Swine Day, 1992

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Open Access
Endotoxin, ammonia, and total and respirable dust in swine confinement buildings: the effect of recirculated air and respiratory protective masks
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:40:11Z) Pickrell, J.A.; Heber, A.J.; Murphy, James P.; May, M.M.; Nolan, D.; Oehme, F.W.; Schoneweis, D.; Gillespie, J.R.; Henry, Steven C.; pickrell; jmurphy; dnolan; oehme
Caretakers and pigs in dusty environments with particles and toxic gases may sustain health consequences. We studied concentrations of ammonia, endotoxin, and total and respirable dust particles in four mechanically ventilated swine nurseries and two grower facilities using an ammonia sampler, filter, and British cyclone. In two of the nursery facilities, we determined the protection offered by respiratory masks that were mounted on glass funnels with filters or British cyclones and sampled for dust. In response to the increasing summer ventilation, large, nonrespirable particle concentrations in swine building atmospheres were reduced more completely by ventilation air movement than smaller respirable particles or ammonia. Total airborne endotoxin concentrations were similar to those eliciting pulmonary reactions. Total airborne endotoxin correlated with total suspended particles rather than respirable particles. Smaller respirable fecal particles enriched in endotoxin apparently stick to larger nonrespirable particles or are agglomerated before they became airborne. Internal recirculated air partially limited the mass concentration of respirable particles in the breathing zone of swine caretakers at lower but not higher ventilation rates. Respiratory protection limited the potential total dust exposures of swine caretakers in such atmospheres (<25 %, 2-tie masks; <50%, I-tie masks of the total suspended particles). Respirable particles were reduced to <55% by 2-tie masks. Properly worn 2-tie masks protect against both large and small respirable particles in swine confinement facilities.
Open Access
KSu swine enterprise record summary
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:40:01Z) Langemeier, Michael R.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; mlange; goodband; mtokach
Approximately 35 swine operations are enrolled in the 1992 Kansas Swine Enterprise Record Program. This program evaluates physical and economic performance and is part of a cooperative record-keeping project with extension personnel and swine producers in Kansas, Nebraska, and South Dakota. Records are summarized every 6 months, and the corresponding data are pooled to form state and regional averages. This paper summarizes the data for 22 farrow-to-finish operations in Kansas that kept records during the first 6 months of 1992. Profit per cwt. of pork produced for these 22 producers averaged $1.13. Profits varied substantially between producers. Producers in the top one-third in terms of profitability had average profits of $8.25 per cwt., whereas producers in the bottom one-third had average losses of $7.02 per cwt. Critical factors separating low and high profit producers included feed costs, unpaid labor, fixed costs, and productivity.
Open Access
Effects of the interrelationship of porcine somatotropin administration and dietary phosphorus on growth performance in developing gilts
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:39:43Z) Weeden, T.L.; Hansen, J.A.; Friesen, K.G.; Richert, B.T.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; jnelssen; goodband
Seventy-two gilts (initial weight = 127 lb) were used to determine effects of the interrelationship of porcine somatotropin (pST) administration and dietary phosphorus (P) on growth performance of finishing gilts (127 to 235 lb) and for a 35 d postfinishing phase following withdrawal of pST administration. Gilts were injected daily with placebo (control) or 4 mg pST and fed .4, .6, or .8% P in the fmishing phase. Administration of pST increased average daily gain (ADG), improved feed efficiency (FIG), and decreased average daily feed intake (ADFI) during the finishing phase. Increasing dietary P resulted in increased ADG from d 0 to 28 of the finishing phase; however, dietary P had no effect on ADG, FIG, or ADFI for the overall finishing phase. When each block weight averaged 235 lb, half of the gilts were slaughtered. Administration of pST decreased backfat thickness, dressing percentage, and kidney fat weight and increased longissimus muscle area and carcass length. Dietary P had no effect on carcass criteria measured. The remaining 36 gilts were individually fed 4 Ibid of a common diet to assure P intake of 22.8 gld for the 35 d postfinishing phase. Gilts that received pST in the finishing phase had decreased ADG and poorer feed conversion in the postfinishing phase. Dietary P level in the finishing phase had no effect on postfinishing performance. From d 0 to 28 of the finishing phase, pST-treated gilts required a diet with more than .4% P (10.3 gld P) to maximize growth performance. However, a .4% P diet (12.4 and 10.7 gld P, control and pST-treated, respectively) is adequate for growth performance during the overall finishing phase (127 to 235 lb).
Open Access
Effects of the interrelationship of porcine somatotropin administration and dietary phosphorus on bone properties in developing gilts
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:39:35Z) Weeden, T.L.; Hansen, J.A.; Friesen, K.G.; Richert, B.T.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; jnelssen; goodband
Seventy-two gilts (initial weight = 127 lb) were used to determine effects of the interrelationship of porcine somatotropin (pST) administration and dietary phosphorus (P) on bone mechanical properties and mineralization in finishing gilts (127 to 235 lb) and for a 35-d postfinishing phase following withdrawal of pST administration. Gilts were injected daily with placebo (control) or 4 mg pST and fed .4, .6, or .8% P in the finishing phase. When each block weight averaged 235 lb, half of the gilts were slaughtered and the first rib, femur, and third and fourth metacarpals were collected. Stress; modulus of elasticity; and ash content of rib, femur, and metacarpals were reduced and femur wall thickness was increased in pST-treated gilts. Increasing dietary P increased bending moment, stress, and ash content for all bones collected, with the exception of metacarpal stress, which was not affected. The remaining 36 gilts were individually fed 4 IbId of a common diet to assure P intake of 22.8 gld for the 35 d postfmishing phase. Gilts receiving higher levels of dietary P during the finishing phase had increased bending moment and ash content for the rib and femur; rib stress and femur wall thickness were also increased following the postfinishing phase. Gilts administered pST during the finishing phase exhibited a compensatory increase in mineralization as evidenced by equal stress values for rib, femur, and metacarpals compared to control gilts by the end of the postfinishing phase. Although bone strength and mineralization were lower in pST-treated gilts than controls at the end of the finishing phase, if pST-treated gilts were fed at least a .6% P diet (16.5 gld P) during the finishing phase, then bone strength and mineralization similar to those of control gilts could be attained with a diet containing at least 18 g P and 22.5 g Ca daily during the postfinishing phase.
Open Access
Interactive effects of porcine somatotropin and the beta-agonist salbutamol on growth and carcass criteria of three genotypes of swine
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:39:27Z) Hansen, J.A.; Yen, J.T.; Nienaber, J.A.; Wheeler, T.L.; Klindt, J.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; jnelssen; goodband
The objective of this research was to examine the interactive effects of porcine somatotropin (pST) and the beta-agonist salbutamol on the growth and carcass characteristics of three genotypes of pigs differing in lean and fat deposition potential. Thirty-two pigs each of either 1/4 Duroc-3/4 white composite (Duroc crossbred), purebred Meishan, or 1/4 Meishan-3/4 white composite (Meishan crossbred) breeding were injected daily with 0 or 4 mg pST and fed a diet containing 0 or 2.75 ppm salbutamol for approximately 34 d and subsequently slaughtered. As the percentage Meishan in the genotype increased, loin muscle area, semitendinosus weight, average daily gain (ADG), and carcass gain decreased. There was an interaction between salbutamol and genotype for ADG, daily protein gain, and total carcass gain, resulting in Meishan crossbred pigs having similar rates to non-treated Duroc crossbred pigs. When Duroc crossbred pigs were treated with salbutamol, both daily protein gain and total carcass gain were greatest, whereas ADG was nonsignificantly greater than that of untreated Duroc crossbred and salbutamol-treated Meishan crossbred pigs. Meishan pigs did not respond to salbutamol treatment for the criteria mentioned. Both pST and salbutamol increased loin muscle area and semitendinosus weight across genotypes. Leaf fat was reduced more by pST treatment in purebred Meishan pigs than in the other two genotypes, and salbutamol treatment resulted in small reductions in leaf fat across genotypes. Efficiency of feed utilization was similar among genotypes but increased with either pST or salbutamol treatment. The results of this research indicate that porcine somatotropin and the beta-agonist salbutamol have additive effects on the growth and carcass criteria of pigs. However, both growth modifiers appear to have differing degrees of response in different genotypes of swine.
Open Access
Sustained effects of porcine somatotropin administered during the growing period on growth and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:39:20Z) Fitzner, G.E.; Kropf, Donald H.; Hines, Robert H.
Forty six barrows were fed a common diet after completing a 35 d growth trial in which 50% received 5 mg/d of pST and the other 50% a placebo injection. At the conclusion of the growing trial (130 lb), the pST-injected pigs were leaner (22%) and yielded carcasses with larger longissimus muscle area (21 %). However, pigs fed to a slaughter weight of 225 lb yielded carcasses that were not different from control pigs in length, longissimus muscle area, or belly weights. Pigs administered pST during the growing phase continued to have 10% less backfat, which resulted in a 1.6% greater yield of lean cuts. Postinjection growth rate of pST-treated pigs was significantly reduced for the initial 2 wk to cause an overall reduced ADG during the finishing period. Days to reach slaughter did not differ with treatment because those pigs previously receiving pST were heavier initially. There is no advantage to injecting pigs with pST during the growing phase to improve overall growth. However, pST administration during the growing phase appears to have a sustained effect on carcass fat thickness of pigs slaughtered at 225 lb.
Open Access
The effect of dietary soybean meal level in phase I on subsequent phase II growth performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:39:08Z) Friesen, K.G.; Kats, L.J.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; goodband; jnelssen; mtokach
One hundred and four pigs (initially 11.7 lb and 21 d of age) were used to determine the effect dietary soybean meal has on growth performance in the early-weaned pig. Pigs were fed one of four diets from d 0 to 14 postweaning. Diets were formulated to 1.5% lysine and 24.4% lactose with either 0, 7.5, 15.0, or 22.5% soybean meal. Soybean meal and lactose replaced dried skim milk to maintain equal lysine and lactose levels. From d 14 to 35 postweaning, all pigs were fed a common (1.25% lysine) corn-soybean meal diet containing 10% dried whey and 4% select menhaden fish meal. Growth performance (ADG, ADFI, and FIG) was not influenced by dietary soybean meal level fed from d 0 to 14 postweaning. From d 14 to 35 postweaning, ADG was not influenced by dietary soybean meal level during d 0 to 14. Average daily feed intake was decreased linearly during d 14 to 35 as dietary soybean meal (d 0 to 14) increased. Conversely, feed efficiency during d 14 to 35 improved linearly as dietary soybean meal increased (d 0 to 14). Cumulative (d 0 to 35) ADG was not affected by the amount of dietary soybean meal (7.5, 15.0, or 22.5%) fed from d 0 to 14 postweaning, whereas ADFI decreased linearly and feed efficiency was improved linearly. These data suggest that soybean meal can be included in a high nutrient dense starter diet at levels up to 22.5% without impairing phase I (d 0 to 14 postweaning) growth performance and overall growth Performance. The phase I diet must contain soybean meal for optimal subsequent performance.
Open Access
The effects of diets formulated on an ideal protein basis on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing gilts housed in a hot diurnal environment
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:38:57Z) Lopez, J.; Jesse, G.W.; Spiers, D.; Becker, B.A.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; goodband; jnelssen; mtokach
Forty-eight finishing gilts (initial weight = 155 ± 2 lb) were randomly assigned to one of eight experimental treatments in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with main effects including dietary lysine (.60 vs 1.00%), source of amino acid fortification (intact protein vs synthetic amino acids formulated on an ideal protein basis) and environmental temperature (thermoneutral (TN): 68°F vs hot, diurnal (HS): 82 to 95 °F). The ideal protein diets were formulated by using corn and soybean meal to meet the 5th limiting amino acid with additions of synthetic lysine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, or isoleucine to meet the pigs estimated requirement. The ratios of other total amino acids relative to lysine were: threonine 66%, tryptophan 17%, methionine and cystine 56%, and isoleucine 63%. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFn, and feed efficiency (FIG) were similar for gilts fed the intact and ideal proteins diets. Increasing dietary lysine improved d 0-14 ADG and resulted in a numerical improvement for the overall study. Gilts in the HS environment ate less feed and had lower ADG than gilts at TN. A temperature X lysine interaction was observed for FIG. Increasing dietary lysine had no effect on FIG of gilts in the TN environment, but improved FIG of gilts in the HS environment. Carcass protein and lipid contents were improved for gilts in the HS environment and by increased dietary lysine. Accretion rates for protein and lipid, backfat thickness, and longissimus muscle area were improved in gilts fed 1.00% lysine. The source of amino acid fortification did not influence carcass characteristics. In conclusion, increased dietary lysine improved FIG and carcass leanness in gilts to a greater extent in HS than TN environments. However, no improvements were observed in growth performance or carcass traits from feeding ideal protein diets.
Open Access
Influence of protein source fed to the earlyweaned pig during phase I (D 0 - 9) on the responses to various protein sources fed during phase II (D 9 - 28)
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:38:49Z) Kats, L.J.; Hansen, J.A.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; mtokach; jnelssen; goodband
A total of 468 weanling pigs (initially 13.2 lb and 21 d of age) was used in a 28 d growth assay to determine the influence of protein source fed during phase I (d 0 to 9) on the response to various protein sources fed during phase II (d 9 to 28). Phase I diets contained 20% dried whey, 10% lactose, and either 10.3% spray-dried porcine plasma or 15.2% moist-extruded soy protein concentrate and formulated to contain 1.5% lysine. On d 9, pigs were switched to diets containing 10% dried whey and either 3.9% spraydried porcine plasma, 2.5% spray-dried blood meal, or 5.7% moist-extruded soy protein concentrate and formulated to contain 1.25% lysine. During phase I, pigs fed spray-dried porcine plasma had improved average daily gain (.30 vs .16 lb), average daily feed intake (.40 vs .29 Ib), and feed efficiency (1.35 vs 2.08) compared to pigs fed moist-extruded soy protein concentrate. During phase II, pigs fed diets containing spray-dried porcine plasma had increased average daily gain and average daily feed intake compared with pigs fed diets containing spray-dried blood meal and higher average daily feed intake than pigs fed extruded soy protein concentrate. There were no interactive effects between phase I and phase II protein sources; therefore, growth responses observed during phase I apparently are additive with those observed during phase II.
Open Access
Use of whey protein concentrate, dried buttermilk, and porcine plasma protein to replace dried skim milk in diets for weanling pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:38:41Z) Richert, B.T.; Hines, Robert H.; Hancock, Joe D.; jhancock
One hundred thirty-two weanling pigs, with an average age of 19 d and average weight of 8.4Ib, were used in a 28-d growth assay to determine the effects of replacing dried skim milk (DSM) with dried whey protein concentrate (WPC), dried buttermilk (DBM), and spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP). Treatments were 1) 20% DSM20% dried whey-based control, 2) WPC used to replace the DSM of Diet 1, 3) DBM used to replace the DSM of Diet 1, and 4) SDPP and lactose used to replace the DSM of Diet 1. All diets were formulated to 1.4% lysine, 25% lactose, 5% fat, .9% Ca, and .8% P. These diets were fed from d 0 to 14 with a corn-soybean meal - dried whey - fish meal - based diet fed to all pigs from d 14 to 28. For d 0 to 14, pigs fed the alternative protein sources (WPC, DBM, and SDPP) had average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed/gain (FIG) similar to pigs fed DSM. Pigs fed SDPP had the greatest ADG and ADFI but poorer FIG than pigs fed WPC and DBM. Pigs fed WPC had greater ADFI than pigs fed DBM. There were no differences among treatments for DM or N digestibilities. For d 14 to 28, there were no differences in ADG or ADFI among treatments. However, pigs fed WPC and DBM had numerically greater ADG than pigs fed SDPP (.99 vs .95 lb/d) corresponding closely with the 5% improvement in F/G. Overall (d 0 to 28), there were no differences in ADG among treatments. However, pigs fed SDPP consumed more feed and had poorer FIG compared to pigs fed WPC and DBM. Considering overall pig performance, WPC, DBM, and SDPP are acceptable substitutes for DSM in diets for early-weaned pigs.
Open Access
Evaluation of expelled soybean meal in swine finishing diets
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:38:33Z) Lauren, J.L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; goodband; mtokach; jnelssen
Thirty crossbred fmishing gilts (initial weight = 150 lb) were used to evaluate the effects of feeding expelled soybean meal (41% analyzed CP) or conventionally extracted soybean meal (46.5% analyzed CP) on growth performance. Gilts were fed a control diet containing conventionally processed soybean meal or diets containing expelled soybean meal formulated to replace conventionally extracted soybean meal on either a guaranteed protein basis or an analyzed protein basis. Thus, the effects of possible variation in the protein content and quality of expelled soybean meal as a result of expeller processing could be established. Gilts fed either diet containing expelled soybean meal had decreased average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) and tended to have poorer feed efficiency (FIG) than gilts fed conventionally processed soybean meal. Although not statistically different, gilts fed the expelled soybean meal diet formulated on a guaranteed protein content basis tended to have poorer ADG than those fed the expelled soybean meal formulated on an analyzed protein content. These results suggest that improper processing and the potential variation present in expelled soybean meal used in this experiment resulted in decreased pig performance.
Open Access
Effecfs of wheat gluten on nursery pig performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:38:25Z) Richert, B.T.; Morrill, J.L.; Hancock, Joe D.; jhancock
One hundred eighty weanling pigs, averaging 23 d of age and 12.6 lb initial weight, were used to evaluate spray-dried wheat gluten (WG) in phase 1 (d 0 to 14) and(or) phase 2 (d 14 to 37) nursery diets. Phase 1 treatments were 1) dried skim milksoybean meal-dried whey-based control (DSM-SBM), 2) Diet 1 with WG and lactose used to replace the DSM (WG-SBM), and 3) Diet 1 with WG used to replace the SBM (DSM-WG). Phase 2 treatments were 1) corn-SBM-dried whey-based control and 2) WG and lactose used to replace the dried whey. During phase 1, diets with WG supported average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feedlgain (FIG) similar to the DSM-SBM control. Pigs fed the diet with DSM-WG had improved FIG compared to pigs fed WG-SBM. Diets with WG had increased DM and N digestibilities but caused increased serum urea N compared to the DSM-SBM control. In the first week of phase 2 (d 14 to 21), pigs previously fed WG-SBM and DSM-WG had improved FIG and DM and N digestibilities compared to those previously fed the DSM-SBM control. Pigs previously fed the WG-SBM treatment had improved ADG, ADFI, and FIG compared to pigs previously fed DSMWG. Overall (d 0 to 37), pigs fed WG in phase 1 had improved ADG and FIG compared to pigs fed the DSM-SBM control, and pigs fed WG-SBM during phase 1 had greater ADG and ADFI than pigs fed DSM-WG. As for the phase 2 diet treatments, dried whey supported improved ADG, ADFI, and FIG from d 14 to 21 compared to WG and lactose. However, for the entire phase 2 period (d 14 to 37) and overall (d 0 to 37), 41 pigs fed WG in phase 2 had similar ADG and improved FIG compared to those fed dried whey. In conclusion, pigs fed WG in place of DSM during phase 1 had improvements of 13% in ADG, 9% in ADFI, and 4% in FIG for the entire nursery period.
Open Access
Extruded corn, sorghum, wheat, and barley for finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:38:17Z) Richert, B.T.; Gugle, Terry L.; Hines, Robert H.; Hancock, Joe D.; jhancock
Eighty barrows (113.7 lb average initial weight) were used to determine the effects of extruding corn, sorghum, wheat, and barley on growth performance, carcass merit, nutrient digestibility, and changes in stomach morphology of finishing pigs. Treatments were grain source (com, sorghum, wheat, and barley) and processing procedure (grinding vs extrusion) arranged as a 4 x 2 factorial. Grinding was in a Jacobson hammermill and extrusion was in an Insta-Pro extruder. Pigs fed com had improved average daily gain (ADG), feed/gain (F/G), DM digestibility, and N digestibility compared to the other grain sources. Diets with barley supported the poorest growth performance and nutrient digestibilities, with sorghum and wheat intermediate. Extrusion of the cereal grains did not affect ADG but increased efficiency of gain by 4, 9, 6, and 3% for corn, sorghum, wheat, and barley, respectively. Digestibilities of DM and N were also increased on average by extrusion processing, with barley responding the most (9 and 12% increases for DM and N digestibilities) and wheat responding the least (no improvement). Overall, extrusion processing improved nutritional value of cereal grains for finishing pigs. However, swine producers must be careful to evaluate the overall economic benefits before adopting this or any other new technology.
Open Access
Comparison of spray-dried blood meal and fish by-products in the phase II starter pig diet
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:38:07Z) Kats, L.J.; Laurin, J.L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; mtokach; jnelssen; goodband
A total of 311 weanling pigs (initially 10.9 lb and 17 d of age) was used to compare fish by-products, spray-dried blood meal and combinations of spray-dried blood meal and fish by-products in the phase II (d 7 to 25) diet. Pigs were allotted by weight to one of five experimental treatments with 8 to 11 pigs/pen and seven replications. Pigs were placed on a common phase I diet (d 0 to 7 postweaning) that contained 7.5%spray-dried porcine plasma, 1.75% spray-dried blood meal, and 20% dried whey. The phase I diet was formulated to contain 1.5% lysine, .9% Ca, and .8% P. Pigs were then randomly assigned to one of five dietary treatments. All phase II diets (d 7 to 25 postweaning) contained 10% dried whey and were formulated to contain 1.25% lysine and .36% methionine. The control diet contained 2.5% spray-dried blood meal (SDBM) and 10% dried whey. Select menhaden fish meal (SMFM) and spray-dried fish hydrolysate (SDFH) replaced SDBM on an equal lysine basis at 5% and 4.8%, respectively, and 2.5% SMFM + 1.25% SDBM and 2.0% SDFH + 1.25% SDBM were used in combinations to form the other four dietary treatments. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (F/G) were improved with the addition of SDBM in the fIrst week (d 7 to 14) of phase II. No differences were observed in ADG and ADFI for the overall phase II period. Pigs fed SDBM had poorer FIG (d 7 to 25) compared to pigs fed either SMFM or SDFH. However, SDBM was the most cost effective protein source in this experiment.
Open Access
Comparison of avian and bovine spray-dried blood meal and whey levels in starter pig diets
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:37:54Z) Kats, L.J.; Dritz, Steven S.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; dritz; mtokach; jnelssen; goodband
A total of 420 weanling pigs was used in a growth trial having two objectives. Objective 1 was to compare spray-dried avian blood meal and spray-dried bovine blood meal as protein sources in the phase II diet (d 7-21 postweaning). Objective 2 was to determine the appropriate level of dried whey for a phase II diet containing 2.5% spray-dried bovine blood meal. During phase I (d 0-7 postweaning), all pigs were fed a common high nutrient density pelletized diet containing 1.5% lysine, 20% dried edible grade whey, 7.5% spray-dried porcine plasma, and 1.75% spray-dried bovine blood meal. All phase II diets were formulated to 1.25% lysine, .9% Ca, and .8% P. In the comparison of avian and bovine spray-dried blood meals, the diets contained 2.5% blood meal and 10% whey. No significant differences occurred in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), or feed to gain ratio (FIG) with use of avian and bovine spray-dried blood meal. The phase II diets comparing different whey levels contained 2.5% spray-dried bovine blood meal and whey levels of 5, 10, 15, or 20% substituted for corn and soybean meal on a protein basis. Linear and quadratic improvements occurred in performance with increasing whey levels for the 21 d growth period. However, linear and quadratic increases in the cost per pound of gain also occurred. In conclusion, avian and bovine blood meal appear to be comparable sources of protein for the phase II diet. Current economics indicate that approximately 10% whey is the optimal inclusion rate in phase II starter pig diets containing 2.5% spray-dried blood meal.
Open Access
Effects of mill type (hammer vs roller) and particle size uniformity on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and stomach morphology in finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:37:46Z) Wondra, K.J.; Fahrenholz, C.H.; Stark, C.R.; Hines, Robert H.; Hancock, Joe D.; Behnke, Keith C.; jhancock; kbfeed
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of mill type and particle size uniformity on finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 120 pigs, with an average initial weight of 105 lb, were fed corn-soybean meal-based diets for 57 d. The corn was milled so that all diets had an average mean particle size of 800 11m (± 20), yet differed in particle size uniformity (Sgw). To obtain the most uniform treatment (1.9 Sgw), corn was milled through a roller mill. The intermediate treatment (2.3 Sgw) was obtained by milling corn through a hammermill. The least uniform treatment (2.7 Sgw) was obtained by blending coarsely and finely ground corn. Growth performance of pigs was not affected by Sgw of the diet. However, digestibilities of DM, N, and GE increased as Sgw was reduced. In Exp. 2, 128 pigs, widl an average initial weight of 150 lb, were fed diets with corn milled to 450 JLm (± 7) in a hammermill or a roller mill. The hammermilled corn had an Sgw of 1.8 and the rollermilled corn had an Sgw of 2.0. The diets were fed in meal or pelleted form. There were no interactions among mill type and diet form. Digestibilities of DM and N were greater for the hammermilled treatments, but no growth performance differences were due to mill type. Pelleting increased ADG 9% and improved efficiency of gain by 5 %. Pelleting also increased the severity of stomach lesions. In conclusion, at 800 and 450 p.m, mill type did not affect growth performance. However, nutrient digestibilities were improved by decreasing variability in particle size, a response that merits further investigation.
Open Access
Blood meal source influences starter pig performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:37:37Z) Kats, L.J.; Weeden, T.L.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; jnelssen; goodband; mtokach
A total of 144 weanling pigs (initially 14.1 lb and 24 d of age) was used to compare three different blood meal sources in starter diets. The three sources included spray-dried porcine, spray-dried bovine, and flash-dried bovine blood meal. Each diet contained 10% dried whey and 2.5% of one of the three blood meal sources. Diets were formulated to contain 1.25%lysine and .31% methionine. Pigs receiving diets containing either source of spray-dried blood meal had improved average daily gain and feed efficiency during the first 2 weeks of the experiment and the overall trial compared to pigs receiving diets containing the flash-dried source. No differences occurred in pig performance between the two spray-dried sources. Therefore, no apparent effects were due to species differences, but the blood meal must be spray-dried in order to optimize starter pig performance.
Open Access
Does diet form (pelleted vs meal) affect optimum particle size of corn for finishing pigs?
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:37:29Z) Wondra, K.J.; Kennedy, G.A.; Hines, Robert H.; Hancock, Joe D.; Behnke, Keith C.; jhancock; kbfeed
One hundred and sixty pigs, with an average initial wt of 121 lb, were used in an experiment to determine the effects of diet form and particle size on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. The pigs were fed corn-soybean meal-based diets with the corn milled to particle sizes of 1,000, 800, 600, or 400 p,m. The diets were fed in meal and pellet forms. In general, reducing particle size increased electrical energy required for milling and decreased production rate. Milling to 400 p,m, as opposed to 600 JLm, required twice as much electrical energy and reduced production rate by 50%. Reducing particle size of the corn from 1,000 to 400 p,m resulted in a 4% increase in DE of the diets and 6% decrease in ADFl. The net result was similar DE intakes, with 22% less daily fecal excretion of DM, 25% less daily fecal excretion of N, and 7% greater efficiency of gain when particle size was reduced from 1,000 to 400 /Lm. Pelleting the diets resulted in 3% greater ADG and 6% greater efficiency of gain. Also, pelleting increased digestibilities of DM, N, and GE by 5 to 7 %. Stomach keratinization and lesions increased with reduced particle size and pelleting, but performance was not affected. In conclusion, particle size reduction and pelleting improved efficiency of gain and decreased daily excretion of DM and N in the feces, with some increase in ADG because of pelleting.
Open Access
Optimum level of spray-dried blood meal in phase II diet
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:37:19Z) Kats, L.J.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; jnelssen; mtokach; goodband
A total of 744 pigs (initially 12.8 lb and 22 d of age) was used in a 28 d trial to determine the effects of increasing levels of blood meal in the phase II (d 7 to 28) diet. Pigs were allotted by sex and weight and placed in pens containing 13 to 14 pigs each. A common phase I diet was fed for the first 7 days postweaning. The phase I diet contained 37.5% dried whey and 7.5% porcine plasma and was formulated to contain 1.5% lysine. After the phase I period, pigs were assigned to one of six dietary treatments that contained 10% dried whey and either 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5% spray-dried blood meal. These diets were fed for the entire phase II period (d 7 to 28 postweaning). Phase II diets were formulated to contain 1.25% lysine and a minimum of .68% isoleucine and .30% methionine. During phase I (d 0 to 7), average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed efficiency (FIG) were .34 lb, .38 lb, and 1.28, respectively. During phase II (d 7 to 28), quadratic improvements occurred in average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed efficiency, with optimum performance achieved at approximately the 2% inclusion rate of spray-dried blood meal. Therefore, the results of this trial indicate that the optimal level of spray-dried blood meal in the phase II diet is approximately 2%.
Open Access
A combination of spray-dided porcine plasma and spray-dried blood meal optimizes starter pig performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:37:11Z) Kats, L.J.; Laurin, J.L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; mtokach; jnelssen; goodband
A total of 298 weanling pigs (initially 12.11b and 19 d of age) was used in a 25-<1 growth trial to examine the influence of various combinations of spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) and spray-dried blood meal (SDBM) in a high nutrient density diet on starter pig performance. Pigs were allotted by weight to eight replicates of five treatments with seven to eight pigs per pen. Pigs were assigned to one of five dietary treatments with 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100% of the SDPP replaced with SDBM on an equal lysine basis. Therefore, diets contained 10, 7.5,5.0, 2.5, or 0% SDPP combined with 0, 1.63, 3.25, 4.8, or 6.5% SDBM, respectively. All phase I diets were formulated to contain 20% dried whey, 1.50% lysine, .81% isoleucine, and .37% methionine. These diets were fed from d 0 to 14 postweaning. On d 14, all pigs were switched to a common phase II diet containing 10% dried whey and 2.5% SDBM and was formulated to 1.25% lysine. Pigs were fed this diet for the remainder of the trial (d 14 to 25 postweaning). A quadratic response occurred for average daily gain and feed efficiency during phase I, with pigs fed a combination of spray-dried porcine plasma and spray-dried blood meal having superior performance compared to pigs fed diets containing only spray-dried plasma or spray-dried blood. Maximum performance was seen with the combination of 7.5% spray-dried porcine plasma and 1.63% spray-dried blood meal. Therefore, the results of this trial show that phase I diet cost can be reduced and performance improved by formulating the diet with a combination of spray-dried porcine plasma and spray-dried blood meal rather than spray-dried plasma alone.