Dairy Day, 2002
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Item Open Access Performance of dairy heifers fed high forage diets supplemented with bambermycins, lasalocid or monesin(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-12-01) Hammond, A.; Scheffel, Michael V.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; Shirley, John E.; scheffel; etitgeme; jssOne hundred and twenty Holstein heifers weighing approximately 450 lb at the beginning of the study were used to evaluate the impact of bambermycins (Gainpro®), monensin (Rumensin®), and lasalocid (Bovatec®) on performance when included in high forage diets fed ad libitum. Heifers were housed in 24 pens (5 hf/pen) containing a super hutch. Pens were blocked (3 pens/block) from heaviest to lightest and randomly assigned within blocks to bambermycins, lasalocid, or monensin treatment. Bambermycins, lasalocid, and monensin were mixed with fine ground corn and fed as topdressing to deliver 20.25, 150, and 150 mg/hd daily, respectively. Diets were formulated (NRC 2001) to support body weight gains of less than 2 lb/hd daily using a mix of chopped alfalfa hay and corn silage (lighter weight heifers) or chopped alfalfa hay, chopped prairie hay, and corn silage (heavier weight heifers) supplemented with a mineral/vitamin premix. All heifers were fed a common total mixed ration, differing only in topdressing. Diets were fed once daily for ad libitum intake. The study continued until the average bodyweight exceeded 800 lbs. (140 days on study) at which time they were inseminated and first service conception rate determined. Heifers fed monensin consumed less dry matter (DMI) (P<0.05) than those fed bambermycins and lasalocid during the periods d 29 to 56, 57 to 84, and 113 to 140 but DMI was similar across treatments during the 140- day study. No differences were observed for ADG over the 140-d study but heifers fed bambermycins and monensin tended (P=0.06) to gain faster during days 85 to 112 than heifers fed lasalocid. Feed efficiency (gain/feed) varied, but heifers consuming diets containing bambermycins and monensin were more efficient (P<0.05) during days 85 to 112 and tended to be more efficient (P=0.051) during the 140- day study than heifers consuming lasalocid. Bodyweight, condition score, and hip height were similarly influenced by dietary treatments. First service conception rates were 60, 47 and 55% for heifers fed bambermycins, lasalocid, and monensin, respectively.Item Open Access Milking frequency, estradiol cypionate, and bST alters milk yield and reproductive outcomes in dairy cows(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-12-01) Blevins, C.A.; Aberle, J.J.; Hensley, B.A.; Tiffany, S.M; Shirley, John E.; Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; jssThe objective of this study was to determine how milking frequency, estradiol cypionate (ECP) postpartum therapy given at 1 week after calving, and biweekly bovine somatotropin (bST) administration alter lactational and reproductive outcomes in dairy cattle. Holstein cows (n=144) were randomly assigned to eight treatments (18 cows per treatment): 1) twice daily milking frequency (2x), 10-mg injection of ECP at 1 week after calving (ECP), and bST (given biweekly according to label beginning in the ninth week of lactation); 2) 2x milked, oil (cottonseed oil vehicle for ECP), bST; 3) 2x milked, ECP, and no bST; 4) 2x milked, oil, and no bST; 5) four-times daily milking frequency (4x; first 30 days in milk then 2x thereafter), ECP, and bST; 6) 4x milked, oil, and bST; 7) 4x milked, ECP, and no bST; and 8) 4x milked, oil, and no bST. Milk yields were recorded at each milking during the first 90 days of lactation. Milk samples were collected weekly at each milking and composited to determine milk components (percentages of fat, protein, lactose, solids-not-fat [SNF], milk urea nitrogen [MUN], and somatic cell count [SCC]). Energy-corrected milk yields were calculated for the first 90 days and for whole lactation yields (305-2x- ME standardized lactation records). Ovulation before first AI was synchronized beginning between 59 and 72 DIM using 100 :g of GnRH given 7 days before 25 mg of PGF2", followed in 24 hr by 1 mg of ECP. Cows were inseminated after detected estrus or at 48 hr after ECP. Pregnancy rates were assessed by transrectal ultrasonography 28-30 days after AI. Postpartum ECP therapy increased milk production for first-lactation 2x cows, but decreased milk yields of the multiparous 4x cows until bST restored those yields. Pregnancy rates were greater for the 4x cows given the postpartum ECP therapy injection, despite fewer cows cycling before AI. In conclusion, postpartum ECP therapy increased pregnancy rates in 4x cows, but had a detrimental effect on milk yields of 4x milked cows unless bST was administered.Item Open Access Comparative value of full-fat corn germ, whole cottonseed and tallow as energy sources for lactating dairy cows(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-29) Miller, W.F.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; Scheffel, Michael V.; Ethington, R.T.; Shirley, John E.; Brouk, Michael J.; etitgeme; mbrouk; scheffelWe used 24 multiparous Holstein cows in 4 × 4 Latin square design to evaluate full-fat corn germ as a replacement for whole cottonseed and tallow in total mixed diets for lactating dairy cows. Experimental diets on a dry matter basis were: 1) control 3.5% fat; 2) whole cottonseed 5.1% fat; 3) tallow 5.1% fat; 4) full-fat corn germ 5.1% fat. Diets were fed as total mixed rations typical of that fed on commercial dairy operations. Cottonseed meal and cottonseed hulls were included in the control, tallow, and full-fat corn germ diets to balance for fiber and protein fractions equal to those in the whole cottonseed diet. Dry matter intake, milk production, and energy corrected milk did not differ among the diets. Milk from cows fed full-fat corn germ contained less fat than milk from cows fed whole cottonseed but was similar to that of milk from cows fed control or tallow diets. Milk protein percentage was lower for cows fed full-fat corn germ than those fed control, but similar to cows fed whole cottonseed or tallow. Percentage milk lactose did not differ among dietary treatments. Cows fed WCS produced more pounds of milk fat than cows fed full-fat corn germ or tallow, but protein and lactose yield did not differ among the diets. Cows fed whole cottonseed produced milk more efficiently than cows fed control, tallow, or full-fat corn germ. Unexpectedly, efficiency of energy corrected milk production was not improved by tallow and tallow did not depress dry matter intake. Somatic cell count did not differ among experimental diets. Urea nitrogen concentration was lower in milk from cows fed full-fat corn germ and tallow than those fed whole cottonseed. All diets led to gains in body weight. The handling and storage characteristics of full-fat corn germ enhances its desirability as a feedstuff for dairy cattle. Full-fat corn germ supported milk production as well as whole cottonseed but not milk fat percentage or fat yield at the level fed in our diets. Additional studies need to be conducted to determine the most advantageous amount to feed full-fat corn germ and clarify the mechanisms by which it depresses milk fat production.Item Open Access Comparative study of three expeller process soybean meals in diets for lactating dairy cows(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-29) Burgos, V.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; Shirley, John E.; etitgemeForty-eight primiparous Holstein cows were used in two simultaneous 3×3 Latin squares with 28-day periods to evaluate expeller soybean meal from three sources. Six pens containing eight cows each were utilized. Cows were pen fed diets formulated in accordance with NRC (2001) recommendations and based on the assumption that the three sources of soybean meal were nutritionally identical. Diets contained on a dry matter basis, 24.3% chopped alfalfa hay, 9.3% field processed corn silage, 9.2% whole fuzzy cottonseed, 19.2% wet corn gluten feed (Minnesota Corn Processors, Inc., Columbus, NE), and 38% grain mix (70.2% dry rolled corn grain, 18.44% expeller soybean meal, 2.15% wet molasses, 3.47% Menhaden fish meal, and 5.74% min/vit premix). The sources of expeller soybean meal were Grain States Soya, Inc., West Point, NE; NCKP, LLC., Washington, KS; and Bruning Grain and Feed, Bruning, NE. All cows averaged 77 lbs. of milk and consumed approximately 55 lbs. of dry matter daily. Dry matter intake averaged 3.9% of body weight and their production efficiency (ECM/DMI) was 1.45. No differences dueItem Open Access Comlete lactational performance of cows fed wet corn gluten feed and pellet consisting of raw soybean hulls and corn steep liquor(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-29) Ferdinand, E.E.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; DeFrain, J.M.; Park, A.F.; Johnson, D.E.; Ethington, R.T.; Shirley, John E.; etitgemeWe evaluated the effect of wet corn gluten feed and a novel product containing raw soybean hulls and corn steep liquor on performance in lactating dairy cows. Forty-six multiparous Holstein cows were used in a randomized incomplete block design. Cows were housed in tie stalls for the first 13 weeks of lactation and moved to group pens for the remainder of the study. Cows were blocked by calving date and assigned to control, wet corn gluten feed (20% of diet DM), or the novel product (20% of diet DM). Diets were administered as total mixed rations at the first feeding postpartum. Control contained (DM basis) 30% alfalfa hay, 15% corn silage, 32% corn, 9.3% whole cottonseed, 4.4% solvent soybean meal (SBM), 3.3% expeller SBM, 1.3% fish meal, 1% wet molasses, and 3.7% vitamins/minerals. Wet corn gluten feed replaced 10% alfalfa hay, 5% corn silage, 5% corn grain, and expeller SBM replaced solvent SBM to maintain diet rumen undegradable protein. The novel product replaced 10% alfalfa hay, 5% corn silage, 3% solvent SBM, and 2% corn. Diet crude protein % and energy density (Mcal/lb, NEL) for control, wet corn gluen feed, and the novel product were 18.4, 0.73; 18.2, 0.75; 18.5, 0.73; respectively. Milk, energy corrected milk, dry matter intake, and production efficiency (ratio of milk to DM intake) did not differ among diets during the first 91 days of lactation, but there was a diet by week interaction for production efficiency. Cows fed control were more efficient during the first 2 weeks postpartum than cows fed wet corn gluten feed and the novel product, likely due to increased fat mobilization from adipose tissue because intake as a percent of body weight was less for cows fed control. During weeks 3 through 14 postpartum, wet corn gluten feed and the novel product improved milk, energy corrected milk, and milk component yield, and production efficiency. Inclusion of wet corn gluten feed and the novel product at 20% of dietary DM as a partial replacement for alfalfa hay, corn silage, corn grain, and SBM in diets fed to lactating dairy cattle supported performance during early lactation and improved performance during mid and late lactation. In addition, combining wet corn gluten feed or the novel product with corn silage and alfalfa hay maintained milk fat yields, thereby demonstrating that they can serve as effective sources of fiber when fed at 20% of dietary DM. Improved performance attributed to wet corn gluten feed and the novel product is due to factors other than improved digestibility of the diets. These results indicate that wet corn gluten feed and the novel product can serve as alternative feedstuffs in diets fed to lactating dairy cattle.Item Open Access Diet digestibility and rumen traits in response to feeding wed corn gluten feed and a pellet consisting of raw soybean hulls and corn steep liquor(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-29) Ferdinand, E. E.; Shirley, John E.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; DeFrain, J.M.; Park, A.F.; Johnson, D.E.; Ethington, R.T.; etitgemeFour ruminally cannulated and two intact multiparous Holstein cows were used in a 3 × 3 replicated Latin square design to evaluate digestibility and rumen traits in lactating dairy cows in response to feeding wet corn gluten feed and a novel product containing raw soybean hulls and corn steep liquor. Three dietary treatments were fed in the experiment. The control contained (DM basis) 30% alfalfa hay, 15% corn silage, 32% corn, 9.3% whole cottonseed, 4.4% solvent soybean meal (SBM), 3.3% expeller SBM, 1.3% fish meal, 1% wet molasses, and 3.7% vitamins/ minerals. Wet corn gluten feed replaced 10% alfalfa hay, 5% corn silage, 5% corn grain, and expeller SBM replaced solvent SBM to maintain diet rumen undegradable protein. The novel product replaced 10% alfalfa hay, 5% corn silage, 3% solvent SBM, and 2% corn. Diets were analyzed to have dietary crude protein percentage and energy density values (Mcal/lb, NEL) of 18.7, 0.75; 18.7, 0.77; 18.7, 0.74; for control, wet corn gluten feed, and the novel product, respectively. Experimental periods were 14 days (10 days adaptation and 4 days collection). Acid insoluble ash was used to estimate fecal output. Dry matter intake averaged 37.9 lb/day and total tract digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and crude protein did not differ among diets: 71.7%, 73.2%, 63.1%, 58.5% and 73.0%, respectively. Diets affected liquid dilution rate, ruminal pH, and ruminal concentrations of total volatile fatty acids and ammonia similarly. The molar ratio of acetate to propionate was greater (P<0.05) for control (3.38) than for wet corn gluten feed (2.79) and the novel product (2.89). Inclusion of wet corn gluten feed and the novel product at 20% of dietary DM as a partial replacement for alfalfa hay, corn silage, corn grain, and SBM in diets fed to lactating dairy cattle supported lactational performance similar to the control diet. Additionally, combining wet corn gluten feed or the novel product with corn silage and alfalfa hay maintained milk fat yields and ruminal pH, thereby demonstrating that wet corn gluten feed and the novel product can serve as an effective source of fiber when fed at 20% of dietary DM. These results indicate that wet corn gluten feed and the novel product tested can serve as alternative feedstuffs in lactating dairy cattle diets.Item Open Access Changes in ruminal microbial populations in transition dairy cows(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-29) Park, A.F.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; Cochran, R.C.; DeFrain, J.M.; Ferdinand, E.E.; Wallace, N.; Nagaraja, Tiruvoor G.; Johnson, D.E.; Shirley, John E.; etitgeme; tnagarajWe used four ruminally fistulated, multiparous, pregnant Holstein cows to delineate microbial adaptations in dairy cows as they experienced the transition from one lactation to the next. Diets consisted of typical far-off and close-up diets, a late lactation diet containing wet corn gluten feed (20% DM) and an alfalfa hay-corn silage based early lactation diet. Calculated NEL (Mcal/lb), measured crude protein (%), and diet digestibilities (%; based on steers fed at 2% of BW) were: 0.78, 18.7, 74.1; 0.70, 11.5, 66.2; 0.74, 15.6, 71.0; 0.73, 18.4, 70.7 for late lactation, far-off dry, close-up dry, and early lactation, respectively. Microbial samples were obtained on days 72 (late lactation), 51 (far-off dry), 23, and 9 (close-up dry) prepartum and days 6, 20, 34, 48, 62, 76, and 90 postpartum. We analyzed ruminal samples for ciliated protozoa and viable counts of bacteria and fungi. Changing from a high forage to a high concentrate diet impacted bacterial counts less than ciliated protozoal and fungal counts. Switching diets from high concentrate to high forage increased ciliated protozoa and fungal counts, and counts decreased when diets were switched from high forage to high concentrate. Bacterial and ciliated protozoa counts increased in early lactation and decreased as cows approached peak dry matter intake. Dietary changes with the onset of lactation led to virtual disappearance of fungi from the rumen. In general, ruminal microbial populations of dairy cows respond to changes in diet and intake. Changes in diet affected populations of protozoa and fungi, whereas changes in intake affected populations of bacteria, protozoa, and fungi.Item Open Access Characteristic changes of ruminal fermentation in transition dairy cows(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-29) Park, A.F.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; Cochran, R.C.; DeFrain, J.M.; Ferdinand, E.E.; Nagaraja, Tiruvoor G.; Johnson, D.E.; Shirley, John E.; etitgeme; tnagarajFour-ruminally fistulated, multiparous, pregnant Holstein cows were used to delineate changes in ruminal fermentation in dairy cows as they experienced the transition from one lactation to the next. Diets consisted of typical far-off and close-up diets, a late lactation diet containing wet corn gluten feed (20% DM) and an alfalfa hay-corn silage based early lactation diet. Calculated NEL (Mcal/lb), measured crude protein (%), and diet digestibilities (%; based on steers fed at 2% of BW) were: 0.78, 18.7, 74.1; 0.70, 11.5, 66.2; 0.74, 15.6, 71.0; 0.73, 18.4, 70.7 for late lactation, far-off dry, close-up dry, and early lactation diets, respectively. Ruminal measurements were taken on days 72 (late lactation), 51 (faroff), 23, and 9 (close-up dry) before calving and on days 6, 20, 34, 48, 62, 76, and 90 days after calving. Ruminal samples were collected at hours 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 after feeding on each sampling date. Major shifts in ruminal fermentations occurred when the close-up diet was consumed before calving and in concert with an increase in DM intake during the first 48 days of lactation. Dry matter digestibility increased after cows were switched to the close-up diet and continued this trend through day 6 postpartum. Ruminal pH decreased and total volatile fatty acids, peptides, and free amino acids increased after cows were switched to the early lactation diet. These data support the concept that alterations in ruminal fermentation reflect changes in both diet and intake.Item Open Access Metabolic changes during he transition period(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-29) Park, A.F.; Titegemeyer, E.C.; Cochran, R.C.; DeFrain, J.M.; Ferdinand, E.E.; Johnson, D.E.; Shirley, John E.; etitgemeWe used four ruminally fistulated, multiparous, pregnant Holstein cows to measure changes in concentrations of plasma metabolite as the dairy cow transitions from one lactation to the next. Diets consisted of typical far-off and close-up diets, a late lactation diet containing wet corn gluten feed (20% DM), and an alfalfa hay-corn silage based early lactation diet. Calculated NEL (Mcal/lb), measured crude protein (%), and diet digestibilities (%; based on steers fed at 2% of BW) were 0.78, 18.7, 74.1; 0.70, 11.5, 66.2; 0.74, 15.6, 71.0; 0.73, 18.4, 70.7 for late lactation, far-off dry, close-up dry, and early lactation diets, respectively. Blood samples were obtained on day 79 prior to calving and weekly thereafter until calving and on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 15, 20, 25, 30, 60, and 90 after calving. Cows gained body weight and condition during the dry period, peaked just prior to calving, and lost weight and condition steadily through the first 11 weeks of lactation. Calculated energy balance was negative during the first 3 weeks of lactation. Plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucose, and insulin to glucagon ratio remained fairly stable during the dry period. Plasma glucose increased just before calving, decreased markedly during early lactation, then increased and stabilized by day 30 of lactation. Plasma NEFA concentrations increased at calving and were elevated during early lactation, then returned to prepartum concentrations by day 30 of lactation. The insulin to glucagon ratio decreased just prior to calving, continued to decrease until day 7 of lactation, and then remained stable until the end of the trial. Changes in diet and intake affected plasma urea nitrogen, which decreased as dietary protein decreased during the far-off period, decreased with intake during the close-up period, and increased after calving consistent with the higher dietary protein and increase in dry matter intake. Most of the observed metabolic adaptations reflected the energy status of the cow with large shifts occurring around parturition. Certainly, some of the hormones associated with calving can initiate metabolic events favorable to lactation, but the changes in energy balance and nutrient supply support the continued diversion of nutrients to the mammary gland. These data support the concept that dairy cows experience a period of increased tissue mobilization from approximately 2 days prior to calving until 30 days after calving. In conclusion, a number of metabolic adaptations occur in transition dairy cows that provide clues to improve feeding and management guidelines.Item Open Access Association of cow and quarter-level factors at a dry off and new intramammary infections in the dry period(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-29) Dingwell, R.T.; Leslie, K.E.; Sargeant, J.M.; Schukken, Y.H.; Timms, L.L.; Shirley, John E.Data from 300 cows and 1,178 quarters were analyzed to determine factors associated with new intramammary infections (IMI). Teatends that were cracked and teats that did not close during the dry period were 1.7 and 1.8 times more likely to develop new IMI, respectively. The level of milk production on the last day of lactation significantly influenced new IMI and teat canal closure. More (P<0.05) cows (36%) producing $21 kg of milk developed new IMI than cows (18%) producing less. When milk production was 21 kg or higher, teat canals were 1.8 times more likely to remain open.Item Open Access Evaluation of the California Mastitis Test to determine under health status of early lactation dairy cows(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-29) Dingwell, R.T.; Leslie, K.E.; Sargeant, J.M.; Schukken, Y.H.; Timms, L.L.; Shirley, John E.Quarter milk bacteriology results of samples collected within the first week of calving were used to calculate the test characteristics of the California Mastitis Test (CMT) that estimate the udder health status of fresh dairy cows. Over 1,200 quarters were both cultured and had a CMT performed. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the CMT was 68.8% and 71.5%, respectively. Using a cutpoint of any CMT reaction as a positive test and examining the results by various days in milk, the highest sensitivity and specificity occurred at day four (82.4% and 80.6%, respectively). The CMT has the potential to be a useful tool for monitoring udder health in fresh cows.Item Open Access Effect of tunnel ventilation and evaporative cooling on the barn enviroment and cow comfort in midwest dairy facilities(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-29) Smith, John F., 1962-; Harner, Joseph P.; Brouk, Michael J.; mbrouk; jfsmith; jharnerDuring the summer of 2001 six tunnel ventilated tie stall barns in northeastern Missouri and southeastern Iowa were evaluated. Three of the barns were equipped with cellulose evaporative pads and three were not. Temperature and relative humidity were recorded continuously for 11 weeks from July 1 to September 15, 2001. Cattle housed in tie stall barns equipped with evaporative cooling had lower average respiration rates (65.7 vs 70.3 breaths/min) than those housed in barns without evaporative cooling. However, rates observed in the morning and at night were not different, only the afternoon rates differed significantly. Average rectal temperatures were also lower for the cows housed in evaporative cooled barns. Similar to respiration rates, the greatest differences existed during the afternoon. Skin temperatures followed respiration rates and rectal temperatures and were significantly lower for the cattle housed in the barns equipped with evaporative cooling with the greatest differences observed during the afternoon. Barns equipped with evaporative cooling pads were up to 8.25ºF cooler during the afternoon hours than those without. However, relative humidity increased up to 30% and THI decreased up to 3.25 units over ambient conditions. As compared to the barns with only tunnel ventilation, barns with evaporative cooling had a greater percentage of July and August hours at a THI level below 70 and eliminated the hours in the 85-90 THI level during the hours of 1:00 PM and 8:00 PM. Evaporative cooling reduced the heat stress during the afternoon hours without increasing the stress during the evening and night hours as compared to the tunnel ventilated barns. This study showed significant advantages for the evaporative cooled and tunnel ventilated barns in terms of respiration rates, rectal temperatures and barn environment.
