Chemical warfare agent simulants in Gamble’s fluid: Is the fluid toxic? Can it be made safer by inclusion of solid nanocrystalline metal oxides?
dc.citation | Karote, Dennis, Brandon Walker, Huaien Dai, Ramaswamy Krishnamoorthi, Janis Voo, and Shyamala Rajagopalan. “Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants in Gamble’s Fluid: Is the Fluid Toxic? Can It Be Made Safer by Inclusion of Solid Nanocrystalline Metal Oxides?” Edited by Meehir Palit. Journal of Chemistry 2013 (December 5, 2012): 641620. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/641620. | |
dc.citation.doi | 10.1155/2013/641620 | en_US |
dc.citation.issue | 641620 | en_US |
dc.citation.jtitle | Journal of Chemistry | en_US |
dc.citation.volume | 2013 | en_US |
dc.contributor.author | Karote, Dennis | |
dc.contributor.author | Walker, Brandon | |
dc.contributor.author | Dai, Huaien | |
dc.contributor.author | Krishnamoorthi, Ramaswamy | |
dc.contributor.author | Voo, Janis | |
dc.contributor.author | Rajagopalan, Shyamala | |
dc.contributor.authoreid | krish | en_US |
dc.date.accessioned | 2013-02-28T17:18:37Z | |
dc.date.available | 2013-02-28T17:18:37Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2012-12-05 | |
dc.date.published | 2013 | en_US |
dc.description | Citation: Karote, Dennis, Brandon Walker, Huaien Dai, Ramaswamy Krishnamoorthi, Janis Voo, and Shyamala Rajagopalan. “Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants in Gamble’s Fluid: Is the Fluid Toxic? Can It Be Made Safer by Inclusion of Solid Nanocrystalline Metal Oxides?” Edited by Meehir Palit. Journal of Chemistry 2013 (December 5, 2012): 641620. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/641620. | |
dc.description.abstract | The reactions of chemical warfare agent simulants, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES) and di-i-propyl fluoro phosphate (DFP), in fluids have been investigated. Data analyses confirm the major degradation pathway to be hydrolysis of 2-CEES to 2-hydroxyethyl ethyl sulfide, along with minor self-condensation products. Among the three fluids examined, 2-CEES degradation was the fastest in Gamble’s fluid during a 96 h period. Upon addition of Exceptional Hazard Attenuation Materials (EHAMs) to 2-CEES containing Gamble’s fluid, degradation was generally improved during the first 24 h period. The 96 h outcome was similar for fluid samples with or without EHAM 2 and EHAM 4. EHAM 1-added fluid contained only one degradation product, 2-nitroethyl ethyl sulfide. DFP degradation was the slowest in Gamble’s fluid, but was enhanced by the addition of EHAMs. FTIR and solid state 31P NMR confirm the destructive adsorption of 2-CEES and DFP by the EHAMs. The results collectively demonstrate that 2-CEES and DFP decompose to various extents in Gamble’s fluid over a 96 h period but the fluid still contains a considerable amount of intact simulant. EHAM 1 appears to be promising for 2-CEES and DFP mitigation while EHAM 2 and EHAM 4 work well for early on concentration reduction of 2-CEES and DFP. | en_US |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15331 | |
dc.language.iso | en_US | en_US |
dc.relation.uri | http://doi.org/10.1155/2013/641620 | en_US |
dc.rights | Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) | |
dc.rights.uri | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ | |
dc.subject | Chemical warfare | en_US |
dc.subject | Gamble’s fluid | en_US |
dc.subject | 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide | en_US |
dc.subject | di-i-propyl fluoro phosphate | en_US |
dc.subject | Exceptional Hazard Attenuation Materials | en_US |
dc.title | Chemical warfare agent simulants in Gamble’s fluid: Is the fluid toxic? Can it be made safer by inclusion of solid nanocrystalline metal oxides? | en_US |
dc.type | Article (publisher version) | en_US |