Swine Day, 1997

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Open Access
Effects of poultry fat and choice white grease on finishing pig growth performance, general carcass characteristics, and pork longissimus muscle quality
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-02T18:15:23Z) Engel, J.J.; Smith, J.W.II; Goodband, Robert D.; Unruh, John A.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; goodband; junruh; mtokach; jnelssen
Eighty-four crossbred gilts were used to exan1ine the effects of increasing dietary additions of poultry fat (PF) or choice white grease (CWG) on finishing pig growth performance, standard carcass characteristics, and longissimus muscle quality. Increasing CWG or PF improved feed efficiency. Increasing CWG tended to increase then decrease longissimus muscle visual color compared with longissimus muscles from those animals fed PF. Pigs fed CWG had firmer, less exudative, and more purplish-red (measured by a Minolta chronometer) longissimus muscles compared with pigs fed PF. Feeding CWG or PF did not affect standard carcass traits and had minimal effects on longissimus muscle quality.
Open Access
Effects of dietary energy density and lysine:calorie ratio on the growth performance of growing pigs and subsequent finishing performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-02T18:15:08Z) Smith, J.W.II; O'Quinn, P.R.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen
One hundred twenty crossbred gilts were used in a growth trial to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary energy density and lysine:calorie ratio on growing pig growth performance and subsequent finishing performance. Feeding 3% choice white grease and 3.45 g lysine:Mcal ME maximized growth performance of growing gilts. Choice white grease additions and increasing lysine:calorie ratio during growing (65 to 160 lb) did not affect carcass back fat or loin depth at 235 lb.
Open Access
Effects of low-protein, amino acid- fortified diets, formulated on a net energy basis, on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-02T18:14:47Z) Smith, J.W.II; O'Quinn, P.R.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen
Two hundred eighty-eight gilts were used to determine the effects of corn-soybean meal or low-protein, amino acid-fortified diets, formulated on a net energy (NE) basis on growth perforn1ance and carcass characteristics. Pigs fed high NE grew faster from 105 to 165 lb. However, pigs fed diets with intact protein grew faster and more efficiently during the finishing period and for the entire trial than those fed low protein, amino acidfortified diets. Carcass data revealed that pigs consuming high NE were fatter and had lower percentage lean than pigs consuming low NE. Additionally, longissimus muscle area tended to be greater in pigs fed diets containing intact protein than pigs fed low protein, amino acid-supplemented diets. Based on these results, pigs fed low protein, amino acid-fortified diets had poorer ADG, feed efficiency, and carcass leanness than those fed diets with intact protein, regardless of NE.
Open Access
Effects of a high protein, whey protein concentrate and spray-dried animal plasma on growth performance of weanling pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-02T16:25:07Z) Grinstead, G.S.; Woodworth, J.C.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; goodband; jnelssen; mtokach
A 35-d experiment was conducted to compare the effects of increasing spray-dried animal plasma and a high protein whey concentrate (73% CP) on starter pig performance. Spray-dried animal plasma and whey protein concentrate replaced dried skin1 milk on an equal lysine basis. Pigs fed increasing spray-dried animal plasma protein had increased ADG and ADFI from d 0 to 7 after weaning, but not for any other period in the study. Increasing whey protein concentrate had no effect on growth perforn1ance in relation to the pigs fed dried skim milk.
Open Access
Effects of starch gelatinization on weanling pig performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-02T16:24:53Z) Hongtrakul, K.; Bergstrom, J.R.; Nessmith, W.B., Jr.; Kim, I.H.; Goodband, Robert D.; Behnke, Keith C.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; goodband; kbfeed; jnelssen; mtokach; jbergstr
Two hundred and ten weanling pigs were fed diets containing nonextruded corn (14.5% gelatinization; control) or corn that was extruded to provide 38.7%, 52.7%, 64.4%, or 89.3% starch gelatinization in the complete diet. With increasing gelatinization, ADG and ADFI decreased and then increased. but apparent digestibility of DM, CP, and energy increased then decreased. These results suggest that the degree of starch gelatinization has an inconsistent effect on weanling pig performance.
Open Access
Effects of sorghum genotype and processing method on production characteristics and growth performance of nursery pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-02T16:24:39Z) Froeschner, J.R.; Cheng, Z.J.; Hancock, Joe D.; Behnke, Keith C.; jhancock; kbfeed
Three sorghum varieties that varied in starch composition were fed to Phase II and Phase III pigs to determine if feeding sorghum high in waxiness provided a benefit. In addition, each variety was fed as a meal, standard pellet, and an expanded pellet. As level of waxiness increased, pellet durability index increased numerically and the amount of fines produced decreased numerically. In addition, thermal processing of the diets increased the feeding value. Sorghum genotype had little effect on pig performance.
Open Access
Effects of source and level of added chromium on growth performance of starter pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-02T16:24:23Z) O'Quinn, P.R.; Musser, R.E.; Owen, K.Q.; Blum, S.A.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; jnelssen; mtokach; goodband
A 35-d growth trial was conducted with conventionally weaned nursery pigs to evaluate the efficacy of supplemental chromium (Cr) as either chromium nieotinate (CrNic) or chromium picolinate (CrPic). Neither source nor level of supplemental Cr had any effect on weanling pig growth performance or immune status. Equal levels of CrNic and CrPic produced similar results, except that pigs fed CrPic had higher serum Cr concentrations than pigs fed CrNic. These data suggest no beneficial responses to supplemental CrNic or CrPic in nursery pig diets.
Open Access
Pyridoxine, but not thiamin, improves growth performance of weanling pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-02T16:23:48Z) Woodworth, J.C.; Musser, R.E.; Loughmiller, J.A.; Moser, S.A.; Grinstead, G.S.; O'Quinn, P.R.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; goodband; jnelssen; mtokach
Two trials were conducted to determine whether pyridoxine or thiamine needs to be added to the diet for weanling pigs. In the first trial, weanling pigs were fed either a control diet or diets containing added thiamin (2.5 or 5.0 g/ton) or pyridoxine (3.5 or 7.0 g/ton). From d 0 to 14 after weaning, pigs fed added pyridoxine had increased ADG and ADFI, with pigs fed 3.5 g/ton of added pyridoxine having the greatest response. Growth performance was not improved by added thiamin. In a second trial, weanling pigs were fed a control diet or diets containing 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 g/ton added pyridoxine. From d 0 to 14 after weaning, increasing pyridoxine increased ADG and ADFI, with pigs fed 3 g/ton of added pyridoxine having the greatest ADG. Pyridoxine level had no influence on growth performance from d 14 to 35 after weaning. These results suggest that adding between 2 and 3 g/ton of pyridoxine to the diet maximizes ADG and ADFI from d 0 to 14 after weaning.
Open Access
Effects of tetracycline on shedding of susceptible and resistant salmonella spp. experimentally inoculated into pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-02T16:23:34Z) Claussen, K.M.; Hyatt, D.R.; Galland, J.C.; Nietfeld, Jerome C.; Sargeant, J.M.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; jcnietfe
The objective of this experiment was to study the influence of tetracycline on the transfer of antibiotic resistance in an in vivo swine model experimentally infected with antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic susceptible Salmonella spp. Tetracycline reduced the amount and duration of shedding of tetracycline- susceptible Salmonella. However, tetracycline had no effect on shedding of resistant Salmonella. We also have evidence that resistance was transferred from the resistant to the susceptible strain of Salmonella.
Open Access
Effects of time of introduction and level of soybean meal on performance of segregated early-weaned pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-02T16:23:19Z) O'Quinn, P.R.; Bergstrom, J.R.; Loughmiller, J.A.; Hongtrackul, K.; Musser, R.E.; Civis, C.A.; Maxwell, C.J.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; jnelssen; mtokach; goodband; jbergstr
A growth trial was conducted utilizing segregated early weaned (SEW) pigs to evaluate the effects of time of introduction and level of soybean meal on growth performance. Few differences were observed in growth performance indicating that including up to 40% soybean meal in the diet will not adversely affect growth of high-health status, SEW-reared pigs.
Open Access
Determining the optimal tryptophan:lysine ratio for the segregated early-weaned pigs (25 to 50 lb)
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-02T16:23:04Z) Loughmiller, J.A.; Knabe, D.A.; Hongtrakul, K.; Moser, S.; Civis, C.; O'Quinn, P.R.; Smith, J.W.II; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; jnelssen; mtokach; goodband
A 21 d growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing the apparent digestible tryptophan:lysine ratio on growth performance of the 25 to 50 lb pig raised in a high-health, segregated early-weaning (SEW) system. Ten diets were fed with two levels of lysine (.75% and 1.10% apparent digestible lysine) and five apparent digestible tryptophan levels (13, 16, 19, 22, or 25% of lysine). Feeding the high dietary lysine consistently improved ADG and FIG and reduced ADFI. Increasing the tryptophan: lysine ratio did not improve overall performance. Based upon our results, the dietary tryptophan level to maximize growth performance in the 25 to 50 lb pig is not greater than 13% of apparent digestible lysine.
Open Access
Influence of dietary tryptophan levels on the growth performance of segregated early-weaned pigs (10 to 20 lb)
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-02T16:22:48Z) Loughmiller, J.A.; Knabe, D.A.; Hongtrakul, K.; O'Quinn, P.R.; Moser, S.; Smith, J.W.II; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; jnelssen; goodband; mtokach
A total of 360 pigs (averaging 13 d of age and 9.4 lb) was used to determine the effects of increasing dietary tryptophan:lysine ratio on the growth performance of segregated early-weaned (SEW) pigs. Two apparent digestible lysine levels (1. 15 and 1.50 %) and six apparent digestible tryptophan: lysine ratios (12.5, 15, 17.5, 20, 22.5 and 25%) were fed from d 0 to 16 after weaning. Lysine x tryptophan interactions were observed for ADG and F/G. Increasing the tryptophan: lysine ratio in the low lysine diets improved ADG and F/G in a quadratic manner. Increasing the tryptophan level had no effect in the high lysine diets. Results of this trial indicate that optimal apparent digestible tryptophan: lysine ratio is approximately 15 %.
Open Access
Puberty induction in young gilts: ovarian, uterine, and pregnancy responses
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-02T16:22:33Z) Guo, J.; Grieger, David M.; Davis, Duane L.; dgrieger; davis
The age of gilts when their first litter is produced affects reproductive efficiency and the applications of biotechnologies such as in vitro fertilization and genetic engineering. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of age on response to puberty induction in gilts. Gilts were injected with PG600® followed 96 h later with human chorionic gonadotropin to induce follicular growth and ovulation, respectively. In the first experiment, 84-, 104-,124-, 144-, and 164-d-old gilts were used. For treated gilts, uterine weight, uterine length, number of corpora lutea (CL), peripheral progesterone (P4), and estradiol (~) increased (P < .05) linearly with age. Uterine luminal prostaglandins (PGs) PGE and PGF decreased for gilts treated at 124 d of age or older. The second experiment evaluated pregnancy success for gilts induced to ovulate at 116 vs 151 d of age. The effects of induction of two consecutive estrous cycles also were evaluated. Two of seven (28.6%) and four of nine (44.4%) gilts first treated when 116 and 151 d old but none of seven gilts treated at both 96 and 116 d of age were pregnant 60 d postinseillination. Results indicated that induction of a prior cycle did not inlprove pregnancy rates. However, some gilts in this population maintained pregnancies to 60 d when induced to ovulate and inseminated at 120 d of age.
Open Access
Effects of additional L-carnitine during lactation on sow and litter performance of first parity gilts
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-02T16:22:17Z) Musser, R.E.; Civis, C.A.; Blum, S.A.; Owen, K.Q.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; goodband; mtokach; jnelssen
A total of 107 first parity gilts was used to determine the effects of 50 ppm of added L-carnitine during lactation on sow and litter performance. At farrowing, gilts were fed a milo-soybean meal diet with or without 50 ppm of added L-carnitine. No differences were observed in litter weaning weight or weight gain or changes in sow weight and last rib fat depth during lactation. Although sows fed additional L-carnitine had lower average daily feed intake the first week of lactation, no differences were observed during the second week or in overall average daily feed intake. These results suggest that feeding 50 ppm of added L-carnitine during lactation to first parity gilts did not improve sow or litter performance.
Open Access
Effects of L-carnitine on performance of gestating and lactating sows
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-02T16:21:47Z) Musser, R.E.; Owen, K.Q.; Blum, S.A.; Civis, C.A.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; jnelssen; dritz
A total of 307 sows was used to determine the effects of adding 50 ppm of L-carnitine in gestation and lactation diets on sow and litter performance. Addition of 50 ppm L-carnitine in gestation increased both total litter (34.1 vs 32.1 lb) and pig (3.48 vs 3.27 lb) birth weight. Litter weaning weights increased (99.03 vs 90.71 lb) when sows were fed added L-carnitine during gestation. Sows fed added L-carnitine in gestation had increased IGF-I concentrations on d 60 and 90 (71.3 vs 38.0, and 33.0 vs 25.0 ng/ml, respectively). These results suggest that feeding 50 ppm of added L-carnitine during gestation increases litter birth and weaning weights.
Open Access
Effects of increased feed intake or additional corn from day 30 to 50 of gestation on performance of sows and growth performance and carcass characteristics of offspring
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-02T16:21:27Z) Musser, R.E.; Bauman, J.S.; Heintz, M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Davis, Duane L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; davis; dritz; mtokach; jnelssen
A total of 321 PIC sows was used to determine the effects of either increased feed (8 Ib/d of complete feed) or added corn (4 Ib/d of complete feed plus 4 Ib/d of ground corn) from d 30 to 50 of gestation on sow and offspring performance. Sows fed increased feed intake from d 30 to 50 of gestation had fewer pigs born live than control sows; however this decrease was not observed for sows fed ground corn. Increased complete diet feed intake from d 30 to 50 of gestation resulted in heavier offspring at slaughter, with offspring from sows fed additional corn being intermediate. Gilts from sows that were fed extra feed or corn had decreased 10th rib fat depth at market. Increased feed or addition of ground corn resulted in increased percentage lean and fat-free lean index for the sows' offspring. Although further research is needed to verify our results, they indicate that increased nutrient intake during critical periods in gestation can influence growth and carcass composition of the offspring.
Open Access
Fetal and maternal responses to high feed intake from day 29 to 45 of gestation
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-02T16:21:11Z) Musser, R.E.; Smith, J.W.II; Burum, L.L.; Samland, C.J.; Davis, Duane L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Rathbun, Theresa J.; Dritz, Steven S.; davis; goodband; mtokach; jnelssen; dritz; trathbun
Parity-four sows were fed either 4.0 Ib/d (control, n = 6) or 14.0 Ib/d (high, n = 9) of feed from d 29 to 45 of gestation. On d 45 of ges~tion, sows were slaughtered and uteri collected for fetal and placental measurements. High-feed-intake sows gained more weight from. d 29 to 45 compared to control sows. Providing feed in excess of established requirements to gestating sows from d 29 to 45 of gestation increased IGF-I concentrations in maternal plasma and decreased crown-rump length variation of the fetus. Increased feed intake resulted in a removal of the correlation between average fetal weight and number of fetuses per sow. We postulate that the increased maternal IGF-I or other maternal responses to high feed intake altered the maternal limit on fetal growth at this stage of gestation.
Open Access
Summary of Kansas State University swine enterprise record
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-02T16:20:48Z) Langemeier, Michael R.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; goodband; mlange; mtokach; jnelssen
The Kansas Swine Enterprise Record Program evaluates biological and economic performance and is part of a cooperative record- keeping project with Extension personnel and swine producers in Kansas. Nebraska, and South Dakota. From January 1 to December 31, 1996, profit per cwt of pork produced by these producers (13 semiannual and 18 annual data) averaged $10.62 for the last 6 months of 1996 and $8.08 for the entire year. Producers in the top one-third in terms of profitability had average profits of $15.11 per cwt, whereas producers in the bottom one-third had average profits of $.73 per cwt for the year. Critical factors separating low- and high-profit producers included feed costs, unpaid labor, fixed costs, and death loss.
Open Access
Trends in the swine industry: productivity measures
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-02T16:20:33Z) Dhuyvetter, Kevin C.; Parcell, J.L.; kcd
Productivity has been trending up in the swine industry over the last 15 years. Much of the increased productivity is due to increased pigs/litter and increased market weights. The efficiency of the breeding herd (litters/sow/year) has been trending up in the U.S. but has remained relatively constant in Kansas.
Open Access
Trends in the swine industry: operations and marketings
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-03-02T16:20:17Z) Parcell, J.L.; Dhuyvetter, Kevin C.; kcd
Trends in the size of swine operations in Kansas and the V. S. are toward fewer and larger operations. The number of operations in Kansas and the U.S. continues to decline; however, the number of hogs marketed has increased because of an increase in operation size. Kansas producers have increased operation size at a slower rate compared to U.S. producers. Kansas ranks tenth nationally in hogs marketed. A migration of swine production from eastern, central, and northern Kansas to southwest Kansas has occurred in the past 5 years.