Swine Day, 1984

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Open Access
Effects of Compudose® implants on performance carcass, meat quality traits and serum testosterone in young boars
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-30T17:32:50Z) Timmis, T.; Dikeman, Michael E.; Hunt, Melvin C.; Highfill, G.; Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; Hines, Robert H.; mdikeman; hhunt; jss
Implanting boar pigs at 100 lb with 24 mg of Compudose 200® (estradiol 17β) had no significant effect on "boar odor" in meat, rate of gain, feed efficiency, carcass leanness or meat quality traits. The presence of a 7 to 8 mo old gilt in the pen decreased rate of growth in both control and implanted boars, but contrary to our expectations did not increase the incidence of “boar odor".
Open Access
Efficacy of Ectrin® (Fenvalerate) for sarcoptic mange control in swine
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-30T17:32:35Z) Wooten, E.L.; Broce, A.B.; Pollmann, D.S.
A trial was conducted to determine the efficacy of fenvalerate (Ectrin®) for control of sarcoptic mange mites in swine. Artificially infested pigs were treated with two sprayings of Ectrin at 0.05% concentration with 1 wk interval between sprayings. One week after the first spraying, mite numbers and clinical signs of mange had decreased in treated animals but remained elevated in infested-nontreated pigs. Four weeks after the first spraying (3 wk after the second spraying), no mites were found in scrapings from the Ectrin-treated pigs and the amount of scratching and rubbing in those pigs decreased compared with the infested- nontreated pigs. It was concluded that Ectrin is an effective control for sarcoptic mange in pigs at the 0.05% level when two sprayings are used.
Open Access
Effect of particle size and surface area of corn on pig performance and nutrient digestibility
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-23T21:14:14Z) Wu, Jih-Fang; Allee, G.L.
Two feeding trials and two digestion trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of particle size and surface area of corn on the performance and nutrient digestibility of weaning and finishing pigs. The effects of particle size on production rate and grinding efficiency also were evaluated. Production rate and grinding efficiency decreased as particle size decreased. Average daily gain was not influenced by particle size. Feed intake tended to decrease as particle size decreased with the lowest feed intake on the fine partice size diet. Feed efficiency tended to improve as particle size decreased. The incidence of ulceration in the esophageal region of the stomach of finishing pigs increased as particle size of diet decreased. Digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and energy improved as particle size decreased or surface area increased with diets for both weaning and finishing pigs.
Open Access
Digestibility of fat sources by growing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-23T21:14:03Z) Li, De-Fa; Allee, G.L.
A digestion trial was conducted with 12 crossbred barrows averaging 48 lb to evaluate the digestibility of various fat sources. Fat sources evaluated were soybean oil, a 85% dry fat product composed of animal and vegetable fat, and a 80% dry fat product made by encapsulating choice white grease with casein. The control diet was a 18% crude protein corn-soybean meal diet with 10% cornstarch. Fat sources were added to the basal diet at the expense of cornstarch to supply 8% added fat. A crossover design was used with three pigs per diet in each of two periods. Digestibility of dry matter, energy, ether extract were (P<.05) lower for the diet containing the 85% dry fat product. Nitrogen digestibility and nitrogen retention were reduced also when the 85% dry fat product was fed. These results suggest that the two dry fat products evaluated are markedly different in nutritional value for growing pigs.
Open Access
Comparison of feeding systems for finishing swine
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-23T21:13:50Z) Vargas Vargas, J.; Hines, Robert H.
Two feeding trials using 240 finishing pigs were conducted to evaluate meal feeding and ad libitum dry and wet feeding. Growth rate was significantly improved by wet feeding in trial 1. Overall, a 5% improvement in growth rate occurred by wet feeding in both trials when compared with meal-feeding or ad libitum dry feeding. Feed efficiency was similar for pigs fed meals, and ad libitum dry or wet diets.
Open Access
Time-restricted feeding of pigs: social and feeding behavior
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-23T21:13:28Z) Vargas Vargas, J.; Craig, J.V.; Hines, Robert H.
Twenty finishing pigs were used to evaluate effects of time-restricted feeding on social interactions and feeding patterns of pigs at feeding time. Correlation analysis for pairs of traits, involving feeding activities, social interactions, and rate of gain indicate that more aggressive pigs went first to the feeder, fed more frequently, and gained faster. Although on continuous artificial lighting, timed-fed pigs displayed more feeding and aggressive behavior during day light hours.
Open Access
Effect of reduced nighttime temperature on nursery pig performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-23T21:13:03Z) Nichols, David A.; Blecha, Frank; Johnston, M.; Hines, Robert H.; dnichols; blecha
A total of 144 weaned pigs were used to evaluate the effect of reduced nighttime temperatures on pig performance. No differences were observed in average daily feed intake, daily gain, or feed efficiency regardless of temperature treatment. These results indicate that constant high temperature may not be required for nursery pigs.
Open Access
Lecithin addition to starter pig diets with and without added fat and whey
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-23T21:12:37Z) Van Wormer, D.M.; Pollmann, D.S.
A total of 316 crossbred weanling pigs were used in two studies to evaluate the effect of the addition of edible-grade, unbleached soy lecithin on growth in starter pig diets with and without added fat and/or dried whey. Addition of fat to a corn-soybean meal diet improved (P<.05) feed efficiency but addition of lecithin did not affect performance. When lecithin and fat were added in combination, average daily gain was less (P<.05) than for diets without added fat. This may be due to a high level of undigestible fat having a limiting effect on intake and consequently decreasing gains. A low level of lecithin (1.5%) in diets without whey gave approximately the same response as a 4% fat diet without whey thus making lecithin a possible fat substitute should, it be economically feasible.
Open Access
Methionine addition to weanling pig diets
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-23T21:12:23Z) Ong, Tze-chow; Allee, G.L.
Three growth trials and two metabolism trials utilizing 236 pigs were conducted to evaluate the effects of amino acids additions to weanling pig diets and to estimate the methionine requirement of weanling pigs using growth and nitrogen retention as criteria. From these results, it was concluded that the total sulfur amino acid requirement of weanling pigs does not exceed 0.56% of the diet. Addition of methionine to a lysine supplemented 18% protein corn or sorghum-soybean meal did not improve pig performance.
Open Access
Performance of young pigs fed sorghum grain damaged by lesser grain borer or fungal invasion
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-23T21:12:06Z) Dietz, J.C.; Behnke, Keith C.; Deyoe, C.W.; Allee, G.L.; kbfeed
Nutritional quality and physical conditions were used to evaluate grain sorghum damaged by either the lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) or by nontoxin-producing fungi. Experimental treatments were: 1) control 04.0% moisture), 2) lesser grain borer (LGB) (14% moisture with initial infestation of 4.5 adults/lb of grain) and 3) fungal (Fungal) (15.5% moisture). Control grain was used to formulate a 17% crude protein diet. The remaining dietary treatments were formulated by replacing the control grain with the two damaged grains on a weight basis. Forty-five female Yorkshire and 12 crossbred male pigs, with an average initial weight of 22 lb were used in growth (35 days) and metabolism studies, respectively. Results indicated sirnilar average daily gains and digestibilities for the two types of damaged grain when compared with the control. Pigs fed the diet containing the insect-damaged grain showed an 18% poorer feed conversion rate and a 21% higher average daily feed consumption during the 14 to 35-day interval. Throughout the feeding study, the diet containing the fungal-damaged grain sorghum resulted in feed conversion and average daily feed consumption similar to pigs fed the control diet.
Open Access
Lecithin addition to starter pig diets with and without added fat and whey
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-23T21:11:49Z) Van Wormer, D.; Pollmann, D.S.
A total of 316 crossbred weanling pigs were used in two studies to evaluate the effect of the addition of edible-grade, unbleached soy lecithin on growth in starter pig diets with and without added fat and/or dried whey. Addition of fat to a corn-soybean meal diet improved (P<.05) feed efficiency but addition of lecithin did not affect performance. When lecithin and fat were added in combination, average daily gain was less (P<.05) than for diets without added fat. This may be due to a high level of undigestible fat having a limiting effect on intake and consequently decreasing gains. A low level of lecithin (1.5%) in diets without whey gave approximately the same response as a 4% fat diet without thus making lecithin a possible fat substitute should, it be economically feasible.
Open Access
Effects of source and level of supplemental energy on reproductive performance of sows
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-23T21:11:27Z) Christianson, S.; Allee, G.L.; Pollmann, D.S.; Nelssen, Jim L.; jnelssen
Three feeding trials utilizing 185 sows (149 primiparous and 36 multiparous) were conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding various levels and sources of supplemental energy during lactation and from weaning to rebreeding on sow reproductive performance. Sows fed tallow (5% or 10%) during lactation had reproductive performance similar to sows fed the basal milo-soybean meal diet. Ad libitum feed intake was not affected by the addition of tallow for either the last week of lactation or for the entire three week lactation. However, daily digestible energy (DE) intake was increased with the addition of tallow to diets. Survival rate of pigs was not significantly affected by adding 5% tallow for the entire lactation period. Adding extra energy (cornstarch or fat) to sow diets following weaning did not improve reproductive performance. However, sows on the higher energy diets tended to show estrus earlier than sows fed the basal diet.
Open Access
Digestibility of fat sources by sows
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-23T21:11:14Z) Christianson, S.; Allee, G.L.; Pollmann, D.S.
Twelve crossbred sows averaging 337 lb were used to determine apparent nutrient digestibility of three fat sources. Fat sources evaluated were soybean oil, a 85% dry-fat product composed of animal and vegetable fat, and a 80% dry- fat product made with casein encapsulated choice white grease. The control diet was a 13.0% crude protein corn-soybean diet with 8% cornstarch. Fat sources were added to the control diet to supply 8% added fat. The 12 sows were used in a crossover design, with three sows per diet in each of two periods. Each period consisted of a 5-day adjustment and a 5-day collection. Sows were fed 4.4 lb per day. Digestibility of dry matter, energy, and ether extract were significantly (P<.05) higher for diets containing soybean oil and the casein encapsulated choice white grease than for the dry fat product composed of animal and vegetable fat. Rate of passage increased when sows were fed the dry-fat product composed of animal and vegetable fat. These results suggest that dry-fat sources vary in nutritional value.
Open Access
Cellular immune responses in artificially reared pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-23T21:11:03Z) Blecha, Frank; Pollmann, D.S.; Kluber, E.F. III; blecha
An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of artificial rearing on the cellular immune response of young pigs. Artificially reared pigs had lower cellular immune reactivity than sow-reared controls. These results indicate that artificial rearing may result in immunosuppression in young pigs.
Open Access
Fat in late gestation sow diets: effects on pig survival and growth
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-23T21:10:52Z) Allee, G.L.; Milliken, George A.; Nelssen, Jim L.; jnelssen
An on-farm experiment was conducted utilizing 140 sows to compare the effect of feeding either fat or additional corn during late gestation on subsequent pig performance. Beginning on day 100 of gestation and until the day of farrowing, sows were fed 6 lb daily of a corn-soybean meal diet top-dressed with either 1 lb of fat or 2.25 lb of corn. Litter size was equalized within 24 hr of farrowing. Feeding fat to sows during late gestation increased (P<.05) the number of pigs weaned per litter by .4 pig compared to feeding additional corn. Sows fed supplemental fat during late gestation weaned heavier litters (P=.06) compared to sows fed extra corn. These results indicate that feeding fat during late gestation to sows with a high energy intake increased pig survival over that obtained when the same calories were provided with corn.
Open Access
Successful induction of estrus during lactation for sows separated from their litters
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-23T21:10:33Z) Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; Davis, Duane L.; jss; davis
Our objective was to determine the effectiveness of inducing estrus during lactation by temporarily separating the litter from the sow during the last week of lactation. Lactating sows were removed daily from their litters for either 1) 3 hr /day (n=20), 2) 6 hr /day (n=39), or 3) 12 hr /day (n=10) during the last 8 days of lactation and exposed to an intact boar for at least 1 hr during the separation period. Litters were weaned from control sows at either 2 (n=13) or 4 (n=15) weeks for comparison of intervals to estrus following complete weaning or temporary separation. Estrus was observed in 13 of 20 (3 hr), 28 of 39 (6 hr) and 5 of 10 (12 hr) sows during 4 to 8 days after temporary separation periods began. Estrus was observed in 13 of 13 (2-wk weaning) and 13 of 16 (4-wk weaning) control sows from 2 to 8 days after weaning. Average intervals to estrus following temporary separation and weaning were similar (separation = 5.1 days and weaning = 4.6 days). Daily separation of sows for 3, 6, or 12 hr/day resulted in 45% (9/20) of the primiparous sows and 76% (37/49) of the multiparous sows showing synchronous estrus in 4 to 8 days after separation began.
Open Access
Effects of exposure to boars and other gilts on the estrous response after synchronization with altrenogest
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-23T21:10:20Z) Davis, Duane L.; Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; davis; jss
Estrus was synchronized in gilts by feeding altrenogest for 18 days. All gilts were penned in gestation stalls. Beginning the day before the last altrenogest treatment and continuing until 3 days after treatment, gilts were either exposed to a boar for 2 hr /day, group-penned with other gilts for 2 hr /day, both exposed to a boar and group-penned, or given neither treatment. Boar exposure shortened the interval to estrus but group-penning had no effect. None of the treatments improved the synchrony of estrus.
Open Access
Interactions of copper, selenium, and vitmain E for weanling swine
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-23T21:10:06Z) Thulin, A.J.; Pollmann, D.S.; Blecha, Frank; Kennedy, G.A.; Whetter, P.; Allee, G.L.; blecha
One-hundred and sixty pigs were utilized to evaluate possible interactions between copper (Cu), selenium (Se), and vitamin E (E) on growth and immunity of starter pigs. Copper (260 ppm) added to the diet did not effect Se and/or E utilization for growth, feed efficiency (FE), or immunity. However, addition of 260 ppm of Cu to the diets of starter pigs resulted in an 8% improvement in feed intake (FI) and a 13% improvement in average daily gain (ADG) for the first 2 wk on test. There was no effect on performance due to E additions. However, addition of .3 ppm Se to the diets resulted in an overall 5% improvement in FE and a 7% improvement in ADG. Additions of dietary Cu, Se and E had no effect on immunity and no evidence of tissue lesions or symptoms typical of Se and E deficiency were found.
Open Access
Performance of young pigs fed sorghum grain damaged by lesser grain borer or fungal invasion
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-23T21:09:50Z) Dietz, J.C.; Behnke, Keith C.; Deyoe, C.W.; Allee, G.L.; kbfeed
Nutritional quality and physical conditions were used to evaluate grain sorghum damaged by either the lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) or by nontoxin-producing fungi. Experimental treatments were: 1) control 04.0% moisture), 2) lesser grain borer (LGB) (14% moisture with initial infestation of 4.5 adults/lb of grain) and 3) fungal (Fungal) (15.5% moisture). Control grain was used to formulate a 17% crude protein diet. The remaining dietary treatments were formulated by replacing the control grain with the two damaged grains on a weight basis. Forty-five female Yorkshire and 12 crossbred male pigs, with an average initial weight of 22 lb were used in growth (35 days) and metabolism studies, respectively. Results indicated similar average daily gains and digestibilities for the two types of damaged grain when compared with the control. Pigs fed the diet containing the insect-damaged grain showed an 18% poorer feed conversion rate and a 21% higher average daily feed consumption during the 14 to 35-day interval. Throughout the feeding study, the diet containing the fungal-damaged grain sorghum resulted in feed conversion and average daily feed consumption similar to pigs fed the control diet.
Open Access
Effect of bacillus subtilus on sow and baby pig performance and bacterial populations
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-23T21:09:39Z) LaForge, R.R.; Pollmann, D.S.
A Bacillus subtilus probiotic was tested using a total of 52 sows and 516 baby pigs to determine the effect on enteric colibacillosis control and on host bacterial population. The probiotic did not affect sow or baby pig performance nor influence host bacterial populations of the digestive tract.