Cattlemen's Day, 1989

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Open Access
Effects of Finapux® in combination with Ralgro® and Synovex® on performance and carcass characteristics of steers and heifers
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-06) Kuhl, Gerry L.; Simms, D.; Ritter, R.; Houghton, P.; Hartman, Paul D.; phartman
Five field trials were conducted with 762 steers and heifers to evaluate Finaplix® in combination with Ralgro® or Synovex® for growing and finishing programs. Effects on cattle performance and carcass characteristics were inconsistent across trials. However, in general, implanting cattle with Finaplix and either Ralgro or Synovex tended to result in increased gain, final weight, and carcass weight, with little effect on backfat, loin eye area or kidney, heart, and pelvic fat. Marbling score and the percentage of cattle grading choice tended to be reduced slightly, although this was not usually significant.
Open Access
Managing fast- vs. slow-growth genotypes to optimize quality and yield grades
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-06) Schalles, R.R.; Zoellner, K.O.; Dikeman, Michael E.; mdikeman
Fast-growth genotype steers placed on a high energy ration a month after weaning were compared to a slow-growth genotype on a growing ration for 155 days, followed by a finishing ration for 62 days. The fast-growth genotype produced heavier, higher quality carcasses in less time than the slow-growth genotype, with similar energy conversion. Using contemporary prices. the fast-growth genotype cattle broke even, and the slow-growth genotype lost $124 per head.
Open Access
Fecal thiaminase in feedlot cattle
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-06) Hays, T.D.; Brent, B.E.
Fecal thiaminase was measured on 152 feedlot cattle at three locations and on a variety of rations. No animals showed signs of polioencephalomalacia. Thiaminase activities ranged from 0.6 to 430 µmol thiamin destroyed per minute per liter of feces (µmol/min/l). Eighty-two percent of the thiaminase activities were below 20 µmol/min/l, and only 3 percent were less than 2 µmol/min/l. High levels of fecal thiaminase were apparently not related to ration. Thiaminase was detected in all animals studied, but one location had only minimal levels. When high levels of thiaminase were found, the samples were re-assayedt and the enzyme was confirmed to be thiaminase type I. Polioencephalomalaciat a central nervous system disease in ruminants, involves gastrointestinal destruction of thiamint and the creation, through the action of thiaminase I and a cosubstratet of a thiamin analog that inhibits thiamin-requiring metabolic reactions. Our data suggest that substantial numbers of feedlot cattle have the enzyme in their gastrointestinal tracts, but do not develop polioencephalomalacia because the appropriate cosubstrate is absent.
Open Access
Effect of Liquamycin® and Syntabac Plus® on gain and health of stockers purchased as steers or bulls
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-06) Brazle, F.; Kuhl, Gerry L.
Steer calves gained faster (P<.001) and required fewer treatments per animal (P<.01) than newly castrated bull calves during a 29-day receiving period. Liquamycin® (LA-200) injection at arrival increased steer gains (P<.08) and reduced treatments required per animal (P<.08). The combined use of LA-2oo and Syntabac Plus®• increased gains (P<.08) of newly castrated calves.
Open Access
Liver fluke infestation in Kansas fed slaughter cattle
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-06) Laudert, S.B.
Feedlot cattle from 1,687 pens totaling 290,183 head were evaluated at slaughter for the presence of liver flukes. Overall, 4.92% of the cattle were found to be infected. Only 15.2% of all pens of cattle were found to be completely free of flukes. However, only 5.3% of the pens had greater than 15% of the cattle infested. Beef steers had a higher level of infestation (5.2%) than beef heifers (4.4%). Holstein steers had an overall infestation rate of 4.4%.
Open Access
Performance, carcass, and meat palatability traits of open and 30-month old heifers that produced one calf
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-06) Waggoner, A.W.; Brethour, J.R.; Dikeman, Michael E.; mdikeman
Eighty-seven 3/8 Simmental x 5/8 Hereford heifers calved at 2 years of age and were designated as Single-Calf-Heifers (SCH). Twenty-six heifer mates that did not calve were designated as 2-year-old open heifers (2-OH), and 22, 1 year-old open heifers (1-OH) from the same source served as controls. All heifer groups were fed a high-grain diet for 112 to 137 days before slaughter. The SCH were started on feed about 1 month after calving, and their calves were weaned early about 5 weeks prior to slaughter. Thirty-three of the SCH were implanted with Synovex-H® after calving. Carcass data were obtained, and rib steaks were collected and evaluated for palatability. Our results indicate that it is possible to produce carcasses with desirable weights, USDA quality and yield grades, and taste panel palatability ratings from heifers that have produced one calf, and then were fed a high-grain diet and slaughtered by 30 months of age. However, ribeye steaks of SCH were not as tender as those from 1-OH. Implanting heifers that have calved may result in more "hard-boned" carcasses, but likely will increase dressing percent. Cattlemen willing to provide intensive management may find that the SCH system has considerable potential.
Open Access
A comparison of flavor and tenderness between dry-aged and vacuum-aged beef strip loins
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-06) Warren, K.; Kastner, Curtis L.; ckastner
Starting 3 days postmortem, sections from eight USDA Choice or better, yield grade 4, strip loins were dry-aged (aged unpackaged) or vacuum-aged (aged in vacuum bags) for an additional 11 days. The dry-aged loins lost more (P<.05) weight during aging than vacuum-aged loins, and cooked faster, with less (P<.05) cooking loss than the unaged loins. Vacuum-and dry-aged samples were similar (P>.05) in tenderness, and both were more tender (P<.05) than unaged counterparts. A trained taste panel found no differences in subcutaneous fat flavor. However, lean from the vacuum-aged samples had a more intense sour flavor note and more intense bloody/serumy flavor and metallic notes than either of the other treatments. The lean of dry-aged samples was beefier and had more brown/roasted flavor than vacuum-aged or unaged counterparts.
Open Access
Impact of cash settlement on feeder cattle hedging risk
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-06) Mintert, J.R.; Schroeder, Ted C.; jmintert; tcs
One of the principal motivations for the introduction of cash settlement in feeder cattle futures contracts was to reduce basis risk. This study examined expected changes in hedging risk attributable to the adoption of cash settlement. The estimates of cash settlement futures hedging risks were generally small than estimates of hedging risks using the physical-delivery futures. The reduction in hedging risk was greatest for feeder steers meeting futures contract weight specifications, but reductions were also common for other weight classes and for heifers.
Open Access
Dietary influences on pancreatic amylase and small intestinal disaccharidase activities in cattle
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-06) Kreikemeier, K.K.; Harmon, D.L.; Gross, K.; Armendariz, C.
Pancreatic alpha-amylase activity was 54% higher in cattle fed at twice maintenance energy than in cattle fed at maintenance and was 52% greater in hay-fed than grain-fed cattle. Increased pancreatic alpha-amylase activity probably represents increased secretion as well. Alpha-amylase activity in small intestinal digesta was greater with increased energy intake and with hay feeding. Small intestine mucosal disaccharidase activities in cattle were unaffected by diet. Lactase activity was highest in the proximal segment of the small intestine and low in both mid and distal segments. Maltase and isomaltase activities were low in the duodenum, but increased toward the jejunum and remained elevated through the terminal ileum.
Open Access
Dietary fat and calcium level effect on feedlot performance and carcass merit in steers
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-06) Bock, B.; Brandt, Robert T., Jr.; Harmon, D.L.
Feeding fat increased feed intake and average daily gain, but feed efficiency was not affected. Feeding high levels of calcium (.9%) had no overall effect, but may tend to increase intake when fed with diets that contain primarily vegetable fat or highly unsaturated fat products.
Open Access
Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy calibrations for sorghum silage
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Dubois, P.C.; Lagombra, Gregorio Garcia; Bolsen, K.K.; Harbers, L.H.
Calibrations for near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis of sorghum silage and sheep feces samples were developed. with mixed success. For sorghum silage, the standard errors of calibration (SEC) and correlation coefficients of calibration (R2) for crude protein (CP) were .405% and .927; for acid detergent fiber (ADF), 1.667% and .943; and for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 1.589% and .964, respectively. The statistics for crude protein were not as good as similar work reported in the literature, but the data for the fiber components was as good as or better than similar reported work. For sheep feces. the SEC and R2 for CP were .300% and .949; for ADF. 1.438% and .875; and for NDF. 2.016% and .846, respectively. These statistics are similar to other reports. Calibration should improve as we add more calibration samples.
Open Access
Influence of plant parts on in vitro dry matter disappearance of forage sorghum silages
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) White, J.; Bolsen, K.K.
Five mid- to late- season forage sorghum hybrids were used to plot the changes in silage in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) when their proportions of grain, leaf, sheath, and stalk were altered. The average IVDMD of the parts were: grain 76.9%, leaf 57.7%, sheath 52.7%, and stalk 60.8 percent. The grain proportion had a large positive effect on silage IVDMD dynamics, whereas the sheath plant part had a negative effect.
Open Access
Evaluation of interseeded grain sorghum and soybeans as a silage crop
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Esmail, S.H.M.; Hartadi, H.; Harbers, L.H.; Shirley, John E.; Hoover, J.D.; Azimi, S.; Pfaff, L.W.; Bolsen, K.K.
Interseeded grain sorghum and soybeans have been evaluated as a silage crop over a 3year period. In the first 2 years, maximum dry matter (DM) yields occurred at the late-dough stage of the grain sorghum, and interseeded silages had higher crude protein (CP) and acid detergent fiber contents than non-interseeded late-dough stage, grain sorghum control silages. In year 2, seeding grain sorghum and soybeans in alternating IS-inch rows increased DM yield, CP content, and the proportion of soybean plants in the mixture compared to drilled (6-inch spacing) interseeding. Digestibilities of most nutrients were similar in all silages; however, cattle fed control silage consumed the most DM in year 1, but not in year 2. In both years, calves fed the control silages had faster gains than those fed drilled sorghum-soybean silages. Adding grain improved gain and intake only for calves fed the interseeded silage in year 1. In year 3, seeding grain sorghum and Williams 82 soybeans in alternating rows did not increase DM yield over the drilled interseeding. However, the drilled mixture had a much higher proportion of soybean plants compared to the first two years. All mixtures had higher CP content than control grain sorghum.
Open Access
Effect of Foraform® on fermentation of alfalfa, corn, and forage sorghum silages
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Bolsen, K.K.; Laytimi, A.; Drysdale, A.D.
Foraform® was evaluated in four trials using alfalfa, corn, and two forage sorghums harvested in 1987 and ensiled in PVC laboratory silos. There was a dramatic crop by Foraform interaction, with Foraform delaying and restricting the fermentations, as expected, in alfalfa and corn. In both forage sorghum hybrids, although the ensiling process was delayed about 24 hours by the Foraform treatment, end-product silages had lower pH values and equal or higher lactic acid levels than untreated silages. Foraform was effective at both 60 to 90 F temperatures in alfalfa, with treated silages having lower lactic and acetic acids, ethanol, and ammonia-nitrogen contents and higher lactic to acetic acid ratios than untreated alfalfa silages. Similar results occurred in corn, except Foraform-treated silage had a twofold higher ethanol content than control. Although overall silage fermentation in the forage sorghums was apparently not reduced by Foraform, treated silage did have higher lactic to acetic acid ratios and lower ethanol levels, which are both indications of improved preservation.
Open Access
Effect of commercial inoculants on fermentation of 1988 silage crops
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Bolsen, K.K.; Laytimi, A.; Azimi, S.; Hart, R.A.; Niroomand, F.; Bradford, J.; Clare, L.
We have measured silage fermentation dynamics in over 50 crops since the development of a 4 x 14 inch PVC pipe, laboratory-scale silo in 1984. In many of these experiments, our objective was to determine how inoculants or inoculant/enzyme combinations affected the rate and efficiency of the ensiling process. Twenty-five different inoculants have been tested over a wide range of ensiling conditions. Results show that the majority of silage inoculants available today are able to supply a high number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and to improve silage fermentation in most crops (KAES, Reports of Progress 494, 514, and 539). Preliminary results of 17 experiments conducted in 1988 to determine the efficacy of 12 commercial inoculants are summarized here. An additional objective in six experiments was to study the effect of numbers of LAB supplied to the crop by inoculants on fermentation response. In two alfalfa experiments, combinations of inoculant and dextrose (fermentable sugar) and inoculant and enzyme (to increase fermentable sugar) were compared.
Open Access
Additive-treated corn and forage sorghum silages for growing cattle
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Bolsen, K.K.; Laytimi, A.; Hart, R.A.; Niroomand, F.; Hoover, J.
Whole-plant corn silages were treated with Ecosyl® or Foraform® in one trial and Biomate® or Biomate + Cold-flo® in the second trial. In both trials, the silages were well preserved, but all were highly unstable in air during the first 3 to 4 weeks of the feed-out period. Foraform-treated silage was 2 to 6 degrees F cooler than its control, but Cold-flo-treated silage was 2 to 8 degrees F warmer during the first 10 days post-filling. Laboratory silo results showed that both control silages fermented extremely fast; however, inoculated silages had slightly lower pH and higher lactic acid values through the first 4 to 7 days postfilling. Foraform lowered the initial pH of the ensiled material, restricted subsequent fermentation, and produced a silage with about one-half the acid content compared to its control. Cold-flo raised the initial pH and delayed the start of fermentation, but resulted in a silage with greater acid content and an increased dry matter loss. Though not significant, calves fed Ecosyl, Foraform, and Biomate silages had about 6 percent better feed conversion than those fed control silages and gain per ton of crop ensiled was also higher for the three treated silages. Cold-flo-treated silage produced 3.5 lb less gain per ton of crop ensiled than its control. Whole-plant forage sorghums were treated with TriLac® in one trial and Silagest® in the second trial. Inoculated silages had slightly lower ensiling temperatures than controls. All silages fermented rapidly, but both inoculants increased ensiling efficiency as indicated by higher lactic to acetic acid ratios (in laboratory silos) and decreased dry matter losses (in farm-scale silos). Calves fed Silagest silage outperformed those fed control silages, and both inoculants increased gain per ton of crop ensiled over control silages.
Open Access
Effect of inoculants and NPN additives on dry matter recovery and cattle performance: a summary of 22 trials
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Bolsen, K.K.; Laytimi, A.; Pope, Ronald V.; Riley, Jack G.
Results from 22 trials comparing dry matter (DM) recovery and cattle performance of inoculated or non-protein nitrogen (NPN)-treated silages to controls were summarized using paired t-test analysis. Inoculants consistently improved DM recoveries and gains per ton of crop ensiled in both com and forage sorghums. The use of NPN adversely affected nutrient preservation and gain per ton of crop ensiled, particularly for the wetter forage sorghums.
Open Access
Influence of rumen bypass fat in cattle supplements on forage utilization
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) Hightshoe, R.B.; Cochran, R.C.; Corah, L.R.; Harmon, D.L.; Vanzant, E.S.
Incorporation of rumen bypass fat into a supplement to be fed with low quality forage did not affect total dry matter digestibility or ruminal dry matter fill. Similarly, no difference in digestibility was observed among types (animal vs. plant) or levels (low vs. high) of lipids used in this study. Rumen bypass fat apparently avoids the negative impact on forage utilization seen with conventional fats.
Open Access
Soybean meal+sorghum grain, alfalfa hay, and dehydrated alfalfa pellets as protein supplements for beef cows grazing dormant, tallgrass-prairie
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) DelCurto, T.; Cochran, R.C.; Corah, L.R.; Vanzant, E.S.
Eighty-six pregnant. Hereford x Angus cows were randomly assigned to one of three winter supplement treatments: 1) soybean meal+sorghum grain, 2) alfalfa hay, or 3) dehydrated alfalfa pellets. Cows supplemented with dehydrated alfalfa pellets gained more (P<.05) weight during gestation and lost the least (P<.05) weight at calving. However, no differences (P>.10) were detected in cow body condition change. reproductive efficiency, or calf growth.
Open Access
Soybean meal+milo, alfalfa hay, and dehydrated alfalfa pellets as protein sources for steers fed dormant, native tallgrass forage in drylot
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-11-02) DelCurto, T.; Cochran, R.C.; Beharka, A.A.; Vanzant, E.S.; Nagaraja, Tiruvoor G.; tnagaraj
Sixteen ruminally-cannulated steers consuming dormant tallgrass-prairie forage were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: 1) control, no supplement; 2) soybean meal (SBM)+sorghum grain; 3) alfalfa hay; or 4) dehydrated alfalfa pellets. Forage dry matter (DM) intake was at least doubled by all three supplemental protein treatments (P<.01). In addition, steers supplemented with dehydrated alfalfa pellets displayed 15% higher forage DM intakes than steers supplemented with SBM+sorghum grain or alfalfa hay. Total DM digestibility did not differ (P>.10) among treatments; however, fiber (NDF) digestibility was depressed in steers supplemented with SBM+sorghum grain or dehydrated alfalfa pellets, compared with controls. Results from this study reinforce the concept that supplemental protein improves forage intake and utilization. Additionally, alfalfa hay and dehydrated alfalfa pellets appear to be at least as effective as SBM+sorghum grain when fed on an equal protein and energy basis.