Cattlemen's Day, 1988

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Open Access
The effect of alfalfa weevil control on alfalfa hay yield and quality
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-12-01) Ritter, B.; Bauernfeind, B.
A 2-year-old, irriagated alfalfa field was left untreated or treated with ¼ lb, ½ lb, or 1 lb of Furadan® per acre on April 5, 1986. Alfalfa weevil populations were determined 2,9,16 and 23 days post-spraying. Forage samples were collected at about the 1/10 bloom stage of maturity. All three Furadan levels provided excellent weevil control up to 23 days post-spraying, and all resulted in an increase in dry matter yield. But only the yield of the 1 lb./A. treatment was significantly (P<.15) greater than the untreated forage (1.97 vs. 2.44 tons/A). There was no difference in nutrient composition between the untreated and treated forage. All Furadan treatment resulted in a net economic gain per acre. In this study, between ½ lb and 1 lb Furadan per acre resulted in the greatest weevil control and economic return per acre.
Open Access
Effect of enzyme and inoculant additives on preservation and feeding value of wheat and forage sorghum silages
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-12-01) Laytimi, A.; Bolsen, K.; Schurhammer, J.; Kirch, B.
Enzyme and inoculant additives produced more efficiently preserved wheat and forage sorghum silages and improved their feeding value. In general, treated silages had lower pH, acetic acid, and ammonia-nitrogen values and higher lactic acid and lactic to acetic acid ratios than untreated silages. In two of the three trials, cell wall and acid detergent fiber fractions were lower in treated than untreated silages. In Trial 2, the treated sorghum silages were extremely unstable in air and cattle performance was similar for control and treated silages. In Trial 3, gains and feed conversions in steers were improved for those fed treated forage sorghum silages.
Open Access
Yield, chemical composition, and feeding value of winter cereal silages and hays: A 3 year study
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-12-01) Azimi, S.; Bolsen, K.; Laytimi, A.; Esmail, S.H.M.; Hoover, J.; Ye, Q.K.
Three trials were conducted to compare silage and hay yields and feeding values of winter cereal foraged harvested in the boot and dough stages of maturity. Included were triticale; common rye; Kanby barley; and Centurk, Arkan, and Bounty 205 wheats. As expected, forage dry matter (DM) yields were higher at the dough stage then boot stage, and silage yields tended to be higher than those for hay. In Trials 2 and 3 (1986-87), barley and rye forage yields were lower than wheat yields. In all three years, wet weather conditions made hay-making difficult. In Trial 1, cattle performance from dough stage wheat (Centurk) and triticale, both silages and hays, was very poor, with daily gains from .9 to 1.2 lb and DM intakes below 2.0% of body weight. Triticale and Centurk wheat forages were high in fiber, and their dough silages had low intakes and digestibilities. Digestion trial results indicated that Arkan and Bounty wheats, Kanby barley, and rye generally had higher feeding values at the boot stage than at the dough stage, and that how well the silage or hay was preserved was a major factor influencing final feeding values.
Open Access
Selecting forage sorghum cultivars for silage
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) White, J.; Bolsen, K.; Kirch, B.; Pfaff, L.
Eighty forage sorghum cultivars were compared in 1986 for agronomic and silage quality traits. Silage yield ranged from 5.3 to 10.0 tons (t) of dry matter (DM) per acre (mean, 7.4 t); grain yield, from 13 to 113 bushels (bu) per acre (mean, 66 bu). Percent lodging was extremely high, with a mean of 51% and only one cultivar free of lodging. Pre-ensiled DM content ranged from 22.2 to 35.4% (mean, 27.4%) and plant height from 85 to 180 inches (mean, 121 inches). Silage quality results showed that in vitro DM digestibility ranged from 44.6 to 62.1% (mean, 53%); crude protein from 4.5 to 8.2% (mean, 6.8%); neutral detergent fiber from 48.3 to 71.9% (mean, 58.4%); and acid detergent fiber from 27.1 to 49.8% (mean, 35.7%). From the 80 cultivars in 1986, 60 were selected for the 1987 trial. When compared to 1986, the 1987 means showed slightly lower silage (7.0 t) and grain (63 bu) yields and much shorter plants (93 inches). Lodging scores were dramatically lower in 1987 (10%), and DM content was higher (29.1%). The year to year effect influenced all of the agronomic traits measured. The 1986 growing season favored the early maturing forage sorghums, whereas 1987 favored the late maturing cultivars.
Open Access
Relationship between agronomic and silage quality traits of forage sorghum cultivars
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) White, J.; Bolsen, K.; Kirch, B.
Results from two trials evaluating 11 forage sorghums as silage crops indicated that silage quality traits of voluntary intake, digestibility, and crude protein content were linearly associated with the agronomic characteristics of days to half bloom and plant height. Intake was negatively associated with plant height (r = -.49); digestibility was negatively associated with days to half bloom (r = -.39) and plant height (r = -.49); and crude protein was negatively associated with days to half bloom (r = - .51) and plant height (r = -. 71). Within the same cultivar, but between years, voluntary intake varied by as much as 30 percent, digestibility by 13 percent, and protein content by 12.5 percent. Forage sorghums were also compared to grain sorghum and corn hybrids.
Open Access
Whole-plant forage and grain sorghums and corn silages for growing cattle
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Kirch, B.; Hamma, S.; Bolsen, K.; Hoover, J.; Riley, Jack G.
Two trials were conducted to determine the feeding value of whole-plant forage sorghum, grain sorghum, and corn silages, with and without 25% rolled grain sorghum added to the ration. In general, growing cattle fed corn or grain sorghum silages out-performed those fed forage sorghum silages. Only forage sorghums with moderate grain yields supported gains approaching those from grain sorghum silages. With the addition of 25% rolled grain sorghum, cattle performance from the low and medium grain-yielding forage sorghum silages was improved greatly (gains by 20 to 44%, dry matter intake by 12 to 17%, feed conversion by 4 to 25%). Adding 25%grain to the moderate grain-yielding forage sorghum hybrid rations increased cattle gains to a level comparable to those from grain sorghum silages. These studies indicate that the grain content of a corn or sorghum silage ration is the major determinant of cattle performance, and that Whole-plant corn and grain sorghums should produce the fastest and most efficient gains in growing programs.
Open Access
Inoculant-treated corn silages for growing cattle
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Bolsen, K.; Kireh, B.; Laytimi, A.; Hoover, J.; Ilg, H.
Whole-plant corn silages were treated with Ecosyl® in one trial and Biomate4ll or Silagest® in a second trial. In both trials, the silages were well preserved and moderately stable in air during the feed-out period. Inoculated silages had slightly lower ensiling temperatures than control silages. Laboratory silo results indicated that all silages fermented extremely fast, but inoculated silages did have slightly lower pH and higher lactic acid values during the first 4 days post-filling. Calves fed inoculated silage rations tended to gain faster and more efficiently than those fed control silages. Gain per ton of crop ensiled also favored the inoculated silages.
Open Access
Effect of environmental temperature and inoculants on the fermentation of alfalfa and forage sorghum silages
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Bolsen, K.; Laytimi, A.; Nuzback, L.; Hart, R.
The inoculants, TriLac ®and Ecosyl® increased the rate and efficiency of the ensiling process in both high (50%) and low (32.5%) dry matter alfalfa, regardless of temperature. In both alfalfa trials, the inoculated silages had significantly lower pH, acetic acid, ethanol, and ammonia-nitrogen values and higher lactic acid values than their control counterparts. The inoculants worked equally well when fermentation was at 60 or 90 F. Although similar effects were obtained with forage sorghum, the differences were not as pronounced as those for the alfalfa silages.
Open Access
Effect of commercial inoculants on fermentation of 1987 silage crops
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Bolsen, K.; Laytimi, A.; Hart, R.; Nuzback, L.; Niroomand, F.; Leipold, L.; Ilg, H
Fourteen commercial silage inoculants were evaluated in 32 trials using nine different crop species harvested in 1987 and ensiled in PVC laboratory silos. Microorganism profiles of the crops showed high numbers of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in all but one trial. Most inoculants supplied relatively high numbers of LAB per gram of crop--52 of the 66 inoculant samples supplied more than 10 (100,000) viable LAB per gram. The forage crops--wheat, bromegrass, sudangrass, and alfalfa--were highly responsive to the inoculants. When compared to untreated silages, treated silages had lower pH, acetic acid, ethanol, and ammonia-nitrogen values and higher lactic acid content. In general, late summer- and early autumn- harvested row crops--corn, grain sorghum, forage sorghum, and high moisture shelled corn--ensiled rapidly, and most inoculants had limited effect on the rate and efficiency of fermentation.
Open Access
Testing feedstuffs using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS)
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Dubois, P.C.; Harbers, L.H.
Over 16 years ago, an analytical instrument was developed that could rapidly determine the concentration of organic compounds from the spectra produced by the bonding between certain molecules. The instrument is based on the principle that those molecules absorb electromagnetic radiation in the infrared region. Compounds may be quantitated by using a computer to compare absorption bands in the near-infrared spectrum to those from a large calibration set of known composition. Peaks from compounds such as water, protein, fat, and carbohydrate may be translated into nutrient components such as moisture, crude protein, crude fat, acid detergent fiber, etc. all this can be accomplished in minutes rather than the hours or days required for the routine chemical analyses presently available.
Unknown
Effect of grain source and brewer's grain on the performance and serum cholesterol concentration of finishing steers
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Goldy, G.; Riley, Jack G.
The inclusion of brewer's grains at 20% of the ration dry matter increased dry matter intake, resulting in poorer feed efficiency. Brewer's grain appeared to increase serum cholesterol. Serum cholesterol increased as days on feed increased, similar to other reported studies. Steers fed grain sorghum had greater dry matter intakes and poorer feed efficiencies than those fed barley or wheat. Analysis of tissue samples has not been completed at this time, which prohibits drawing any conclusions as to the effect on tissue cholesterol concentrations.
Open Access
Serum cholesterol concentrations in yearling bulls
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Goldy, G.; Olsen, W.; Riley, Jack G.
A wide range in serum cholesterol concentrations was observed within and between all four breeds of yearling bulls studied. The significance of this observation is unknown at this time. Addition research is necessary to determine the heritability of serum cholesterol, and the relationship between serum cholesterol of sires and the tissue cholesterol of their progeny.
Open Access
Glucose, starch, and dextrin utilization in the small intestine of steers
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Kreikemeier, K.K.; Harmon, D.L.; Avery, T.B.; Brandt, Robert T., Jr.
Glucose infused into the abomasum of Holstein steers resulted in higher arterial glucose concentrations and increased net glucose absorption than either starch or dextrin infusions. Increasing infusion rates above 20 g/hr for both starch and dextrin resulted in no further increases in net glucose absorption. Even though the enzymatic starch and dextrin hydrolysis became saturated above 25 g/hr, the amount of starch and dextrin disappearing in the small intestine increased with higher infusion rates. This was accompanied by increased volatile fatty acid concentrations in the ileal fluid with starch and dextrin infusions, but not when glucose was infused. These data support two concepts: (l) microbial fermentation is involved in small-intestinal starch disappearance and (2) starch and dextrin hydrolysis in the small intestine of steers is more rate limiting than glucose absorptive capacity.
Open Access
Evaluating the availability of nutrients for maintenance and growth in ruminants
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Gross, K.; Harmon, D.; Avery, T.
Two experiments were performed with mature wether lambs to evaluate availability of selected nutrients and volatile fatty acids for maintenance and growth. We used a technique in which known amounts of volatile fatty acids were infused into the rumen and casein into the abomasum. Sampling portal blood allowed measurement of nutrients absorbed across the gastrointestinal tract. Approximately 49, 62, and 21% of the infused acetate, propionate, and butyrate, respectively, were absorbed across the gastrointestinal tract.
Open Access
Experimental induction and monitoring of liver abscesses in cattle with ultrasonography
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Lechtenberg, K.F.; Avery, T.B.; Nagaraja, Tiruvoor G.; tnagaraj
We have demonstrated that ultrasonography can be used to visualize liver abscess in live cattle. We have also developed a nonsurgical method of catheterizing the bovine portal vein and experimentally inducing liver abscesses by inoculating the portal vein with Fusobacterium necrophorum bacteria.
Open Access
Effect of Tetronasin on frothy bloat in cattle caused by high-grain diet
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Neibarger, L.R.; Nagaraja, Tiruvoor G.; tnagaraj
Feeding Tetronasin reduced incidence of frothy bloat in cattle fed a high-grain diet. The effective dose was 0.25 mg/kg body weight when administered prior to the onset of frothy bloat. At 0.15 mg/kg body weight, the antibiotic was less effective but the degree of bloat was considerably less than that of steers fed no antibiotic. Tetronasin also reduced the severity of bloat in steers that were already bloating prior to its administration.
Open Access
Evaluation of interseeded grain sorghum and soybeans as 8 silage crop
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Esmail, S.H.M.; Bolsen, K.; Azimi, S.; Shirley, John E.
Interseeded grain sorghum and soybeans were harvested at late-boot, milk, and late-dough maturity stages of the sorghum (62, 77, and 91 days post-planting, respectively). Maximum dry matter yield occurred at the late-dough stage and interseeded silages had higher crude protein contents than the control, late-dough) grain sorghum silage. All silages underwent normal homolactic fermentations and were well preserved. Cellulose and acid detergent fiber contents were also higher in the mixtures than in the control silage, but fiber values decreased as maturity advanced. Digestibilities of most nutrients were similar in the rations, but when considered with chemical composition and yield data, late-dough harvest maximized utilization of the interseeded sorghum-soybean silage. Response to the silage inoculant Biomate® was determined in laboratory silos, and the greatest benefit occurred in the milk stage silage. Cattle fed the late-dough stage grain sorghum control silage had faster (P<.05) gains and higher intakes than those fed the late-dough sorghum-soybean silage. Adding grain improved gain and intake only for cattle fed the interseeded silage. In a subsequent trial, seeding grain sorghum and soybeans in alternating 15-inch rows increased the proportion of soybean plants and crude protein in the mixture at the late-dough harvest, with similar dry matter yields.
Open Access
Incidence of pregnancy in feedlot heifers at slaughter
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Laudert, S.B.
Nearly 83,000 heifers were observed at slaughter during 1986 and 1987 to determine their reproductive status. Slightly less than 4 percent were found to be pregnant. Highest incidences of pregnancy were found during the winter months of November through March. Lowest incidences were found during August, September. and October.
Open Access
Effect of fat source on performance and carcass quality of finishing steers
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Brandt, Robert T., Jr.
Two trials that utilized 356 steers were conducted to evaluate the effects of various fat sources (3.596 of ration dry matter) on performance and carcass traits of finishing cattle fed flaked milo diets. In trial 1, soybean oil, bleachable tallow, and yellow grease (blend of tallow and restaurant grease) were compared to a nonfat control. Feeding fat increased (P<.05) daily gain, feed efficiency, carcass weight, and dressing percent of steers. Soybean oil and yellow grease also tended to increase 12th rib backfat thickness and marbling. Feed costs of gain were improved only by yellow grease. However, when increased carcass yield and quality were considered, there was a significant economic return from all fat sources. In trial 2, fat treatments were acidulated soybean soapstock (SBSS), tallow, a blend of 7096 SBSS:3096 tallow, and yellow grease. Feeding tallow or the SBSS: tallow blend improved (P<.05) feed efficiency by 7.796 compared to the nonfat control. Pooled across source, feeding fat increased (P<.10) backfat thickness and marbling. Compared to the control, feed cost of gain was reduced 6 cents/l b by the SBSS:tallow blend. However, when increased carcass value was accounted for, net returns of $3.50 to $6.00 per head were seen for SBSS, tallow, and SBSS:tallow priced at 13, 17, and 13 cents per lb, respectively. The SBSS:tallow blend provided greater performance than was predicted by observed performance of steers fed SBSS or tallow separately, an indication of associative response. In trial 2, intake and gain were lowest for yellow grease, resulting in a negative economic return, which is in complete disagreement with results obtained in trial 1.
Open Access
Feedlot performance by steers fed sprout-damaged milo
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Coffey, K.P.; Lomas, Lyle W.; llomas
Forty-eight Charolais crossbred steers were fed sprouted or nonsprouted milo for 139 days in a finishing study. Steers fed sprouted milo (51% sprout damage, 60 lb. per bu.) were 28 lb. heavier (P<.10) and gained 8.4% faster (P<.10) while consuming 2.7% less (P>.10) feed per pound of gain. Sprout damaged milo had no significant (P>.10) effect on carcass characteristics. These data indicate that cattle fed sprouted milo should perform as well or better than those fed nonsprouted milo.