three cheeses. When cheeses were subjected to higher temperatures, the elastic properties decreased. These changes could be attributed to proteolysis, chemical composition, and component interactivity. Dynamic testing is rapid and may be a method of choice for cheese manufacturers to determine shelf life and quality.Item Open Access Relocation and expansion planning for dairy producers(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2011-08-02) Smith, John F., 1962-; Harner, Joseph P.; Armstrong, D. V.; Gamroth, M. J.; Meyer, M. J.; Boomer, G.; Bethard, G.; Putnam, D.; Brouk, Michael J.; jfsmith; jharner; mbroukRelocating or expanding a dairy facility requires a tremendous amount of time and planning. Owners or managers of dairies will go through a number of steps including: 1) developing a business plan; 2) choosing a design process; 3) developing specifications; 4) selecting location/site; 5) obtaining permits/ legal; 6) obtaining bids; 7) selecting contractors; 8) buying cattle; 9) purchasing feeds; 10) financing; 11) managing construction; 12) hiring and training employees; 13) developing management protocols for the dairy; and 14) managing information flow. The dairy can be divided into these components: 1) milking parlor; 2) cow housing; 3) special needs facility (e.g., hospital, closeups); 4) replacement heifer housing; 5) manure management system; and 6) feed center. This article will focus on milking parlors, cow housing, grouping strategies, and site selection.Item Open Access Supplemental progesterone increases pregnancy rates and embryo survival in lactating dairy cows(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2011-08-02) El-Zarkouny, S. Z.; Cartmill, J. A.; Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; jssAdministering progesterone to lactating dairy cows has sometimes proven effective in increasing pregnancy rates. In this study, cows were treated with the Ovsynch protocol in addition to supplemental progesterone given for 7 days between the first gonadotropin- releasing hormone (GnRH) injection and the prostaglandin F2á (PGF2á) injection. Conception rates were greater in lactating Holstein dairy cows receiving exogenous progesterone (62.5%) than in controls treated with only the Ovsynch protocol (35.5%). In addition, progesterone supplementation increased embryo survival between 28 and 56 days of pregnancy.Item Open Access Nutrient analysis of sandladen dairy manure(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2011-08-02) Strahm, T.; Harner, Joseph P.; Key, David V.; Murphy, James P.; jharner; jmurphyNine concrete storage basins were sampled on Kansas dairies and analyzed for nutrient content of sand-laden dairy manure. The manure average 75% moisture content during the three sampling periods. The average total nitrogen, phosphate, and potash were 9.7, 4.6, and 7.4 lb/ton, respectively. The data collected from the basin indicated that when the scraped manure from a dairy is applied at an agronomic rate of 15 tons or less per acre, accumulation of nutrients should be minimal, in particular phosphorus. The manure value was $3 to $4 per ton depending on whether commercial sources of phosphorus normally would be applied to the cropland.Item Open Access Labor requirements for handling manure from concrete basins(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2011-08-02) Harner, Joseph P.; Strahm, T.; Key, David V.; Strahm, T. L.; jharnerTime requirements for loading a manure spreader and traveling to and from the field varied from 20 to 30 min per load. However, standardizing the data showed that 5 to 7 min were required per 1,000 gal (9,000 lb). The preliminary results of the time motion data indicate about 30 min per cow per year are required for handling manure from a concrete storage basin. These results were consistent among the four dairies evaluated, even though differences existed in operating procedures. These results enable dairy producers to assess labor and equipment needs for performing the various operations associated with hauling manure from a concrete storage basin.Item Open Access Pregnancy rates in dairy cattle after three different, timed, breeding protocols(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2011-08-02) Cartmill, J. A.; El-Zarkouny, S. Z.; Lamb, G. C.; Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; jssSynchronizing ovulation enables dairy producers to inseminate cows by appointment rather than after detected estrus. Three different, timed artificial insemination protocols using different combinations of prostaglandin F2alpha and gonadotropin-releasing hormone were used to synchronize ovulation in 702 lactating Holstein cows. Cyclicity, pregnancy rate, and embryonic survival rate from each treatment were compared. Our results indicate that all three treatments produced acceptable pregnancy rates in first lactation cows. However, for cows in their second or greater lactation, the treatment using prostaglandin F2alpha 12 days before the Ovsynch protocol improved pregnancy rates more than the other two.Item Open Access Effects of temperature and humidity on cow respiration rates in three Kansas and two Nebraska freestall barns(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2011-08-02) Harner, Joseph P.; Smith, John F., 1962-; Brouk, Michael J.; mbrouk; jharner; jfsmithTemperatures and humidities outside and inside freestall barns and cow respiration rates were monitored on three Kansas and two Nebraska commercial dairy farms during the summer of 1999. All farms had 4-row freestall buildings with different cooling systems. The first Kansas barn could be cooled naturally and mechanically using evaporative cooling pads located on the east and west walls. The second Kansas barn was ventilated naturally by manually lowering the sidewall curtains and without sprinkling or ventilation systems. The third Kansas barn was ventilated naturally and equipped with fans located over the freestalls and feed-line sprinklers. The first Nebraska barn was ventilated naturally and equipped with a sprinkler system over the feed line and fans over the freestalls. The second Nebraska barn was ventilated mechanically using evaporative cooling, fans installed over the freestalls, and a sprinkler system over the feed line. Evaporative cooling did not favorably modify the barn environment. It increased or decreased humidity and offset the effect of a lower barn temperatures, resulting in greater respiration rates of cows and overall less cow comfort than other systems that provided fans or sprinklers or both.Item Open Access Performance of lactating dairy cattle housed in two-row freestall barns equipped with three different cooling systems(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2011-07-22) Smith, John F., 1962-; Harner, Joseph P.; Pulkrabek, B. J.; McCarty, D. T.; Brouk, Michael J.; Shirley, John E.; mbrouk; jfsmith; jharner; jshirleyOne hundred fifty-nine Holstein cows (66 primiparous and 93 multiparous) were assigned to each of three different cooling systems installed in two-row freestall barns on a northeast Kansas dairy. One barn was equipped with a row of five 48-inch fans mounted every 40 ft over the freestalls and a row of 10 36-inch fans mounted every 20 ft over the cow feed line. Another barn was equipped with five 48-inch fans mounted over the freestalls. Both of these barns were also equipped with identical sprinkler systems mounted over the feed line. The third barn was equipped with a row of five 48-inch fans mounted over the freestalls. In addition to the sprinklers over the feed line, additional sprinklers were mounted on the back alley of the third barn. Data were collected for an 85- day period to evaluate the three systems under heat stress during the summer of 1999. Cows cooled with these three systems produced similar amounts of milk and consumed nearly equal amounts of feed. Summer heat stress generally reduces milk production 20%, if cooling systems are not installed. Based on this estimated loss, these systems returned over $10,000/pen/year above ownership and operational cost. These results indicated that effective cooling in a two-row freestall barn includes a sprinkler system on the feed line and properly sized and spaced fans over the freestalls.Item Open Access Performance of lactating dairy cattle housed in a four-row freestall barn equipped with three different cooling systems(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2011-07-22) Smith, John F., 1962-; Harner, Joseph P.; Pulkrabek, B. J.; McCarty, D. T.; Brouk, Michael J.; Shirley, John E.; mbrouk; jfsmith; jharner; jshirleyNinety-three multiparous Holstein cows averaging 130 days in milk (DIM) were utilized to evaluate three cooling treatments installed in separate pens of a four-row freestall barn in northeast Kansas during the summer of 1999. Treatments were: 1) a double row of 36-inch fans spaced at 24-ft intervals over the freestalls; 2) a single row of 36-inch fans spaced at 24-ft intervals over the freestalls and over the cow feed line; and 3) a double row of 36-inch fans spaced at 24-ft intervals over the freestalls and a single row over the feed line. Each pen was equipped with identical sprinkler systems over the cow feed line. The 85-day study evaluated milk production, body condition score, respiration rate, and feed intake of cows cooled with the systems. Cows cooled with fans over the freestalls and feed line produced more (P< .05) milk (98.8 vs 93.9 lb/cow/day) than those cooled with fans only over the freestalls. Milk production was similar for cows cooled with fans over the freestalls and feed line, and doubling the number of fans over the freestalls had no apparent advantage. Cows in all treatments consumed similar amounts of feed, and those cooled only by fans over the freestalls tended to gain more body condition than cows in the other two treatments. Estimated increase in net income realized from using these cooling systems ranged from $3,500-6,100/year/pen.Item Open Access The use of somatic cell counts to identify cows with subclinical mastitis at calving(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2011-07-22) Sargeant, J. M.; Pulkrabek, B. J.; Scheffel, Michael V.; Park, A. F.; Shirley, John E.; jshirley; scheffelThe dynamics of somatic cell counts during the first 10 days in milk were compared among udder quarters of cows with intra-mammary infection at the time of calving and those with no infection present. The study group consisted of 81 cows calving at the Kansas State University dairy research herd between July of 1998 and February of 1999. Cows with an intramammary infection had greater, average, somatic cell counts at calving, and this difference continued throughout the 10-day period. Using a breakpoint of 1,000,000 somatic cells/ml at calving to select animals for culture would have correctly selected 81% of the quarters that were actually infected with major mastitis pathogens.Item Open Access Evaluation of wet corn gluten feed as an ingredient in diets for lactating dairy cows(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2011-07-22) VanBaale, M. J.; Scheffel, Michael V.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; Shirley, John E.; jshirley; scheffel; etitgemeThirty-two Holstein cows were used in two 2×2 Latin squares with 28-day periods to evaluate the effect of including wet corn gluten feed in diets for lactating dairy cows. Wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) was fed to cows housed in freestalls at 20% of the diet dry matter. Cows fed WCGF consumed more dry matter, and produced more milk and more energy-corrected milk than cows fed the control diet. Production efficiency was not different between diets. The percentages of fat and protein in milk were not different between diets, but yields of all milk components were improved by including WCGF in the diet. Body weight and condition score were not affected by treatment. Plasma glucose, total amino acids, and urea nitrogen were similar between cows fed the control and WCGF diets. WCGF is an excellent feed for lactating dairy cows when included in the diet at 20% of the dry matter. Further studies are warranted to determine the upper limits of its dietary inclusion.Item Open Access Effect of protein level in prepartum diets on postpartum performance of dairy cows(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2011-07-22) Park, A. F.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; Scheffel, Michael V.; Meyer, M. J.; Shirley, John E.; jshirley; etitgeme; scheffelSeventy-five Holstein cows were used in a randomized complete block design to determine the level of dietary protein required to support metabolic functions and maintain body reserves during the periparturient period and subsequent lactation. Cows fed the 14.7% protein diet prepartum had a more ideal body condition score during the entire prepartum and postpartum periods. During the first 90 days of lactation, few consistent differences occurred among prepartum diets for milk production, but the response to rbST was greatest for cows fed 11.7, 13.7 or 14.7% protein prepartum. Full 305-day lactation records showed the most milk, fat, and protein for cows consuming 13.7 or 14.7% protein prepartum. Results of our study indicate that using 13.7 to 14.7% crude protein with approximately 45% undegradable protein in the close-up diet for dairy cattle produces beneficial outcomes during the subsequent lactation.Item Open Access Extruded-expelled cottonseed meal with lint at a source of rumen undegradable protein for lactating dairy cows(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2011-07-22) Meyer, M. J.; Shirley, E. C.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; Scheffel, Michael V.; Park, A. F.; jshirley; etitgeme; scheffelTwenty-four pluriparous Holstein cows were used in six 4×4 Latin squares to evaluate the value of extruded-expelled cottonseed meal (EECM) with lint as a source of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) for lactating dairy cows. Cows were fed diets typical of those used by commercial dairies with all the cereal grain supplied as corn. Tallow was used to balance the fat level across diets. Experimental diets were: solvent soybean meal (16% CP:35% RUP)=SBM 16-35; solvent soybean meal (18% CP:35% RUP)= SBM 18-35; extruded-expelled cottonseed meal (16% CP:40% RUP)=EC16-40; bloodmeal/ fishmeal (16% CP:40% RUP)=BMFM 16-40. Average milk production was approximately 82 lbs and did not differ among treatments. Cows fed BMFM 16-40 consumed less dry matter than cows fed the other diets and were more efficient in converting feed to milk. No difference was observed in body weight gain among treatments. Percentages of milk fat and protein were similar, but percentage of lactose was less in milk from cows fed BMFM 16-40. Urea nitrogen was highest in milk from cows fed SBM 18-35. Increasing RUP from 35 to 40% of the dietary protein tended to depress dry matter intake with no effect on milk production, whereas efficiency of milk production increased. The casein fraction of milk protein was not affected by diet, but the nonprotein nitrogen fraction was greater in milk from cows fed SBM 18-35. Feed costs/cwt milk were $4.24, $4.29, $3.98 and $5.18 for SBM 16-35, SBM 18-35, EC 16-40, and BMFM 16-40, respectively, based on commodity prices in northeast Kansas. Extruded-expelled cottonseed meal with lint is an acceptable source of rumen undegradable protein for lactating dairy cows.Item Open Access Effects of rumensin and bovatec on growth, feed intake, and feed efficiency in dairy calves(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2011-07-22) Isch, J. A.; Scheffel, Michael V.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; Thomas, E. C.; Shirley, John E.; jshirley; scheffel; etitgemeOne hundred Holstein heifers were used to examine the effects of monensin (Rumensin®) and lasalocid (Bovatec®) included in calf starter and grower diets. Heifers were assigned alternately at birth to a starter feed containing either Rumensin (28 g/ton, 90% dry matter basis) or Bovatec (40 g/ton, 90% dry matter basis). The Bovatec group was switched to a starter feed containing 28 g Bovatec/ton (90% dry matter basis) at 6 weeks of age. Both groups were switched at 8 weeks of age to grower diets designed to deliver 100 mg/head/day of either Rumensin or Bovatec. No treatment differences were observed between birth and 8 weeks of age. Heifers were moved from individual hutches at 8 weeks of age to group pens (five heifers/pen) and remained on the same treatment for the next 84 days. During this 84-day period, heifers receiving Rumensin gained more weight at a faster rate and tended to be more efficient than heifers fed Bovatec. No differences were observed in feed intake, skeletal growth as measured by hip height, or body condition score.Item Open Access Effects of processing and fat removal on the value of cottonseed in diets for lactating dairy cows(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2011-07-22) Meyer, M. J.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; Scheffel, Michael V.; Park, A. F.; Shirley, John E.; jshirley; etitgeme; scheffelEighteen Holstein cows were used in six simultaneous 3×3 Latin squares to determine the value of extruded-expelled cottonseed meal with lint as a replacement for whole cottonseed in diets for lactating dairy cows. Diets were: 1) WCS=whole cottonseed; 2) EC+T=extruded-expelled cottonseed meal with tallow; and 3) EC=extruded-expelled cottonseed meal. Diets were formulated to contain 17.5% CP and 40% RUP. Tallow or shelled corn was used to balance energy across diets. No differences were observed in dry matter intake, milk production, or feed efficiency among diets. Cows fed EC produced milk with a slightly higher protein percentage. Feed costs per cwt of milk were $4.17, $4.19, and $4.11 for WCS, EC+T, and EC, respectively. Extruded-expelled cottonseed meal with lint can replace whole cottonseed in diets for lactating dairy cows, if the diet is balanced for energy with either corn grain or tallow.
