Swine Day, 1993

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Open Access
In vitro digestibility of sorghum parent lines predicts nutritional value of their hybrid offspring in cannulated finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-02T17:13:53Z) Healy, B.J.; Bramel-Cox, P.J.; Hines, Robert H.; Hancock, Joe D.; jhancock
Nutritional value of eight sorghum hybrids, resulting from matings of four male lines with two male-sterile lines, was determined. The male lines were two sorghums with consistently high in vitro digestibility (High-digestibility 1 and Highdigestibility 2) and two sorghums with consistently low in vitro digestibility (Lowdigestibility 1 and Low-digestibility 2). The male-sterile lines were Kansas 52 and Redlan, two lines commonly used for genetic testing by sorghum breeders. The hybrids were fed to eight barrows fitted with ileal T-cannulas and also evaluated for starch digestibility in ruminal fluid. Corn was used as a control. Corn had greater ileal and total tract digestibilities of DM, GE, N, and starch than the hybrids, but was similar to the sorghums for starch digestibility in ruminal fluid. Ileal digestibilities were not different for the male-sterile parent lines, but hybrids of Kansas 52 had greater DM, GE, and N digestibilities over the total tract than hybrids of the Redlan parent line. Among the male parent lines, hybrids from the two lines with high in vitro digestibility had greater total tract digestibilities of DM, GE, and N than lines with low in vitro digestibilities. In conclusion, selection based on our laboratory procedure was an effective predictor of total tract nutrient digestibility of sorghum in pigs. Also, differences among parent lines for nutrient digestibility were still evident in their hybrid offspring.
Open Access
Effects of application of water and nitrogen on nutrient use from corn and sorghums by pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-02T17:11:08Z) Richert, B.T.; Bramel-Cox, P.J.; Witt, Merle D.; Healy, B.J.; Hancock, Joe D.; jhancock
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of growing conditions on nutrient yield and quality of corn and sorghum. Main effect treatments were: corn (C), bronze pericarp heterozygous-yellow endosperm sorghum (BS), and yellow pericarp homozygous-yellow endosperm sorghum (YS); optimal irrigation (I) and minimal irrigation (MI); 100 lb/acre of N fertilization (F) and no N fertilization (NF), in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Grains were grown in 1988 (Year 1, with little rainfall) and 1989 (Year 2, with above average rainfall) in the semi-arid environment at Garden City, KS. In Year 1, sorghums yielded 15% more grain than C, and YS yielded 1.2% more grain than BS. Irrigation increased yield by 90%, and N application increased yield by 7%. In year 2, C yielded 11% more grain than the sorghums. In the pig metabolism study, C had greater nitrogen digestibility (ND) than sorghums in both years, greater biological value (BV) and nitrogen retention in Year 2, but lower BV in Year 1. Yellow sorghum had greater ND than BS in Year 1. Corn had increased cost per unit of utilizable nitrogen (CUN) and utilizable energy (CUE) and reduced utilizable nitrogen per inch of available water (UNW) and utilizable energy per inch of available water (UEW) for both years compared to BS and YS. In conclusion, optimally irrigated grains had higher nutritional value than minimally irrigated grains, and growing the grains under varying agronomic conditions did affect their nutritional quality.
Open Access
The influence of threonine:lysine ratios on growth performance and on plasma urea nitrogen in growing-finishing pigs fed from 85 to 240 lb
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-02T17:10:27Z) Friesen, K.G.; Kats, L.J.; Owen, K.Q.; Richert, B.T.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; goodband; jnelssen; mtokach
Eighty crossbred pigs (initially 85.2 lb BW) were used in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement to determine the influence of dietary threonine:lysine ratios on growth performance and plasma urea N in growing-finishing pigs. The experiment was conducted in three phases from 85.2 to 124.2, 139.1 to 203.1, and 204.9 to 241.1 lb, with pigs fed one of eight dietary treatments. Two levels of dietary lysine were fed (low vs high) and four levels of dietary threonine were fed within each lysine treatment (60, 65, 70, and 75% of dietary lysine). Dietary lysine decreased from 1.0% and .8% at 85.2 to 124.2 lb to .9 and .7% at 139.1 to 203.1, then to .7 and .5% at 204.9 to 241 1 lb. Average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (F/G) were not influenced by lysine or threonine treatment from 85.2 to 124.2 lb. However, average daily feed intake was decreased for pigs fed 1.0% dietary lysine compared to .8% dietary lysine. From 139.1 to 203.1 lb, an interaction between dietary lysine and threonine existed for ADG. Average daily gain was maximized at 65 and 70% of dietary lysine for pigs fed .7 and .9% dietary lysine, respectively. Conversely, ADFI and F/G were not influenced by threonine:lysine ratios. From 204.9 to 241.1 lb, ADG and ADFI were not influenced by dietary treatment. However, F/G was improved for pigs fed .7% dietary lysine compared to pigs fed .5% dietary lysine. Plasma urea N was increased at 124.2 and at 203.1 for pigs fed greater dietary lysine. At 241.1 lb, plasma urea N was decreased linearly at the percentage of threonine increased from 60 to 75% of lysine. The data from this experiment indicate that excess lysine and threonine intakes do not decrease growth performance. Because high ADFI resulted in high amino acid intake, growth performance was not influenced by the amino acid ratios used in this experiment.
Open Access
Effect of methionine:lysine ratio on growth performance and blood metabolites of growing-finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-02T17:10:15Z) Kats, L.J.; Friesen, K.G.; Richert, B.T.; Owen, K.Q.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; goodband; jnelssen; mtokach
Eighty growing-finishing pigs (40 barrows and 40 gilts) were used in three consecutive growth assays to determine the optimum methionine:lysine ratio for pigs weighing from 48 to 107 lb, 120 to 179 lb, and 191 to 245 lb, respectively. Each growth assay was to be conducted for a 28-d period with a 14-d transition period between assays. Pigs were allotted by weight and placed in pens each containing one barrow and one gilt. Pigs were assigned to one of eight experimental treatments with five replicate pens per treatment. Pigs were fed diets containing either high lysine (1.0, .9, or .8%, respectively) or low lysine (.8, .7, or .6%, respectively) with dietary methionine at 24.5, 28, 31.5, or 35% of lysine. This would correspond to total sulfur-containing amino acids (methionine + cystine) of 49, 56, 63, and 70% relative to lysine. During the first study (48 to 107 lb), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (F/G) improved with increasing dietary lysine. Although no differences occurred in growth performance with increasing methionine ratio, there was a numeric improvement in growth performance for those pigs receiving diets containing 28% methionine relative to lysine. A lysine × methionine interaction was observed for blood urea N with pigs having the lowest BUN values observed with methionine at 24.5 and 31.5% of lysine for pigs fed .8 and 1.0% lysine, respectively. During phase II (120 lb to 179 lb), ADG improved with increasing dietary lysine and showed a linear response to increasing methionine ratio. Feed efficiency was also improved with increasing dietary lysine. For the third phase (191 to 245 lb), ADG also improved with increasing dietary lysine. There were no significant differences in feed intake; however, feed efficiency improved with increasing dietary lysine. In summary, because of high ADFI observed in these studies, the dietary methionine levels used closely met or exceeded the pig's requirement on a grams/day basis. Therefore, these data suggest that increasing dietary methionine does not improve pig performance.
Open Access
Integrated swine systems "the animal component " - phase one; the Kansas State University survey
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-02T17:10:03Z) Richert, B.T.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen
A total of 650 questionnaires were sent to Kansas swine producers, and 279 were returned. There was an excellent distribution in producer size based on number of pigs marketed per year and producer age and educational level. The use of a lagoon to store swine waste is the most popular method in Kansas (38.8% of the respondents). One-third of the swine waste is disposed of by surface spreading and only 10.0% is applied primarily by soil injection. Less than one-half (45.5%) of the producers feel that nitrates in swine waste are environmental concerns and even less (27.0%) are concerned about phosphorus environmentally. Two-thirds of Kansas swine producers are keeping both financial and production records. However, only 44% of the producers are keeping records that could calculate days to market and whole-herd feed efficiency. Most producers (85.1%) know what synthetic amino acids are and 61.5% of the producers are currently using synthetic lysine in their diets. In conclusion, there are many areas for producer education that can be better addressed by extension personnel and industry leaders to improve producer knowledge. Based on the responses from this survey and the environmental issues facing the swine industry today and in the future, these issues need to be a larger part of our educational meetings.
Open Access
The influence of dietary lysine on carcass characteristics and subprimal cut distribution of high-lean growth gilts fed to 230 and 300 lb
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-02T17:09:36Z) Stuewe, S.R.; Friesen, K.G.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Unruh, John A.; junruh; jnelssen; goodband; mtokach
Seventy-two high-lean growth gilts were used to determine the effects of dietary lysine on carcass characteristics and subprimal cut distribution of gilts fed to 230 or 300 lb. The gilts were fed one of six lysine treatments (digestible lysine of .44, .54, .64, .74, .84, and .94% corresponding to .55, .67, .79, .91, 1.03, and 1.15% total lysine, respectively). For gilts fed to 230 or 300 lb, effects on carcass characteristics or subprimal cut distribution were minimal. For gilts fed to 230 lb, only slight linear decreases in 402 ham and boneless 402C ham were observed as dietary lysine increased. Therefore, producers can utilize a level of lysine to maximize growth performance, without negatively affecting carcass characteristics or subprimal cut yields.
Open Access
Economies of size for farrow-to-finish hog production in Kansas
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-02T17:09:25Z) Langemeier, Michael R.; Schroeder, Ted C.; mlange; tcs
Economies of size measure the impact on average cost of production of increasing the size of operation. Data from 91 farrow-to- finish operations enrolled in the Kansas Farm Management Associations in 1992 were used to empirically estimate economies of size. Results indicate that average total cost and operation size are significantly correlated, and that average total cost declines as operations become larger. Results also indicate a substantial variability in costs of production between producers. In fact, costs of production between producers of a given size vary more than costs of production between operations of different sizes.
Open Access
Influence of dietary lysine on growth performance of high-lean growth gilts fed from 160 to 300 lb
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-02T17:09:14Z) Friesen, K.G.; Owen, K.Q.; Richert, B.T.; Kats, L.J.; Kerr, B.J.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Unruh, John A.; Kropf, Donald H.; jnelssen; goodband; mtokach; junruh; dkropf
One-hundred eight high-lean growth gilts (159.6 lb) were used to determine the dietary lysine requirement to optimize growth performance from 160 to 300 lb. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block, with initial weight serving as the blocking factor. Six dietary treatments were used, ranging from .44 to .94% digestible lysine (.59 to 1.16% total lysine). Pigs were housed in pens of three, with six replicate pens/treatment. Pig weights and feed disappearance were collected weekly to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (F/G). Average daily gain increased from 160 to 230 lb, from 230 to 300 lb, and from 160 to 300 lb. Average daily feed intake was not influenced by dietary treatment. The gilts consumed 6.47, 6.65, and 6.56 lb/day from 160 to 230, from 230 to 300, and from 160 to 300 lb, respectively. Thus, F/G improved linearly from 160 to 230 lb and quadratically from 230 to 300 and from 160 to 300 lb as a function of increased ADG. Lysine intake was increased linearly for all three weight periods as digestible lysine increased in the diet. The data from this experiment suggest that high-lean growth gilts requires at least 26 g/d of lysine from 160 to 230 and from 230 to 300 lb. Thus, matching nutrition with genetics is essential to optimize both rate and efficiency of gain.
Open Access
Influence of dietary lysine on carcass characteristics of high-lean growth gilts fed from 80 to 160 lb
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-02T17:08:48Z) Friesen, K.G.; Kerr, B.J.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Unruh, John A.; Kropf, Donald H.; jnelssen; goodband; mtokach; junruh; dkropf
Seventy-two high-lean growth gilts (initially 75.5 lb BW) were used to determine the influence of dietary lysine on carcass characteristics at 120 and 160 lb. Gilts were randomly selected for slaughter when the average weight of pigs in the pen equaled or exceeded 120 and 160 lb. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block, with initial weight serving as the blocking factor. Six dietary treatments were included, ranging from .54 to 1.04% digestible lysine (.69 to 1.25% total dietary lysine). At 120 lb, hot carcass weight decreased and then increased as did dressing percentage for gilts fed increased dietary lysine. Average backfat thickness and 10th rib fat depth were not influenced by dietary treatment. However, longissimus muscle area (loineye) was increased for gilts fed greater dietary lysine. Kidney fat and total carcass lipid decreased but carcass moisture increased as dietary lysine increased. The decreased carcass lipid content resulted in reduced longissimus muscle marbling at 120 lb. For gilts fed to 160 lb, hot and chilled carcass weight decreased and then increased as dietary lysine increased. Dressing percentage followed a similar pattern because of the difference in carcass weight. Backfat thickness, 10th rib fat thickness, and kidney fat decreased for gilts fed increased dietary lysine. Carcass moisture and crude protein increased and then decreased as dietary lysine increased. The moisture content was maximal for gilts fed .94% digestible lysine, whereas carcass crude protein was maximal for gilts fed .74% digestible lysine. However, carcass lipid followed an opposite pattern, decreasing and then increasing as dietary lysine increased. Carcass muscle score improved but longissimus muscle marbling decreased for gilts fed greater dietary lysine. The data from this experiment suggest that the high-lean growth gilt requires at least 18 and 22 g/d lysine intakes from 80 to 120 and from 120 to 160 lb, respectively, to optimize longissimus muscle area and minimize carcass lipid content.
Open Access
Kansas State University Swine Enterprise Record summary
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-02T17:07:37Z) Richert, B.T.; Langemeier, Michael R.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; goodband; mlange; mtokach; jnelssen
Approximately 30 swine operations are enrolled in the 1992 - 93 Kansas Swine Enterprise Record Program provided by Kansas State University. This program evaluates biological and economic performance and is part of a cooperative record-keeping project with extension personnel and swine producers in Kansas, Nebraska, and South Dakota. Records are summarized every 6 months, and the corresponding data are pooled to form state and regional averages. This summary is the combined data for the 18 farrow-to-finish operations in Kansas that kept records during 1992. The semiannual data represents the last 6 months of 1992, whereas the annual data are for the 12-month period of January 1, 1992 to December 31, 1992. Profit per cwt of pork produced for these 18 producers averaged a loss of 4.78 for the last 6 months and a loss of $.52 for the entire year. Profits varied substantially between producers. Producers in the top one-third in terms of profitability had average profits of $5.72 per cwt, whereas producers in the bottom one-third had average losses of $6.97 per cwt for the year. Critical factors separating low- and high-profit producers included feed costs, unpaid labor, fixed costs, and sow productivity.
Open Access
Influence of dietary lysine on growth performance and tissue accretion rates of high-lean growth gilts fed from 80 to 160 lb
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-02T17:06:53Z) Friesen, K.G.; Kats, L.J.; Kerr, B.J.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Unruh, John A.; Kropf, Donald H.; jnelssen; goodband; mtokach; junruh; dkropf
One-hundred eight high-lean growth gilts (75.5 lb initial weight) were used to determine the dietary lysine requirement to maximize growth performance and protein accretion from 80 to 160 lb. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block, with initial weight serving as the blocking factor. Six dietary treatments were included, ranging from .54 to 1.04% digestible lysine (.69 to 1.25% total dietary lysine). Pigs were housed in pens of three, with six replicate pens/treatment. Pig weights and feed disappearance were collected weekly to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake ADFI, and feed efficiency (F/G). Initially, six pigs were slaughtered to determine baseline carcass composition. When the mean weight for pigs in a pen reached 120 and 160 lb, one pig per pen was randomly selected and slaughtered for carcass analyses. The right side of each carcass was ground twice and sampled to determine carcass composition and lean tissue (crude protein) accretion rate. Average daily gains were greater for gilts fed increased dietary lysine from 80 to 120 lb, from 120 to 160 lb, and from 80 to 160 lb. Average daily feed intakes from 80 to 120 and from 120 to 160 lb were not influenced by dietary lysine. However, ADFI for the entire experiment tended to decrease as digestible lysine increased. Increased dietary lysine resulted in improved F/G from 80 to 120 lb and from 120 to 160 and 80 to 160 lb. Gilts fed increased digestible lysine had greater CP accretion from 80 to 120 lb, 120 to 160 lb, and 80 to 160 lb . Based on the feed intake observed in this study, the highlean growth gilt requires at least 18 to 19 and 22 g/d lysine intakes from 80 to 120 lb and from 120 to 160 lb, respectively, to maximize ADG, F/G, and lean accretion.
Open Access
The relationship among live hog, carcass, and wholesale cut prices
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-02T17:06:42Z) Keeler, G.L.; Langemeier, Michael R.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; mlange; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen
This study examined the relationship between live and carcass prices and the seasonality of live, carcass, and wholesale cut prices. Results using Omaha live prices suggested a unidirectional relationship between live and carcass prices, with farm prices leading carcass prices by 3 weeks. In contrast, the results generated using live prices from the St. Joseph terminal market suggested a bidirectional relationship. Live and carcass prices from 1987 to 1992 were found to be highly correlated. The average monthly price spread between the Omaha live price and the USDA carcass price ranged from $14.02 to $23.18 cwt, with an average spread of $17.53 cwt. The spread has changed only marginally from 1987 to 1992. Loin prices were found to follow the seasonal price pattern of live and carcass prices, except that they declined to a greater degree in October and November. Ham prices also followed the seasonal price trend of live and carcass prices, except that they increased to a greater extent during Thanksgiving and Christmas. The increased support of ham prices in the fall tended to offset the seasonal weakness in loin prices. Seasonality of spare rib prices was evident, with the high prices occurring during the outdoor cooking season (May, June, and July). Boston butt prices followed the seasonal pattern of live and carcass prices. (Key Words: Carcass Price, Live Price, Wholesale Price, and Seasonality.)
Open Access
Effects of nursery diets on growth of pigs to market weight
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-02T17:06:30Z) Hancock, Joe D.; Mills, C.G.; Nichols, David A.; Hines, Robert H.; jhancock; dnichols
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of nutrient concentrations and complexity of ingredients used in nursery diets on growth performance to market weight. In Experiment 1, nursery regimens were: 1) simple ingredients/low lysine (corn-soybean meal-dried whey-based diet with 1.25% lysine for d 0 to 23 and a corn-soybean meal-based diet with 1.1% lysine for d 23 to 37) and 2) complex ingredients/ high-lysine (blood products, lactose, and other specialty ingredients with 1.5% lysine for d 0 to 9 and 1.25% lysine for d 9 to 23, and a corn-soybean meal-based diet with 1.1% lysine for d 23 to 37). In general, feed intake and rate of gain were increased for pigs fed the complex/high-lysine regimen. This improved performance resulted in an average advantage of 5 lb/pig at the end of the nursery phase. For the growing-finishing phase, pigs from the simple/low-lysine and complex/high-lysine nursery regimens were assigned to either a 2-step (.8 and .6% lysine to 150 and 250 lb, respectively) or 4-step (.95, .8, .75, and .6% lysine to 100, 150, 200, and 250 lb, respectively) regimen and fed to a market wt of 250 lb. Pigs fed the 4-step regimen had greater rate of gain, but there was no complementary effect of the complex high-lysine regimen in the nursery phase with the 4-step regimen in the growing- finishing phase. We should note, however, that there was also no compensatory response of the pigs fed the simple/lowlysine diet in the nursery phase when given either the 2-step or 4-step regimen during growing-finishing. The net result was that the 5 lb difference at the end of the nursery phase resulted in an additional 3.6 d required for pigs fed the simple/low-lysine regimen to reach a market wt of 250 lb. In Experiment 2, the same diet regimens were used except that a third diet, with 1.5% lysine (resulting from adding wheat gluten and crystalline lysine) was added to the simple nursery regimen. Pigs fed the complex nursery regimen generally had greater feed intake and rate of gain, resulting in a 3 lb/pig advantage at the end of the nursery phase. As in Experiment 1, there were no nursery regimen × grow-finish regimen interactions that would indicate compensatory gain, with 1.8 additional days required to reach the 250 lb market weight for pigs fed the simple nursery regimen. In conclusion, the combined results of both experiments indicated that for each 1 lb advantage at the end of the nursery phase, days to a market wt of 250 lb were reduced by .6 to .7 d.
Open Access
Effect of spray-dried blood meal in the phase III diet
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-02T17:06:01Z) Kats, L.J.; Friesen, K.G.; Richert, B.T.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; jnelssen; mtokach; dritz
A total of 216 weanling pigs was used to evaluate the use of spray-dried blood meal (SDBM) in the phase III diet for pigs weighing approximately 25 pounds. At weaning, pigs (initially 11.6 lb and 21 d of age) were allotted by weight, gender, and ancestry to the dietary treatments. There were six pigs per pen with six replications per treatment. Pigs were started on a common phase I diet containing 20% dried whey, 7.5% spray-dried porcine plasma, and 1.75% spray-dried blood meal. This diet was formulated to contain 1.5% lysine and .44% methionine. On d 7 postweaning all pigs were switched to a common phase II diet that contained 10% dried whey and 2.5% spray-dried blood meal and was formulated to contain 1.25% lysine and .35% methionine. On d 21 postweaning and when weight averaged approximately 25 pounds, pigs were switched to one of six diets, control or containing .5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, or 2.5% spray-dried blood meal, that were formulated to contain 1.15% lysine. Pigs were fed experimental diets from d 21 to 42 postweaning (phase III). During phase I, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (F/G) were .54 lb, .61 lb, and 1.16, respectively. During phase II, ADG, ADFI, and F/G were .62 lb, 1.15 lb, and 1.90, respectively. On d 21, pigs weighed an average of 24 pounds when they were switched to the experimental diets. During phase III, linear (P < .05) depressions in ADG and F/G occurred with the addition of increasing levels of spray-dried blood meal in the diet. However, the reduction in performance was only evident at the 2 and 2.5% blood meal levels. Lower blood meal additions to the diet (< 2%) had no influence on pig performance. Similar to earlier research, our results indicate that complex protein sources are not required in the phase III diet for optimal pig performance.
Open Access
Evaluation of carcass merit pricing by pork packers
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-02T17:05:46Z) Schroeder, Ted C.; tcs
Live hog prices must reflect end-use value to convey market information from consumers to producers. Precise end-use value is excessively costly to trace for each carcass given current technology. Pricing structures must be based upon carcass merit information that is correlated with end-use value. This study uses pork carcass cut out data from 794 carcasses to estimate hog carcass values based upon carcass characteristics. Carcass values varied by nearly $20/cwt based on quality differences alone. In addition, considerable differences were present in pricing schedules of different pork packers suggesting that hog producers need to shop around when deciding to which packer they sell their hogs.
Open Access
Comparison of feed-grade antibiotics in starter diets containing spray-dried blood products
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-02T17:05:35Z) Owen, K.Q.; Dritz, Steven S.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen
A total of 240 pigs (initially 11.6 lb and 19 d of age) was used to compare four different feed-grade antibiotics or antibiotic combinations in phase I (d 0 to 14 postweaning) and phase II (d 14 to 28 postweaning) starter pig diets. Apramycin and carbadox were compared in the phase I diet. Combinations of tylosin/sulfamethazine and neomycin sulfate/oxytetracycline were compared in the phase II diet. No differences occurred in pig performance for the phase I and phase II periods between the feed-grade antibiotics compared in this growth assay. Therefore, determination of appropriate feed-grade antibiotic inclusion will depend on 1) economics, 2) disease profile of the herd, and 3) growth response within a particular producer's herd.
Open Access
State of the Kansas swine industry
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-02T17:03:10Z) Moore, B.L.; Schroeder, Ted C.; Langemeier, Michael R.; Flinchbaugh, Barry L.; tcs; mlange; bflinchb
The Kansas hog industry represented 3.8% of U.S. hog production in 1977 and had peak production of nearly 3.4 million head in 1971. Since that time, the industry has declined significantly, representing only 2.5% of U.S. hog production with 2.5 million head produced in 1992. Kansas hog production has declined, while neighboring Nebraska has enjoyed increased production and share of U.S. production. Kansas hog production is also highly concentrated, with the largest 3.5% of producers owning 45.5% of the state's hog inventory. Efforts to identify specific causes and to change the economic environment will be required to reverse the decline in the Kansas swine industry.
Open Access
Pellet quality affects growth performance of nursery and finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-02T17:02:57Z) Stark, C.R.; Hines, Robert H.; Behnke, Keith C.; Hancock, Joe D.; kbfeed; jhancock
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of diet form (meal vs pellet) and amount of fines in pelleted feed on growth performance of nursery and finishing pigs. One hundred twenty-six weanling pigs, with an average initial body wt of 12.5 lb, were used in the 35-d nursery experiment. The same phase I diet (pelleted) was fed to all pigs for 7 d, then the pigs were switched to phase II diet treatments (d 7 to 35 postweaning). Treatments were the same phase II diet fed as: 1) meal; 2) screened pellets (fines removed); and 3) the screened pellets with 25% added fines. From d 7 to 21, average daily gain (ADG) tended to be greater for pigs fed pellets, and feed/gain (F/G) was improved by 14% when pigs were fed pelleted diets compared with those fed the meal diet. Also, pigs fed the screened pellets had a 7% improvement in F/G compared to pigs fed the pelleted diet with 25% fines. From d 7 to 35, pigs fed pelleted diets were 9% more efficient than pigs fed the meal diet. Also, pigs fed the pelleted diet with 25% added fines had 2.6% poorer F/G than pigs fed the diet with screened pellets. In the finishing experiment, 80 gilts (average initial body wt of 118 lb) were used to evaluate the effects of diet form and pellet fines on growth performance. Treatments were a common finishing diet fed as: 1) meal; 2) screened pellets; 3) pellets with 20% fines; 4) pellets with 40% fines; and 5) pellets with 60% fines. Pigs fed the meal diet or the diet with 60% fines tended to have decreased ADG compared to pigs fed the other pelleted diets. Pigs fed screened pellets had a 4.7% improvement in F/G compared with those fed the meal diet. However, increasing the amount of fines in the screened pellets diet resulted in a linear trend for poorer F/G. These results suggest that pelleting diets improved growth performance in nursery and finishing pigs; however, increasing amounts of pellet fines reduced the advantage of feeding a pelleted diet.
Open Access
Comparison of carbohydrate sources for the early-weaned pig
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-02T17:02:46Z) Kerr, C.A.; Dritz, Steven S.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; dritz; goodband; jnelssen; mtokach
A total of 180 weanling pigs (initially 11.7 lb and 21 d of age) was used in a 35 d growth assay to compare various carbohydrate sources from d 0 to 14 postweaning in phase I. Pigs were allotted by weight and ancestry to one of five experimental diets with six pigs per pen and six replications per treatment. Pigs were fed one of five experimental diets from d 0 to 14 postweaning. The experimental carbohydrate sources compared were corn, oat flour, two modified potato starches, and lactose. All pigs were then fed a common phase II diet from d 14 to 35 postweaning. For the phase I period, pigs consuming the modified potato starch 1 diet had higher average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) than pigs consuming the corn or oat flour diets. Pigs consuming the modified potato starch 1 diet had numerically higher ADG and ADFI than pigs fed the other four diets. The performance of pigs consuming the modified potato starch 1 diets warrants further investigation. Currently, the hygroscopic nature of modified potato starches prohibits regular application in starter pig diets, because it causes problems in feed manufacturing and ingredient handling. Pigs consuming the lactose diets had higher ADG than the pigs consuming the corn diet. During the phase II (d 14 to 35 postweaning) and cumulative (d 0 to 35 postweaning) periods, no differences occurred in growth performance. Thus, economics indicate no additional inclusion of lactose in the phase I diet above 18% (25% dried edible grade whey). No differences occurred in performance for any phase of the experiment between the pigs consuming the corn or oat flour diets. In conclusion, oat flour does not appear to be a better carbohydrate source than corn in the phase I nursery diet.
Open Access
Relationship between ham composition and carcass composition in finishing swine
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-02T17:02:34Z) Johnston, M.E.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Hines, Robert H.; Kropf, Donald H.; jnelssen; goodband; dkropf
The relationship between ham and carcass composition of 120 barrows with an average initial weight of 130 lb was used to develop prediction equations to determine carcass composition based on ham composition. Eighty pigs were slaughtered to determine total body and ham composition. The first half were slaughtered at 230 lb and the second half at 280 lb. Longissimus muscle area, backfat thickness, whole ham weight, and trimmed ham weight of each pig were recorded 24 h following slaughter. The right ham and the right side of each carcass were ground and analyzed for protein, lipid, moisture, and ash contents. A correlation analysis was conducted at each slaughter weight to determine the relationship between total carcass and ham composition. Based on the results of the correlation analysis, we determined that it would be beneficial to run a regression analysis to develop prediction equations for carcass protein, lipid, and moisture contents. The ash content of the carcass did not appear to be highly correlated to any of the variables tested and, thus, a prediction equation for total body ash was not formulated. Using a stepwise regression analysis, the following equations and correlation coefficients were developed to determine total carcass composition at a slaughter weight of 230 lb: 1) carcass moisture = .4019 + .3911 (ham moisture) - .5301 (ham lipid) (R2 = .73); 2) carcass lipid = .3325 - .3787 (ham moisture) + .7334 (ham lipid) (R2 = .75); and 3) carcass protein = .1985 + .6757 (ham protein) + .0914 (longissimus muscle area) (R2 = .49). For pigs fed to the heavier slaughter weight of 280 lb, the prediction equations were: 1) carcass moisture = 1.2852 - 1.0558 (ham lipid) - 5.5573 (ham ash) - .0165 (whole ham weight) (R2 = .54); 2) carcass lipid = -.1650 + 1.0089 (ham lipid) + .0085 (whole ham weight) (R2 = .74); and 3) carcass protein = .4528 + 2.6234 (ham moisture) - 1.8241 (ham lipid) - 10.4795 (ham ash) + .4690 (ham protein) (R2 = .86). These results indicate that ham composition can be used to predict total carcass composition.