Swine Day, 1983

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Open Access
Oxygen consumption, heart rate and the electrocardiogram of pigs during exertion
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-30T17:41:38Z) Erickson, Howard H.; Faraci, F.M.; Olsen, S.C.
Pigs were exercised for 5 minutes at five different treadmill speeds (1.0-1.8 m• sec^-1 ) (3° incline), while oxygen consumption (MO2), carbon dioxide production (MCO2), and the electrocardiogram (ECG) were continuously recorded. Data were taken at rest, during exercise, and at 2, 5, 15, and 30 minutes after exercise. MO2, MCO2, and heart rate (HR) showed progressive increases with increasing treadmill speed. The respiratory exchange ratio (R) increased during exercise and approached 1.0, but peak values were seen shortly after exercise. A high correlation between HR and MO2 was found in these animals. Prominent increases in T-wave amplitude of the ECG were associated with exercise and early recovery.
Open Access
Effect of fluctuating hot temperatures on performance and immunity in finishing pigs.
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-30T17:41:23Z) Jensen, M.A.; Blecha, Frank; Hines, Robert H.; blecha
Housing pigs in a thermal stress environment reduced gain, intake and feed efficiency. Cell mediated immunity responses were lower under the constant heat stress as well as when the temperature was lowered to a thermal neutral temperature for only 4 hours daily. Daily cooling to thermal neutral for 4, 8, or 16 hours improved growth performance. Antibody responses were not altered by temperature fluctuations.
Open Access
Prediction by a rapid enzymatic procedure of energy values and nitrogen digestibility of diets and feed ingredients for swine
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-30T17:40:44Z) Hsu, A; Allee, G.L.
A rapid in vitro method has been developed to predict digestibilities of nitrogen, dry matter (DM) and energy in feed ingredients and mixed diets for swine. A total of 21 samples, including nine feed ingredients and 12 mixed diets in which in vivo dry matter digestibility (DMD), nitrogen digestibility (ND), digestible engergy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) had been measured previously by conventional pig digestion trials were used in the in vitro assays. The in vitro procedure involved digestion of the sample with pepsin followed with amylase and pancreatin. The digestibilities of DM and protein were measured and compared to the values determined in vivo. A high correlation was found between the in vitro and in viva results for the digestibilities of DM, nitrogen and energy.
Open Access
Prediction from chemical analyses of energy value and nitrogen digestibility of feed ingredients and diets for swine
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-30T17:40:30Z) Hsu, Ali; Allee, G.L.; Pollmann, D.S.
Nine individual feed ingredients and 12 mixed diets were used in an attempt to select the most suitable regression equation for predicting energy value and nitrogen digestibility from chemical analyses. Samples were analyzed for crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), ash, moisture and nitrogen-free extract (NFE). Feed ingredients were corn, sorghum grain, wheat (trial 1), alfalfa meal, wheat bran, rice bran (trial 2), soybean meal, meat and bone meal and sunflower meal (trial 3). Levels ranged from 9.9 to 53.9% for CP, from 1.5 to 25.5% for CF, and from 1.7 to 27.3% for ash. A total of 72 pigs with average initial weight of 25 kg (55 lb) were used in three conventional digestion trials to measure the dry matter digestibility (DMD), nitrogen digestibility (ND), digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of diets and feed ingredients. Feed ingredients were substituted for the basal diets at 50, 30 and 20% in trial 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The DMD, ND, DE and ME were measured by difference between determined values for the test ingredient and the basal diet. Fiber was the major factor depressing DMD, ND, DE and ME in both diets and feed ingredients. Levels of crude fiber and protein affected the ratio of ME to DE in feed ingredients as in the following equation: ME/DE, % = 100.4 - .12 CP - .15 CF (r = .94, P<.01). High correlations were found between ME and DE and DMD in diets and feed ingredients. The DE and ME in feed ingredients could be predicated from only CF and ash by the following equations: DE, kcal/ g DM = 4.360 - .0652 CF - .0489 ash (r = .93, P<.0l); and ME, kcal/g DM = 4.277 - .0676 CF - .0516 ash (r = .95, P<.00l). These results suggest that nitrogen digestibility and digestible energy of feed ingredients and complete diets for swine can be estimated from chemical analyses.
Open Access
Effect of sarcoptic mange mite infestation on the growth and immunity in growing-finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-30T17:40:16Z) Keeler, G.L.; Pollmann, D.S.; Blecha, Frank; Broce, A.B.; Wooten, E.L.; blecha
Twenty -eight pigs were used to evaluate the effect the sarcoptic mange mite infestation on growth and immunity of growing-finishing pigs. Although mange mite infestation did not affect gain, the white blood cell counts were increased (23.6 vs. 28.6) two weeks after the infestation, corresponding to the mite generation. Two weeks after the infestation lymphocytes were decreased (61.0 vs. 51. 3%) and neutrophils were increased (25.7 vs. 35.1%). It appears from these data that sarcoptic mange mite infestation may influence immune status of growing-finishing pigs.
Open Access
Meal-time vs ad libitum feeding of finishing swine (feeder comparisons)
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-30T17:40:03Z) Vargas Vargas, J.; Hines, Robert H.
Three feeding trials using 480 finishing pigs were conducted to evaluate meal time feeding versus ad libitum feeding. Growth rate and feed required per pound of gain were similar for all treatments. Carcass characteristics, except for backfat thickness, were similar for meal and ad libitum-fed pigs. Pigs fed ad libitum did have significantly more backfat (1.23 vs 1.01 inches) than the meal-fed pigs. Growth rate and feed efficiency were similar when rectangular feeders were compared with oval feeders for ad libitum feeding of finishing pigs.
Open Access
Response of varying weight groups of finishing pigs to antibiotic supplementation
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-30T17:39:46Z) Hines, Robert H.
Two feeding trials involving a total of 320 head of finishing pigs were used to evaluate the effect of feeding an antibiotic to three groups selected from within a farrowing group. Pigs were divided by weight into group A (heaviest 50%), group B (25-50%) and group C (lightest 25%). Each group was assigned treatments of either 4 weeks of 100 gm of tylan-sulfa followed by 4 weeks of 40 gm/ton of tylan or no antibiotic for the 8-week trial. All groups responded to antibiotic feeding the initial 4 weeks with improved growth rate. The second 4 weeks resulted in a mixed response in that some groups not receiving antibiotic showed a compensatory gain. No group treatment interaction was observed. Eight-week performance of all groups would not indicate any advantage to feeding antibiotic to the finishing pig, regardless of weight.
Open Access
Effect of creep feeding and creep diet on pre- and post-weaning pig performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-30T17:39:29Z) Allee, G.L.
Three trials involving 61 litters of pigs were conducted to evaluate the effects of creep feeding and creep diet on weaning weight and subsequent performance in the nursery. Pigs offered a commercial milk replacer pellet (Soweena Pig Pellets) consumed more feed and were heavier at weaning than pigs fed a 20% whey corn-soybean meal creep diet or pigs fed no creep feed. Pigs utilized the creep feed very efficiently with creep feed conversion rates of less than 1:1. Creep feeding did not affect the 4- or 5-week post-weaning average daily gain or feed conversion. However, pigs that were creep fed and heavier at weaning also were heavier at 8 to 9 weeks of age.
Open Access
Square footage requirement of weaned pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-30T17:38:59Z) Koch, B.A.; Hines, Robert H.
One hundred and twenty weaned pigs were used to evaluate the effect of space allowance. Pigs were housed in a control environment nursery with woven wire flooring with 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 head per 4' x 5' pen which allowed 4.5, 3.0, 2.25, 1.8, and 1.5 square feet of usable space, respectively, for each pig. No significant differences were observed in performance for the five-week period. However, during week 3,4, and 5 of the trial, pigs with 1.8 and 1.5 sq. ft. of space, respectively, had a markedly reduced feed intake and average daily gain. Feed gain ratios were not affected. This study suggests a minimum of 2.25 sq. ft. will support pig performance equal to those pigs allowed more space for the 5-week period.
Open Access
Effect of particle size of corn and sorghum grain on performance and digestibility for weaned pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-30T17:38:35Z) Oh, S.J.; Allee, G.L.; Behnke, Keith C.; Deyoe, C.W.; kbfeed
A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of two grain sources (corn or sorghum grain), two processing methods (hammer mill or roller mill), and two particle sizes (fine and coarse) on performance and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. Each grain was ground through a hammer mill with either a 1/8" (fine) or a 1/4" (coarse) screen. Average daily gain was not influenced by particle size, grain source or method of processing. Feed intake tended to increase as particle size increased, with the lowest feed intake on the fine particle size hammer-milled diet. Feed conversion improved as particle size decreased with both grain sources. Digestibilities of dry matter, nitrogen and energy improved as particle size decreased with both corn and sorghum grain.
Open Access
Effect of regrouping unfamiliar pigs at weaning on immune function
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-30T17:38:21Z) Blecha, Frank; Pollmann, D.S.; Nichols, David A.; blecha; dnichols
Pigs weaned at 3 weeks of age and regrouped with unfamiliar individuals had a 4-fold increase in plasma cortisol when compared to pigs that remained in a litter group. However, cellular measures of immune function were not altered by regrouping.
Open Access
Microflora manipulation of artificially reared piglets
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-30T17:37:42Z) Schoenherr, W.D.; Pollmann, D.S.; Kennedy, G.E.; Schoneweis, D.A.; LaForge, R.R.
Three experiments were conducted with pigs to examine the influence of two antimicrobial agents on growth, blood parameters, the intestinal flora population and the therapeutic action on mycoplasma pneumonia. The pigs were fed a medicated milk replacer for 21 days in individual cages in an environmentally controlled room. In Experiment 1, pigs received two levels of lincomycin (L): 5 mg (LILO) and 10 mg (LIHI) injection per pound of body weight, and two levels of long-acting oxytetracycline (LAO): 100 mg (LALO) and 200 mg (LAHI) per injection and were compared to a control. Growth, feed efficiency, scour score, severity of mycoplasma pneumonia, leukocyte and erythrocyte counts were evaluated. LAHI reduced growth, feed efficiency and blood parameters. The LIHI pigs had a slight improvement in growth, feed efficiency and leukocyte count over the LILO pigs. These data suggest that the correct dosage rate of LAO is 100 mg per injection and of L is 10 mg per pound of body weight for improvement in performance of artificially reared piglets. In Experiment 2, coliform (EC) and lactobacillus (LB) counts from five portions of the gastrointestinal tract plus the feces were enumerated. The LAO increased EC and LB in the stomach. A combination treatment of LAO+L decreased LB in the stomach and depressed EC in the colon. Forty additional piglets were allotted to a nursery study to determine the effect of isolation after antimicrobial therapy on growth parameters and mycoplasma pneumonia. Isolation had no effect on growth or mycoplasma pneumonia during the nursery phase. In Experiment 3, piglets were challenged with mycoplasma pneumonia after antimicrobial therapy. No differences were observed in any portion of the lung for severity of mycoplasma pneumonia. The culture of mycoplasma pneumonia either did not infect the piglets or they showed no evidence of it's presence.
Open Access
Effect of feeding streptococcus faecium to artificially reared pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-30T17:37:14Z) Kluber, E.F. III; Pollmann, D.S.; Blecha, Frank; blecha
Two trials were conducted with a total of 112 artificially reared pigs to evaluate the effect feeding Streptococcus faecium. The areas studied were growth and feed efficiency, mortality rate, daily scour score, blood parameters (total leukocyte numbers and differentials), and in vivo determination of cell-mediated immunity. The results of the trial indicate that there was no significant advantage to feeding Streptococcus faecium to artificially reared pigs.
Open Access
Farrowing interval and pig performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-30T17:37:01Z) Wheat, J.D.; Suba, M.S.; Dayton, A.D.; Allee, G.L.; Hines, Robert H.
The average for 1813 farrowing intervals was 16.78 minutes with a standard deviation of 25.37 minutes. Farrowing duration averaged 141.51 minutes, ranging from 11 to 618 minutes. The difference between farrowing intervals for Yorkshire and Yorkshire-Duroc crossbred dams was nonsignificant. Neither season of the year, birth order, sire of the litter nor sex of the pig significantly affected farrowing interval. However, dam of the litter affected farrowing interval in both groups, Yorkshires (P<.05) and crossbreds (P<.01), as did birth weight (r=.17, P<.0l). Number of pigs born alive and average farrowing interval for the dam were correlated negatively (r=-.39, P<.0l), while the correlation between farrowing duration and number of pigs born alive was .22 (P<.0l). Consequently, sow producti vity index was related negatively with average farrowing interval (r=-.30, P<.0l), but the correlation between farrowing duration and sow productivity index was .16 (P<.05).
Open Access
Drip cooling of lactating sows
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-30T17:36:36Z) Nichols, David A.; Murphy, James P.; Vic Robbins, F.; dnichols; jmurphy
Twenty eight sows and gilts were used to evaluate the value of drip sprinkling to reduce heat stress in lactating sows. Respiration rates for sprinkled sows were significantly lower than those of controls. Daily feed intake was significantly higher for wetted sows versus the unwetted controls. No differences were observed between groups on number of pigs born alive, dead, number weaned or pig birth weight.
Open Access
Estrous synchronization and scheduled artificial insemination for gilts
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-30T17:36:24Z) Davis, Duane L.; Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; Schmidt, W.E.; davis; jss
Gilts were artificially inseminated on the fifth, sixth and seventh days after estrous synchronization with altrenogest (scheduled AI). Contemporary controls also were synchronized but were checked for estrus twice daily. Scheduled AI gilts had farrowing rates and litter sizes similar to controls. Altrenogest is not presently available to pork producers but these results suggest that it could be used in combination with artificial insemination to schedule breeding according to a predetermined schedule.
Open Access
Reproductive performance of sows after reducing litter size for five days before weaning
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-30T17:36:12Z) Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; Davis, Duane L.; jss; davis
Our objective was to characterize reproductive performance for sows nursed by only two to four pigs for the last 5 days of lactation. Litter size was reduced beginning at 2 (16 sows), 3 (15 sows), or 4 (15 sows) weeks after farrowing, while 14 sows had no change in their litter size and were weaned at 5 weeks. Reducing litter size (RLS) resulted in 19 of 46 (41 %) sows showing estrus at weaning. More (P<.05) RLS sows were in heat 0 to 3 days after weaning compared with control sows. Fertility traits (number of corpora lutea, eggs fertilized, fertilization rate, cleaved eggs, and cleavage rate) were determined 4 to 6 days after estrus and were unaffected by treatment. Intervals to estrus after weaning were reduced using the RLS treatment while maintaining normal fertility after inseminations at the early estrus. However, for those sows not in heat at weaning in response to RLS treatment, intervals to estrus were less synchronous than for controls.
Open Access
Induction of fertile estrus during lactation in sows
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-30T17:35:45Z) Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; Davis, Duane L.; jss; davis
Our objective was to determine the effectiveness of inducing estrus during lactation by reducing the nursing load of the sow between 2 and 4 weeks after farrowing. lactating sows were separated from their litters for either 6 (20 sows) or 12 (10 sows) hr/day between 2 and 4 weeks postpartum. For comparison, the litters of other sows were weaned at either 2 (13 sows) or 4 (16 sows) weeks of age. Estrus was induced in 13 of 20 (65%) sows and 5 of 10 (50%) sows that were separated from their litters for 6 or 12 hr/day during lactation, respectively, compared with 0/13 and 0/16 sows weaned at 2 or 4 weeks. The 18 sows that showed estrus during lactation averaged 5.9 days from the first day of litter separation to estrus compared with 4.4 and 4.2 days from weaning to estrus for sows weaned at 2 or 4 weeks. Fertility traits (number of corpora lutea, eggs fertilized, fertilization rate, eggs cleaved, and cleavage rate) were unaffected by treatment. Daily separation of sows from their litters for at. least 6 hr/day resulted in 60% of the sows showing synchronous estrus in 4 to 8 days with fertility similar to that of sows weaned completely at 2 or 4 weeks postpartum.
Open Access
Effect of injectable antibiotics at breeding on reproductive performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-30T17:35:06Z) Pollman, D.S.; Davis, Duane L.; davis
A total of 116 sows were used in a study to evaluate the effect of penicillin or long-acting oxytetracycline on reproductive performance. Antibiotic injection at breeding time did not improve farrowing rate or litter size. Therefore, these results indicate that it is not cost effective to inject these antibiotics on the day of breeding.
Open Access
Influence of alfalfa addition to sow diets
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-30T17:34:41Z) Pollmann, D.S.; Dennis, S.M.; LaForge, R.R.
Twenty-four sows were utilized to evaluate the influence of a high fiber diet on nutrient digestibility and hindgut bacterial populations and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations. Sows were fed either a control of milo-soybean meal or a 50% sun-cured alfalfa diet. The addition of alfalfa decreased (P<.05) energy, nitrogen and fiber utilization as compared to the control diet. Alfalfa-fed sows, after a 90-day adaptation, were able to utilize more cellulose and crude fiber, which contributed to slight improvement in energy utilization. Bacterial populations and VFA concentrations in the hindgut were altered when sows were fed a 50% alfalfa diet. Therefore, these results indicate that alfalfa, if cost effective, can be added to sow diets.