Swine Day, 2010
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Item Open Access Factors affecting storage stability of various commercial phytase sources(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Sulabo, R.C.; Jones, C.K.; Campbell, D.R.; Ratliff, B.W.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; goodband; dritz; jderouch; jnelssenA 360-d study was performed to evaluate the effects of environmental conditions on storage stability of exogenous phytases. Coated and uncoated products from 3 phytase sources (Ronozyme P, OptiPhos, and Phyzyme) were stored as pure forms, in a vitamin premix, or in a vitamin and trace mineral (VTM) premix. Pure products were stored at 0, 41, 73, and 99ºF (75% humidity). Premixes were stored at 73 and 99ºF. Sampling was performed on d 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 270, and 360. Sampling of the pure products stored at 0 and 41ºF was discontinued after d 120 due to mold growth in the 41ºF samples. Stability was measured as the residual phytase activity (% of initial) at each sampling point. For the stability of the pure forms, all interactive and main effects of phytase product, coating, time, and temperature of storage were significant (P < 0.01), except for time × coating interaction. When stored at 73ºF or less, pure phytases retained at least 91, 85, 78, and 71% of initial phytase activity at 30, 60, 90, and 120 d of storage, respectively. However, storing pure products at 99ºF reduced (P < 0.01) phytase stability, with OptiPhos retaining the most (P < 0.01) activity. Coating mitigated (P < 0.01) the negative effects of high storage temperature for Ronozyme and OptiPhos (from d 90 onward) but not for Phyzyme. For the stability of phytase in different forms of storage, all interactive and main effects of phytase product, form, coating, time, and temperature of storage were significant (P < 0.01). When stored at room temperature (73ºF), retained phytase activities for a majority of the phytase sources were more than 85, 73, and 60% of initial activity up to 180 d when stored as pure products, vitamin premixes, or VTM premixes, respectively. When stored at 99ºF, pure phytase products had greater (P < 0.01) retention of initial phytase activity than when phytases were mixed with the vitamin or VTM premixes. Coated phytases stored in any form had greater (P < 0.01) activity retention than the uncoated phytases at all sampling periods. In conclusion, storage stability of commercially available phytases is affected by duration of storage, temperature, product form, coating, and phytase source. Pure products held at 73ºF or less were the most stable. In premixes, longer storage time and higher temperature reduced phytase activity, but coating mitigated some of these negative effects.Item Open Access Evaluation of feed budgeting, complete diet blending, and corn-supplement blending on finishing-pig performance(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Sulabo, R.C.; Papadopoulos, G.A.; Bergstrom, J.R.; Ryder, D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jnelssenA total of 283 pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050, initially 77.2 ± 1.4 lb BW) were used to compare phase feeding with blending finishing diets by using the FeedPro system (Feedlogic Corporation, Willmar, MN). There were 3 experimental treatments: (1) a standard 4-phase complete feed program, (2) blending high- and low-lysine complete diets over the entire experiment, and (3) blending ground corn and a separate complete supplement within each phase. FeedPro is an integrated feed dispensing system that can deliver and blend 2 separate diets while dispensing. The 4 phases were 77 to 120, 120 to 175, 175 to 221, and 221 to 278 lb. Each treatment had 12 replicate pens and 8 pigs per pen. Overall (77 to 278 lb), ADG and ADFI were similar (P > 0.24) across treatments. However, pigs fed the ground corn-supplement blend had poorer (P < 0.01) F/G than pigs fed diets blended in multiple phases and tended to have poorer (P < 0.09) F/G than pigs fed the standard phase diets. There were no differences (P > 0.70) in HCW, percentage yield, and loin depth across treatments. Pigs fed using phase feeding of the ground corn-supplement blend had greater (P < 0.02) percentage lean and lower (P < 0.04) fat depth than pigs fed using phase feeding of complete diets or diet blending. There were no (P > 0.28) statistical differences in total revenue and income over feed costs (IOFC) across treatments. However, the highest IOFC was obtained from diet blending, which had a numeric advantage of $1.44 to $2.32/pig over other treatments. In conclusion, the FeedPro system blended separate complete diets and a ground corn-supplement combination without adversely affecting growth performance and carcass characteristics.Item Open Access Effects of feeder design and feeder adjustment on the growth performance of growing- finishing pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Bergstrom, J.R.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; jnelssen; jderouch; goodbandTwo experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of feeder design (conventional dry feeder vs. wet-dry feeder) and adjustment on growing-finishing pig performance. In both experiments, all pigs (PIC 337 × 1050) were fed the same corn-soybean meal diets with 15% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). In Exp. 1, 1,296 pigs (initially 43 lb) were used in a 69-d study. From d 0 to 27, 3 feeder settings were evaluated for each feeder type. Numbered settings (located in each feeder) were 6, 8, and 10 for the conventional dry feeder and 6, 10, and 14 for the wet-dry feeder. An increased setting number corresponded to a greater opening. From d 27 to 69, all feeders were adjusted to an opening of approximately 1 in. (conventional dry feeder setting 8; wet-dry feeder setting 14). From d 0 to 27, pigs using a wet-dry feeder had lower (P < 0.02) ADFI and better F/G than pigs using a conventional dry feeder. Increasing the feeder setting improved (linear, P < 0.01) ADG, ADFI, and d-27 BW of pigs using a wet-dry feeder and increased (linear, P < 0.01) ADFI of pigs using a conventional dry feeder. From d 27 to 69, ADG and ADFI of pigs using a wet-dry feeder were greater (P < 0.01) than those of pigs using a conventional dry feeder, and increasing the feeder setting from d 0 to 27 resulted in greater (linear, P < 0.01) ADFI and poorer F/G for pigs using a wet-dry feeder. Overall (d 0 to 69), pigs using a wet-dry feeder had greater (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, final BW, and better F/G than pigs that used a conventional dry feeder. Increasing the feeder setting of a wet-dry feeder from d 0 to 27 resulted in greater (linear, P < 0.01) ADG and ADFI, poorer (linear, P < 0.03) F/G, and heavier (linear, P < 0.01) final BW. Feeder setting of a conventional dry feeder from d 0 to 27 did not affect overall performance. In Exp. 2, 1,248 pigs (initially 73 lb) were used in a 93-d study. Three feeder settings were evaluated throughout the study for each feeder type (conventional dry feeder set at 6, 8, and 10; wet-dry feeder set at 10, 14, and 18). Overall, pigs using a wet-dry feeder had greater (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, final BW, HCW, backfat depth, and feed cost but reduced (P < 0.04) fat-free lean index (FFLI) compared with pigs using a conventional dry feeder. Increasing the feeder setting of a wet-dry feeder resulted in greater (linear, P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, final BW, HCW, backfat depth, and feed cost. When HCW was used as a covariate, FFLI of pigs using a wet-dry feeder decreased (linear, P < 0.02) with increased feeder opening. Increasing the feeder setting of a conventional dry feeder had no effect on growth performance and carcass characteristics. In conclusion, the growth rate of pigs improved with a wet-dry feeder compared with a conventional dry feeder; however, the growth of pigs using a wet-dry feeder was more sensitive to differences in feeder adjustment.Item Open Access The effects of feeder space and adjustment on growth performance of finishing pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Myers, A.J.; Bergstrom, J.R.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; dritz; jderouch; jnelssenA total of 288 pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050, initially 82 lb) were used in a 91-d study to evaluate the effects of feeder trough space (1.75 vs. 3.5 in/pig) and minimum feeder-gap opening of 0.5 in. (narrow), vs. 1.0 in. (wide) on finisher pig performance. Our hypothesis was that at minimal feeder trough space (1.75 in./pig), feeders should be set at a wide gap opening to avoid limiting feed intake and ADG. The feeders were adjusted to the minimum gap setting, but the agitation plate could be moved upward to a maximum gap opening of 0.75 in. or 1.25 in., respectively. The treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with 6 replications per treatment. All pens had the same feeder with 2, 14-in.-wide by 4.5-in.-deep feeder holes. Feeder trough space was adjusted by placing 8 or 16 pigs per pen. Gating was adjusted to give each pig 8 ft2 of floor space. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed and water. All pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet containing 20% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in 4 phases. Pen weights and feed disappearance were measured every 2 wk. Narrow-adjusted feeders averaged approximately 48% coverage, and wide-adjusted feeders averaged approximately 85% coverage. Overall (d 0 to 91) there were no trough space × feeder adjustment interactions observed (P > 0.10). However, there was a tendency (P = 0.08) for increased ADG as feeder trough space increased from 1.75 to 3.5 in./pig. Pigs fed with the wide feeder-gap setting had increased (P < 0.01) feed disappearance and poorer (P < 0.01) F/G compared to pigs with the narrow feeder-gap setting. These results suggest that, regardless of feeder trough space, pigs with the wide feeder adjustment appeared to waste more feed, as evidenced by the poorer F/G.Item Open Access The effects of feeder adjustment on growth performance of finishing pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Myers, A.J.; Bergstrom, J.R.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; dritz; jderouch; jnelssenA total of 234 growing pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050, initially 91.4 lb) were used in an 89-d trial to determine the effects of feeder adjustment on finishing pig performance. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 3 treatments. The treatments consisted of a narrow feeder adjustment (minimum gap opening of 0.50 in.), medium feeder adjustment (minimum gap opening of 0.75 in.), and wide adjustment (minimum feeder gap opening of 1.00 in.). The feeders were adjusted to the minimum gap setting, but the agitation plate could be moved upward to a maximum gap opening of 0.75, 1.00, or 1.25 in., respectively. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with 9 replications of 8 pigs per pen and 1 replicate with 6 pigs. To ensure equal floor space, pen gating was adjusted to provide 8 ft2 /pig during the study. All pens had the same feeder with 2, 14-in.-wide by 4.5-in.-deep feeder holes. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed and water. All pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet containing 20% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in 4 phases. Pen weights and feed disappearance were measured every 2 wk. Also, pictures of feeders were taken and scored by a panel to detemine percentage pan coverage. Results showed that narrow, medium, and wide feeder adjustments averaged approximately 28, 58, and 75% pan coverage, respectively. From d 0 to 28, pigs exposed to increasing feeder gap had improved (linear; P ≤ 0.05) ADFI, with the greatest ADFI observed at 1.00 in. However, from d 28 to 56 and 56 to 89, ADG was not different among pigs fed from different feeder openings, and F/G was best for those fed from the 0.50-in. opening. Overall (d 0 to 89), there was a trend (P = 0.08) for increased ADG with increasing feeder opening. However, pigs fed with a 0.50-in. feeder gap had improved (linear; P < 0.03) F/G compared to those with a 0.75- or 1.00-in. feeder opening. These results suggest that from 90 to 150 lb, maximum ADG was observed with a feeder setting of 0.75 in (approximately 58% pan coverage). However, pigs fed from 150 to 270 lb had greater ADG and the best F/G at a setting of 0.50 in (approximately 28% pan coverage). Thus, it appears that optimum feeder-gap setting may differ with growth phase.Item Open Access Effects of standardized ileal digestible tryptophan:lysine ratio in diets containing 30% dried distiller grains with solubles on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs in a commercial environment(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Barnes, J.A.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; jderouch; goodband; jnelssenTwo experiments were performed to determine the effects of increasing standardized ileal digestible (SID) tryptophan to lysine (trp:lys) ratio in growing-finishing pig diets containing 30% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). In both experiments, soybean meal replaced crystalline lysine and threonine to alter the dietary SID trp:lys concentrations while maintaining minimum ratios of other amino acids. In Exp. 1, a total of 638 pigs (PIC 1050 × 337, initially 80.0 lb) were used in a 105-d trial with 26 to 27 pigs per pen and 6 pens per treatment. Pens of pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with standardized ileal digestible trp:lys ratios of 14.0, 15.0, 16.5, and 18.0%. All diets were fed in meal form and treatments were fed in 4 phases. For the overall trial, ADG and ADFI increased (linear; P < 0.001) as trp:lys increased through 18%; however, the response tended to be quadratic from d 0 to 42, with optimal ADG and ADFI at 16.5% SID trp:lys. Feed efficiency was not influenced by SID trp:lys ratio. Although feed cost per pig increased (linear; P < 0.001) as SID trp:lys ratio increased, so did (linear; P < 0.04) final live weight, HCW, income per pig, and income over feed cost (IOFC). The results of this experiment indicated the optimal SID trp:lys ratio was 16.5% from 80 to 160 lb, but at least 18% from 160 to 265 lb. In Exp. 2, a total of 1,214 pigs (PIC 1050 × 337, initially 146.2 lb) were used in a 73-d finishing trial with 25 to 28 pigs per pen and 9 pens per treatment. Pens of pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatment groups. Pigs were fed common diets before the start of the experiment. Dietary treatments included corn-soybean meal-based diets with SID trp:lys ratios of 15.0, 16.5, 18.0, and 19.5, and the 15.0% diet with L-tryptophan added to achieve 18.0% SID trp:lys ratio. Overall (d 0 to 73), ADG, ADFI, F/G, final weight, and HCW improved (linear; P < 0.03) as dietary SID trp:lys increased through 19.5%. Increasing SID trp:lys increased (linear; P < 0.001) feed cost per pig, but also increased (P < 0.01) total income per pig. While there were no differences on an IOFC basis, pigs fed the highest level of SID trp:lys had numerically the greatest IOFC. Overall, there were no significant differences between the diet with 18.0% SID trp:lys and the diet with 15.0% SID trp:lys with added L-tryptophan to 18.0%. These experiments demonstrate there is opportunity to improve growth performance in late-finishing pigs with increased SID trp:lys ratios in diets containing high amounts of DDGS.Item Open Access Effects of dietary astaxanthin, ractopamine HCl, and gender on the growth, carcass, and pork quality characteristics of finishing pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Bergstrom, J.R.; Houser, Terry A.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; jnelssen; houser; mtokach; goodband; jderouch; dritzA total of 144 finishing pigs (initially 226 lb) were used to evaluate the effects of various levels and sources of added dietary astaxanthin (AX: 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 ppm), as well as ractopamine HCl (Paylean), on growth, carcass, and pork quality characteristics of barrows and gilts. Pigs were blocked by gender and weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 9 dietary treatments fed for approximately 26 d pre-harvest. Dietary treatments consisted of a corn-soybean meal-based control, the control with 5, 7.5, or 10 ppm AX from Phaffia rhodozyma yeast, the control with 5 ppm synthetic AX, and the control with 9 g/ton Paylean and 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 ppm AX from Phaffia rhodozyma yeast. There were 2 pigs per pen and 8 pens per treatment (4 pens per treatment × gender combination). Overall, barrows had greater (P < 0.01) ADG and ADFI than gilts, while ADG and final BW increased (P < 0.01) and F/G improved for pigs fed Paylean. For carcass characteristics, barrows had greater (P < 0.01) backfat depth and less (P < 0.01) longissimus muscle area and fat-free lean than gilts. Pigs fed Paylean had greater (P < 0.01) HCW, yield, and longissimus muscle area than those that received non-Paylean treatments. Growth performance and carcass characteristics of pigs fed AX were not different than control pigs. Although there were no differences in the initial subjective color scores, the discoloration scores of longissimus chops increased (linear, P < 0.01) daily during 7 d of retail display, and were greater (P < 0.01) for barrow chops on d 7 compared to gilt chops (gender × day interaction, P < 0.01). Also, the overall average discoloration scores and change in d 0 to 3 objective total color were lower (P < 0.01) for gilts and pigs fed Paylean, although the difference between gilts and barrows was smaller when they were fed Paylean (gender × treatment interaction, P < 0.01). Modest differences in measures of pork color during retail display were associated with added dietary AX, but these did not result in an increase in color shelf-life or reduction in the objective measure of total color change. Collectively, these observations indicated a greater (P < 0.01) color shelf-life for chops from gilts and pigs fed Paylean.Item Open Access Effects on bacon quality of feeding increasing glycerol and dried distillers grains with solubles to finishing pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Goehring, B.L.; Houser, Terry A.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Hunt, Melvin C.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; Gerlach, B.M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Unruh, John A.; houser; jderouch; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen; dritz; junruhA total of 84 barrows (PIC 337 × 1050, initially 68.3 lb) were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet with added dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; 0 or 20%) and increasing glycerol (0, 2.5, or 5%) to determine the effects on belly quality. Criteria that were evaluated included: belly length, thickness, firmness, and slice yield; proximate and fatty acid analyses; iodine values; and sensory characteristics. There were no (P > 0.08) DDGS × glycerol interactions on any criteria measured. Inclusion of 20% DDGS in the diet decreased belly firmness (P < 0.04), as measured by the belly flop test (fat-side down method). Twenty percent DDGS decreased (P < 0.01) the percentage of myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, vaccenic acid, total saturated fatty acids, and total monounsaturated fatty acids. In contrast, 20% DDGS increased (P < 0.01) the percentage of linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, eicosadienoic acid, total polyunsaturated fatty acids, unsaturated:saturated fatty acid ratios, polyunsaturated:saturated fatty acid ratios, and iodine values. The inclusion of 0, 2.5, and 5% glycerol in swine diets did not affect any measured criteria in this study. In conclusion, feeding DDGS at a level of 20% decreased belly firmness and changed the fatty acid profile; however, it did not affect belly processing or sensory characteristics. Glycerol fed at 2.5 or 5.0% did not affect belly quality, fatty acid profile, or sensory characteristics of bacon.Item Open Access Meta-analyses describing the variables that influence the backfat, belly fat, and jowl fat iodine value of pork carcasses(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Bergstrom, J.R.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; Houser, Terry A.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; mtokach; jnelssen; dritz; goodband; jderouch; houserConcern about the quality of pork fat has increased in the United States over the last decade, largely because of the increased availability and use of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in swine diets. The iodine value (IV) of pork fat is commonly used as an indicator of quality. To identify the factors associated with carcass fat IV, meta-analyses were conducted to describe the relevant variables and to develop prediction equations to assist swine nutritionists and producers in producing pork fat with an acceptable IV. Data from 21 experiments were used to develop prediction equations for carcass fat IV of pigs fed a relatively constant dietary iodine value product (IVP) throughout the feeding period, and 6 experiments were used to develop prediction equations for carcass fat IV of pigs fed a dietary IVP-reduction strategy before marketing. Backfat, belly fat, and jowl fat IV were all highly correlated among the experiments that measured the IV of the multiple fat depots (r ≥ 0.880; P < 0.001). As expected, the dietary concentrations of unsaturated (primarily polyunsaturated) fatty acids were the most important in predicting carcass fat IV. However, improved prediction models were achieved by including variables to describe the pigs’ initial and final BW, ADG, and carcass leanness. Increased ADG, final BW, BW range over course of the diet, and backfat depth resulted in reduced backfat IV (P < 0.02). Belly fat IV was also reduced with increasing final BW, BW range over course of the diet, and backfat depth (P < 0.03). A reduced jowl fat IV was associated with an increase in backfat depth and a lower fat-free lean index (FFLI, P < 0.02). Data analyzed to develop equations for predicting carcass fat IV using a dietary IVP-reduction strategy indicated that the concentrations of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in the initial diet were the most important. The concentrations of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in the reduced- IVP diet fed before marketing were also important in predicting the IV of carcass fat. However, the IV of backfat was the most amenable to change using an IVP-reduction strategy. Feeding the pigs for a longer period and to a heavier final BW resulted in a reduced backfat IV (P ≤ 0.05). These results indicate that, although primarily determined by dietary factors, an understanding of the other variables that influence the IV of pork fat is necessary to reduce the likelihood of concerns with pork fat quality.Item Open Access Effects of cracked corn on growth performance and stomach lesions in finishing pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Williams, S.M.; Paulk, C.B.; Issa, S.; Gugle, Terry L.; Hancock, Joe D.; jhancockA total of 208 pigs (104 barrows and 104 gilts, initial average 138 lb) were used in a 63-d experiment to determine the effects of adding cracked corn to diets for finishing pigs. The pigs were sorted by ancestry and blocked by weight with 13 pigs per pen and 4 pens per treatment. Treatments were corn-soybean meal-based with none, 10, 20, or 40% roller-milled corn (mean particle size of 3,549 μm). Particle size for the none, 10, 20, and 40% cracked corn diets were 684, 926, 979, and 1,187 μm, respectively. Feed and water were offered ad libitum until slaughter (average final BW of 268 lb) at a commercial facility. Overall (d 0 to 63), increasing cracked corn from none to 40% had no effect on ADG (P > 0.98) and ADFI (P > 0.41), but F/G was numerically poorer (linear, P < 0.11). Adding cracked corn had no effect on HCW (P > 0.17) or backfat thickness (P > 0.69), but dressing percentage was decreased (linear effect, P < 0.05). For both stomach keratinization and ulcer scores, as the percentage of cracked corn increased, there was a decrease (linear, P < 0.009) in scores for ulcers and stomach keratinization (scale of 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe), but even the worst treatment had an average lesion score of less than mild. Our results indicate that increasing cracked corn from none to 40% of diets for finishing pigs did not affect rate of gain but worsened F/G and dressing percentage with only slight improvements in scores for stomach lesions.Item Open Access Effects of wheat middlings and choice white grease in diets on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat quality in growing-finishing pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Barnes, J.A.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; mtokach; goodband; dritz; jnelssenA total of 288 pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050, initially 93.3 lb) were used in an 87-d study to determine the effects of wheat middlings and choice white grease (CWG) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat quality of growing-finishing pigs. Pens of pigs were randomly allotted by initial weight and gender (4 barrows and 4 gilts per pen) to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 6 replications per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with the main effects of added wheat middlings (0 or 20%) and CWG (0, 2.5, or 5%). Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based diets with 15% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and fed in 4 phases. There were no CWG x wheat middlings interactions (P ≥ 0.12) for any of the criteria evaluated. Overall, (d 0 to 87) adding 20% dietary wheat middlings decreased (P < 0.001) ADG and worsened (P < 0.001) F/G. Pigs fed diets with increased dietary CWG had increased (quadratic, P < 0.03) ADG and improved (linear, P < 0.01) F/G. Pigs fed diets containing 20% wheat middlings had decreased (P < 0.01) final BW; while there was a numerical increase in final BW (P < 0.09) as dietary fat was increased. For carcass traits, pigs fed wheat middlings had decreased percentage yield (P < 0.04), HCW (P < 0.003), backfat depth (P < 0.04), and loin depth (P < 0.001), while jowl iodine value increased (P < 0.001). Additionally, pigs fed added fat had a tendency for increased backfat depth (linear; P < 0.06) and had a linear increase (P < 0.01) in jowl iodine value. For economics, adding 20% wheat middlings to the diet decreased (P < 0.001) feed cost per pig and feed cost per lb gain; however, total revenue was also reduced (P < 0.003), resulting in a numeric decrease (P = 0.13) in income over feed cost (IOFC). Adding CWG increased (linear; P < 0.001) feed cost per pig and feed cost per lb gain, but only numerically increased (P = 0.12) total revenue, leading to a tendency for decreased IOFC (linear; P < 0.09), with increasing amounts of CWG. Therefore, wheat middlings can be used as an alternative ingredient in swine diets to decrease feed cost and feed cost per lb of gain, but in this study the reduced performance resulted in less revenue and lower profitability.Item Open Access Effects of switching diet formulations on finishing pig performance(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Potter, M. L.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; jderouch; goodband; jnelssenA total of 1,239 finishing pigs (initially 43 lb) were used in a 41-d trial to determine the effects on ADG, ADFI, and F/G of switching every 2 wk from a corn-soybean mealbased diet to a diet containing alternative ingredients. Pens of pigs were weighed and allotted randomly to 1 of 4 dietary treatments. Dietary treatments were: (1) feeding a corn-soybean meal-based diet; (2) feeding an alternative ingredient-based diet; (3) feeding both diets in succession by feeding 2 wk of the corn-soybean meal-based diet followed by 2 wk of the diet with alternative ingredients, then feeding the corn-soybean meal-based diet again for 2 wk (Switch 1); or (4) feeding both diets in succession by feeding 2 wk of the diet with alternative ingredients followed by 2 wk of the cornsoybean meal-based diet, then feeding the diet with alternative ingredients again for 2 wk (Switch 2). Nutrient specifications of the corn-soybean meal-based diet and alternative ingredient-based diet were similar within phase, and diets were fed in 2 phases (Phase 1: 4 wk, and Phase 2: 2 wk). Pigs were weighed and feed intake was recorded by pen on d 0, 13, 27, and 41 to determine ADG, ADFI, and F/G. Although performance among pigs fed the different dietary treatments was variable throughout the testing periods, dietary treatment did not affect (P ≥ 0.07) overall ADG or ADFI. This resulted in pigs being of similar (P = 0.41) off-test weight, regardless of the diet (corn-soybean meal-based or alternative ingredient-based diets) or diet sequence (Switch 1 or Switch 2). Therefore, in this study with diets formulated to similar nutrient specifications but having different ingredients, pigs had comparable performance regardless of whether a corn-soybean meal-based diet or an alternative ingredient-based diet was fed continuously or whether pigs were fed these same 2 diets alternated every 2 wk.Item Open Access Effects of dried distillers grains with solubles and increasing dietary wheat middlings on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fat quality in growing-finishing pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Barnes, J.A.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; mtokach; goodband; dritz; jnelssenA total of 288 pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050, initially 100 lb) were used in an 84-d growth trial to evaluate the effects of dietary wheat middlings and dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) on growing-finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat quality. Pens of pigs were balanced by initial weight and gender and were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 8 pigs per pen (4 barrows and 4 gilts) and 9 replications per treatment. Dietary treatments included a corn-soybean meal-based diet, a diet with 30% DDGS, or the diet with 30% DDGS with 10% or 20% wheat middlings. Treatment diets were formulated to constant standardized ileal digestible lysine:ME ratios within each phase. All treatments were fed in 4 phases. Overall (d 0 to 84), pigs fed increasing wheat middlings had decreased (linear; P ≤ 0.02) ADG and poorer (linear; P ≤ 0.01) F/G. There were no differences (P = 0.12) among treatments for ADFI. For carcass characteristics, increasing wheat middlings decreased (linear; P < 0.01) percentage yield and HCW and tended to decrease (linear; P < 0.06) loin depth. Pigs fed wheat middlings also had decreased (quadratic; P < 0.02) back fat and increased (quadratic; P < 0.01) percentage lean. Increasing DDGS from 0 to 30% decreased (P < 0.03) carcass yield and backfat depth (P < 0.01), while increasing percentage lean (P < 0.03) and jowl iodine value (P < 0.001). Increasing wheat middlings in the diet decreased (linear; P < 0.006) feed cost per pig and feed cost per lb gain but also decreased (linear; P < 0.008) total revenue. Similarly, feeding DDGS decreased (P < 0.001) feed cost per pig and feed cost per lb gain; however, because total revenue was not decreased as greatly by DDGS, feeding 30% DDGS increased (P < 0.001) income over feed costs (IOFC). In conclusion, alternative ingredients, such as DDGS and wheat middlings, can reduce feed cost; however, the full impact on growth performance and carcass value must be known to truly understand whether they influence net profitability.Item Open Access Nutrient analysis of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles from ethanol plants located in the western plains region(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Sotak, K.M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; jderouch; dritz; jnelssenSamples of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) were collected and analyzed to establish a nutrient database and evaluate the quality and consistency between and within samples taken from 5 ethanol plants in the Western Plains region. Four plants were located in Kansas and 1 in Texas. A total of 21 samples were collected, with 4 plants contributing 4 samples each and 1 plant contributing 5 samples from different manufacturing lots of DDGS. Each sample was analyzed for amino acids, DM, CP, crude fiber, crude fat, ash, NDF, ADF, Ca, P, trace minerals, GE, and starch. In addition, DE, ME, and NE were calculated from the nutrient analysis. Of the 5 plants, 3 produced pure sorghum DDGS samples while 2 produced mixed sorghum and corn DDGS samples, with sorghum representing 60 or 70% of the DDGS. For the pure sorghum DDGS, the overall sample average means for each nutrient on a DM basis were: DM (89.5%), CP (34.2%), crude fat (10.5%), ash (4.4%), NFE (40.3%), crude fiber (10.6%), ADF (26.4%), NDF (35.1%), starch (4.3%), calculated DE (1,560 kcal/lb), calculated ME (1,454 kcal/lb), calculated NE (919 kcal/lb), Ile (1.37%), Leu (3.84%), Lys (0.88%), Met (0.55%), Thr (1.04%), Trp (0.26%), Val (1.67%), Ca (0.01%), and P (0.72%). The mixed DDGS samples’ means were generally similar to the pure sorghum DDGS nutrient analysis values. Results of these analyses can be used by nutritionists to better utilize sorghum DDGS in swine diets.Item Open Access The importance of defining the method in particle size analysis by sieving(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Fahrenholz, Adam C.; McKinney, Leland J.; Wurth, C.E.; Behnke, Keith C.; lelandm; kbfeedThe American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) publishes a standard for identifying particle size by sieving (ASABE S319.4). However, this standard includes a number of options that allow the test to be conducted differently, and different laboratories may analyze a single sample with different results. Options include the type of sieve shaker used, the use of sieve agitators, the use of a dispersion agent, and the sieving time. A small study was conducted to examine the effect of varying these methods on the calculated geometric mean diameter by weight (dgw) and geometric standard deviation by weight (sgw). Results indicated that large differences existed depending on the methods used, with dgw varying by as much as 100 microns, and sgw varying by as much as 0.42 simply by altering one option. When compounding the differences in methods, the variations can be even larger. These discrepancies demonstrate that, for particle size analysis by sieving to be used as an effective tool, the same methodology must be used to compare samples. Additionally, the data demonstrate that unless the methods in the current standard are better defined, dgw and sgw should be used only as relative values for comparison.Item Open Access Effects of feed-withdrawal time on finishing- pig carcass characteristics and economics in a commercial environment(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Frobose, H.L.; Edwards, L.N.; Prusa, K.J.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; lne; mtokach; jderouch; goodband; jnelssenThe effects of feed-withdrawal time on finishing-pig carcass composition and net returns were determined in 2 studies. In Exp. 1, a total of 728 pigs (BW = 286.4 ± 2.7 lb, 10 to 19 pigs per pen) were marketed from 48 pens that were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: feed withdrawal times of 7, 24, 36, or 48 h before harvest. Pigs were fed a common corn-soybean meal diet containing dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and bakery co-products. As expected, increased feed withdrawal time decreased (linear; P < 0.001) live weight. Withholding feed also decreased (linear; P < 0.03) HCW and backfat depth. Percentage yield increased (quadratic; P < 0.01) with longer withdrawal periods, as did percentage lean (linear; P < 0.01). Withholding feed increased (quadratic; P < 0.01) live price and, accordingly, also increased (linear; P < 0.001) carcass price. These results were due in part to increased (linear; P < 0.02) premiums and decreased (linear; P < 0.01) weight discounts. Total value and net revenue received were similar (P > 0.32) between treatments as HCW decreased in fasted pigs, but feed intake per pig also decreased (quadratic; P <0.001), resulting in feed savings of up to $0.78/pig. Withholding feed for 24 h resulted in a numeric increase in net revenue of $0.89/pig compared to 7 h. In Exp. 2, the 48-h treatment was removed and replaced with a 12-h treatment in order to more accurately determine the proper time to implement feed withdrawal. The incidence of runny bung and leaking ingesta were also recorded to determine whether a relationship existed between feed withdrawal and the incidence of these processing concerns. A total of 843 pigs (BW = 273.0 lb, 16 to 26 pigs per pen) were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: withholding feed for 7, 12, 24, or 36 h before harvest. Pigs were fed a common corn-soybean meal-based diet containing 20% DDGS. As a result of misidentification of pigs by plant personnel, data were analyzed from only 25 of the original 40 pens. Withholding feed tended to decrease (linear; P < 0.09) live weight. Unlike Exp. 1, there were no differences (P > 0.22) in HCW, percentage lean, or backfat depth across treatments. However, as in Exp.1, percentage yield (linear; P < 0.001) increased with increasing withdrawal time. Although withholding feed had no effect (P > 0.31) on the incidence of runny bung, it did increase (linear; P < 0.001) the incidence of leaking ingesta. For economics, as in Exp. 1, withholding feed increased (linear; P < 0.002) live price. Additionally, pigs that were fasted had increased (quadratic; P < 0.05) carcass price. Although premiums were similar (P > 0.32) across treatments, withholding feed decreased (quadratic; P < 0.04) weight discounts. Total value and net revenue received per pig were similar (P > 0.88) across treatments, but withholding feed decreased (linear; P < 0.001) feed intake, resulting in feed savings of up to $0.46/pig. Overall, withholding feed can be used to avoid weight discounts in heavyweight pigs without negatively impacting carcass composition and maintaining overall revenue per pig. However, these advantages come with a potential reduction in carcass weight and increased incidence of leaking ingesta, which can result in condemned heads at inspection and losses of $3 to 4 per carcass.Item Open Access The effects of feed budgeting, complete diet blending, and corn supplement blending on finishing pig growth performance in a commercial environment(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Frobose, H.L.; Ryder, D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jnelssenA total of 808 pigs (PIC 337 x 1050, initially 78.4 ± 1.4 lb BW) were used to compare different feed-blending strategies for finishing pigs using the FeedPro system (Feedlogic Corp., Willmar, MN). There were 3 experimental treatments: (1) a standard-phase complete feed program, (2) blending a high- and low-lysine complete diet (curve), and (3) blending ground corn and a supplement. FeedPro is an integrated feed dispensing system that can deliver and blend 2 separate diets while dispensing. Treatment diets were fed over 4 phases (78 to 231 lb BW) with a common complete diet containing Paylean fed during the fifth phase. The 5 phases were from 78 to 115, 115 to 157, 157 to 191, 191 to 239, and 239 to 281 lb. Each treatment had 10 replicate pens and 26 to 27 pigs per pen. Overall (d 0 to 78), pigs phase-fed complete diets had greater (P < 0.01) ADG than pigs fed blended diets and tended to have greater (P < 0.07) ADG than those fed the ground corn-supplement blend. Pigs fed the blended diets had lower (P < 0.001) ADFI than pigs phase-fed complete diets or fed the corn-supplement blend. However, pigs fed blended diets had improved (P < 0.001) F/G compared to pigs phase-fed a ground corn-supplement blend and tended to have improved (P < 0.07) F/G compared to pigs fed standard-phase diets. Pigs fed standard-phase diets had heavier (P < 0.03) HCW than pigs fed the corn-supplement blend and tended to have heavier (P < 0.03) HCW than pigs fed diets on a lysine curve. However, there were no differences (P ≥ 0.11) in percentage yield, percentage lean, fat depth, or loin depth among treatments. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.11) in total revenue or income over feed costs (IOFC) across treatments. However, standard phase-fed pigs held a numerical advantage in total revenue, mainly driven by a heavier HCW over other treatments. Also, pigs fed a ground corn-supplement blend had numerically the lowest IOFC compared to other treatments. In conclusion, feeding using the FeedPro system is competitive with standard phase-fed diets on a net return basis, while feeding a ground corn-supplement blend adversely affected net returns.Item Open Access The effects of Biomin Product A and vomitoxin on growth performance of nursery pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Frobose, H.L.; Soltwedel, K.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; jderouch; dritz; goodband; jnelssenA total of 340 barrows (PIC 1050, initially 25.7 lb ± 0.2 lb BW and 35 d of age) were used in a 28-d growth trial examining the effects on nursery pig growth performance of adding Biomin Product A (Biomin; Herzogenburg, Austria) to diets contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON), or vomitoxin on nursery pig growth performance. Also, 5% water was added in a diet with Biomin Product A as a means of potentially enhancing the activity of the product. Pigs were allotted to pens by weight, and pens were assigned to 1 of 8 treatments in a randomized complete block design with location in the barn serving as the blocking factor. There were 9 replications per treatment (pens) and 4 to 5 pigs per pen. Initial mycotoxin analyses were conducted on the primary ingredients at Romer Labs5 and served as the basis of diet formulation. Eight dietary treatments were formulated to contain: (1) no vomitoxin or Biomin Product A, (2) 1.5 ppm vomitoxin and no Biomin Product A, (3) 1.5 ppm vomitoxin and 0.15% Biomin Product A (3 lb/ton), (4) 1.5 ppm vomitoxin and 0.30% Biomin Product A (6 lb/ton), (5) 3.0 ppm vomitoxin and no Biomin Product A, (6) 3.0 ppm vomitoxin and 0.30% Biomin Product A (6 lb/ton), (7) 3.0 ppm and 0.45% Biomin Product A (9 lb/ton), and (8) 3.0 ppm vomitoxin and 0.45% Biomin Product A with 5% water added to the diet. Dried distillers grains with solubles containing vomitoxin were used to increase concentrations in the treatment diets. After feed manufacturing, ingredients and diets were analyzed at Romer Labs and NDSU6. DON levels for the low- (1.5 ppm) and high- (3.0 ppm) vomitoxin diets were determined to average 2.5 and 5.2 ppm, respectively. Experimental diets were fed in meal form from d 0 to 21, and a common diet was fed from d 21 to 28 to evaluate performance immediately after removing vomitoxin from the diet. Overall (d 0 to 21), pigs fed high-vomitoxin diets had decreased (P < 0.01) ADG and ADFI compared to pigs fed diets lower in DON concentration. Adding Biomin Product A to diets containing vomitoxin had no effect (P > 0.24) on ADG; however, adding Biomin Product A to low-vomitoxin diets increased (quadratic, P < 0.01) ADFI, resulting in poorer (quadratic, P < 0.01) F/G. Furthermore, there were no differences (P > 0.39) in performance or feed efficiency when 5% water was added to the diet containing Biomin Product A. In conclusion, adding Biomin Product A to the diet did not improve nursery pig performance during the 3-week period during which diets containing low or high concentrations of vomitoxin were fed.Item Open Access Effects of vomitoxin concentration in nursery pig diets and the effectiveness of commercial products to mitigate its effects(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Barnes, J.A.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; mtokach; goodband; dritz; jnelssenA total of 180 pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050, initially 22.8 lb and 34 d of age) were used in a 21-d trial to evaluate the effects of vomitoxin concentration in nursery pig diets and the effectiveness of commercial products to mitigate vomitoxin’s negative effects on performance. Pens of pigs were balanced by initial weight and were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with 6 replications per treatment. Dietary treatments included a control diet consisting of corn-soybean meal and regular dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; low vomitoxin), a negative control diet containing 4 ppm dietary vomitoxin (from contaminated DDGS), and the negative control diet with Biofix Plus, Cel-can with bentonite clay, or Defusion Plus. All diets were fed in meal form. From d 0 to 10, pigs fed either the negative control or diets containing Biofix Plus, Celcan with bentonite clay, or Defusion Plus had decreased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI than pigs fed the positive control diet. Pigs fed the positive control diet had improved F/G (P < 0.05) compared to pigs fed the negative control diet and diets containing Biofix Plus or Cel-can with bentonite clay, with pigs fed diets containing Defusion Plus intermediate. From d 10 to 21, pigs fed the positive control or diet containing Defusion Plus had greater (P < 0.05) ADG than the negative control, Biofix Plus, and Cel-can with bentonite clay diets. Additionally, pigs fed the positive control diet had a greater (P < 0.05) ADFI than pigs fed the negative control and diets containing Biofix Plus and Cel-can with bentonite clay, with pigs fed Defusion Plus intermediate. Overall (d 0-21), pigs fed the positive control diet had greater (P < 0.05) ADG compared to pigs fed any of the vomitoxin-contaminated diets. In addition, pigs fed diets containing Defusion Plus had greater ADG (P < 0.05) than pigs fed the negative control diet and diets containing Biofix Plus or Cel-can with bentonite clay. Pigs fed the positive control diet had greater ADFI (P < 0.05) than pigs fed any other dietary treatment. Pigs fed the positive control diet had improved F/G (P < 0.05) compared to the negative control and diets containing Biofix Plus or Cel-can with bentonite clay. Also, pigs fed Defusion Plus had improved F/G (P < 0.05) compared to pigs fed the negative control. Thus, nursery pigs fed diets containing 4 ppm vomitoxin had reduced growth performance. Including Defusion Plus in the diet improved performance but not to that of pigs fed a low-vomitoxin diet.Item Open Access A comparison of Denagard, Denagard/CTC and Pulmotil on nursery pig growth performance and economic return(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-22) Sotak, K.M.; Hammer, M.; Jacela, J.Y.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jderouch; jnelssenA total of 880 weanling pigs (initially 15.6 lb and 16 to 20 d of age) were used in a 41-d experiment to compare the effects of different antibiotic regimens on growth performance and economic return in the nursery phase. Pigs were alloted to 1 of 5 treatment groups based on weight within gender. The antibiotic regimens included: (1) control diets containing no antibiotic throughout the trial, (2) a combination of Denagard (Novartis Animal Health, Greensboro, NC) at 35g/ton and chlortetracycline at 400g/ton (Denagard/CTC) for the entire 41-d trial, (3) a Pulmotil (Elanco, Greenfield, IN) regimen of 363g/ton from d 0 to 10 followed by 181g/d from d 10 to 41, (4) Denagard 200 from d 0 to 10 followed by Denagard/CTC from d 10 to 41, and (5) Denagard/CTC from d 0 to 10, Denagard 200 from d 10 to 20, and Denagard/ CTC from d 20 to 41. From d 0 to 10, ADG, ADFI, and F/G were similar (P > 0.40) between the pigs fed nonmedicated diets and the mean of the groups fed diets containing antibiotics. However, from d 10 to 20, 20 to 41, and for the overall trial, pigs fed diets containing antibiotics had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and improved (P < 0.04) F/G than pigs fed the control diet without antibiotics. Pigs fed diets containing Denagard/ CTC had greater (P < 0.02) ADG and ADFI than pigs fed Pulmotil for d 0 to 10, 20 to 41, and the overall trial. No differences were found (P > 0.18) between pigs fed Denagard/CTC and Denagard 200 during any phase. Final pig weights were greater for pigs fed diets containing antibiotics compared with the control (P < 0.01) and for pigs fed Denagard/CTC compared with pigs fed Pulmotil (P < 0.05). Adding antibiotics to the diets increased (P < 0.01) feed cost per pig; however, income over feed cost (IOFC) also increased for pigs fed Denagard/CTC compared with the control (P < 0.01) and compared with pigs fed Pulmotil (P < 0.01). These results demonstrate that adding antibiotics to the nursery diet improved pig performance and economic return.
