Swine Day, 1999

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Open Access
Market hog price discovery
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-19T22:51:34Z) Schroeder, Ted C.; Mintert, J.; tcs; jmintert
Cash hog markets are declining in importance, and use of formula pricing of market hogs is increasing. Producers need more information to assist them in price discovery and formula price negotiations with pork packers. Lean hog futures and pork wholesale plus by-product values offer useful pricing information for producers. However, using these markets as sources ofprice information is not without challenges. This report highlights issues involved in hog market price discovery and examines the usefulness of lean hog futures and wholesale pork values in price discovery.
Open Access
Effects of diet processing method on growth performance of segregated early-weaned pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-19T22:48:02Z) Sawyer, J.T.; Woodworth, J.C.; O'Quinn, P.R.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; jnelssen; mtokach; goodband; dritz
A 28-d growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effects ofdifferent diet processing methods on growth perfornlance of segregated early-weaned pigs. From d 0 to 14, pigs were fed diets processed by one of four different methods: meal, universal pellet cooker CUPC), expanded, or pelleted. Pigs fed pelleted or UPC diets had improved ADO and F/G, and pigs fed meal diets had the poorest ADO and F/G. From d 14 to 28, pigs were fed one of six diets consisting of complex meal and expanded diets and two (least cost and complex) UPC and pelleted diets. From d 14 to 28, pigs fed the complex pelleted diet had numerically the highest ADG and best F/G compared to pigs in the other treatments; however, ADG and F/G were not significantly different from those of pigs fed the meal diet. Complex pelleted or UPC diets improved growth performance compared to least cost diets. Thermal processed, least-cost diets will not elicit similar or improved growth performance compared to complex diets. These data suggest that processing techniques influence growth performance more in the early nursery phases than in later phases, and that pigs fed UPC or pelleted diets have the best growth performance.
Open Access
Examination of stocking density and marketing strategies in a commercial production environment
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-19T22:41:51Z) Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen
The influence of stocking density (7.4 or 6.6 sq ft per pig) and marketing strategy (0, 1, or 2 sorts before closeout) was examined in a commercial production environment. No interaction between stocking density and marketing strategy was observed. Higher stocking density had no negative effects on growth performance or carcass characteristics. The major advantage of one or two sorts was a reduction in sort loss of $.27/cwt carcass ($.52/pig) compared to no sorts. No differences were found between one and two sorts under the packer matrix used in this study.
Open Access
Margins of safety can be lowered for supplemental copper, zinc, iron, and manganese in finishing diets without affecting growth performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-19T22:37:44Z) Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen
Finishing pig diets are commonly supplemented with copper, zinc, iron, and manganese with large margins of safety compared to those suggested by NRC requirements. In this study, pigs were fed a control diet that provided these minerals supplemented at concentrations similar to current KSU recommendations, diets containing 50 and 25% of the recommendation, or a combination of 50% of the recommendations until 145 lb and no added trace minerals from 145 lb until market. The trial used pigs from 100 lb until market weight at 265 lb. No differences in growth perfonnance or carcass characteristics were observed as a result of trace mineral supplementation. These results suggest that the margins of safety for copper, zinc, iron, and manganese can be lowered significantly in swine finishing diets.
Open Access
Influence of dietary supplementation of modified tall oil, chromium nicotinate, and L-carnitine on pork chop display color stability, warnerbratzler shear, and sensory panel traits
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T22:04:36Z) Waylan, A.T.; O'Quinn, P.R.; Woodworth, J.C.; Owen, K.Q.; Unruh, John A.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; junruh; goodband; jnelssen; mtokach
Eighty crossbred (PIC) gilts were used to determine the influence of feeding modified tall oil (MTO, 0 or .5% of diet), chromium nicotinate (0 or 50 ppb), and L-carnitine (0 or 50 ppm) on display color stability, Warner-Bratzler shear, and sensory panel traits of pork chops. Dietary additions of MTO, chromium nicotinate, and L-camitine to growing and finishing swine diets had minimal effects on quality characteristics and display color stability of pork chops. Therefore, producers probably can take advantage of any production or carcass cutability improvement from these feed supplements without affecting muscle quality of pork chops.
Open Access
Influence of dietary supplementation of modified tall oil and vitamin e on bacon characteristics
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T22:04:11Z) Waylan, A.T.; O'Quinn, P.R.; Woodworth, J.C.; Koo, S.I.; Unruh, John A.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; junruh; goodband; jnelssen; mtokach
Seventy-two crossbred (PIC) barrows were used to determine the influence of feeding modified tall oil (MTO, 0 or .5% of diet) and vitamin E (0, 10, or 50 IU/lb of feed) on bacon quality characteristics. Feeding MTO to pigs during both. the growing and finishing phases increased bacon slice firmness. Feeding swine MTO and vitamin E had minimal effects on bacon production, proximate analysis, and quality traits. Therefore, any of these combinations of MTO with vitamin E can be fed to swine to improve carcass traits without affecting bacon.
Open Access
Manure composition from Kansas swine lagoons
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T22:04:00Z) Keeler, G.L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; goodband; jnelssen; mtokach; dritz
Analysis of 41 manure samples from Kansas swine lagoons revealed that nutrient concentrations were higher than previously reported values from the Nebraska Cooperative Extension Service and the Midwest Planning Service. In addition, high standard deviations indicated that considerable variation exists in composition of waste in swine lagoons. Although means from some lagoons were lower, most producers had manure that analyzed higher than previously published values from other sources. These data reveal the imnportance of individual analysis of lagoons for proper application to cropland to maximize yield and environmental stewardship. Additional research needs to be completed to provide a more detailed understanding of nutrient concentrations from manure samples in Kansas.
Open Access
Effects of modified tall oil and creatine monohydrate on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of growing-finishing barrows
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T22:03:49Z) O'Quinn, P.R.; Andrews, B.S.; Woodworth, J.C.; Goodband, Robert D.; Unruh, John A.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; goodband; junruh; jnelssen; mtokach
A trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of modified tall oil (MTO; .50% of the diet) and creatine monohydrate (CMH; 25 g/pig/day for 10 days prior to slaughter) on performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of finishing barrows. Feeding MTO improved ADG and F/G during the growing phase and improved F/G over the entire trial and during the 10 day CMH loading period. Feeding MTO reduced backfat, but neither CMH nor MTO affected other carcass characteristics or meat quality measures at 24 h postmortem. These data suggest that MTO improves performance and reduces backfat with little effect on meat quality, whereas CMH does not appear to be beneficial to growing-finishing swine.
Open Access
Influence of added zinc from zinc sulfate on weanling pig growth performance and plasma zinc concentration
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T22:02:25Z) Woodworth, J.C.; O'Quinn, P.R.; Sawyer, J.T.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; mtokach; jnelssen; goodband
A total of288 weanling pigs (13.4lb and 18 d of age) was used in a 27 d growth assay to determine the effects of adding Zn from ZnS04 or ZnO on growth performance. Pigs were allotted to one of eight dietary treatments consisting of a control diet; diets containing one of six concentrations of Zn from ZnS04 (SOD, 1,000, 1,500,2,000,2,500, or 3,000 ppm); and a diet containing 3,000 ppm of Zn from ZnO. Increasing Zn from ZnS04 linearly improved ADO and FlO from d 9 to 19; however, adding ZnS04 to the diet decreased ADO from d 19 to 33. Thus, pigs fed diets containing ZnS04 or 3,000 ppm of Zn from ZnO had similar growth performance compared to pigs fed the control diet for the overall trial. In conclusion, no benefit was observed for the overall trial from adding increasing concentrations of Zn from ZnS04 or 3,000 ppm ofZn from ZnO.
Open Access
Effects of spray-dried animal plasma source on weanling pig performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T22:01:33Z) Steidinger, M.U.; O'Quinn, P.R.; Woodworth, J.C.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; dritz; jnelssen
Three studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of different spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) sources on weanling pig performance. For this study, different sources of SDAP were obtained from each of the four largest marketers. In each experiment, a different lot of each of the four plasma sources was used. Pigs were fed either a control diet or one of four diets containing different plasma sources added at 5.0 % of the total diet. The results of these experiments suggest that larger differences occur between lots or batches of SDAP then between sources of SDAP, when weanling pig performance is used as the response criterion. More research must be done to determine the factors responsible for the differences between batches of SDAP.
Open Access
Effects of chromium picolinate on reproduction and farrowing performance of parity one sows
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T22:01:15Z) Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen
We examined the influence ofchromium picolinate fed to gilts during the growing phase from 50 Ib through their first farrowing on reproductive and farrowing performance. No differences were detected in first service farrowing rate or total or live born litter size. These datafail to support a positive influence of chromium picolinate fed during development and gestation on reproductive and farrowing performance ofparity 1 sows.
Open Access
Interactive effects of modified tall oil and fat source on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing barrows and gilts
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T22:00:28Z) Woodworth, J.C.; O'Quinn, P.R.; Waylan, A.T.; Sawyer, J.T.; Goodband, Robert D.; Unruh, John A.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; goodband; junruh; jnelssen; mtokach
A total of 144 pigs (initially 90 lb) was used to determine the interactive effects of fat source: none (NF), 6% choice white grease (CWG), or 6% poultry fat (PF); modified tall oil (MTO, 0 or .5%); and sex (barrows or gilts) on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Regardless of fat source, MTO improved belly firmness but did not influence growth performance. Gilts were leaner, had increased loin muscle area, and had softer bellies compared to barrows. Added fat decreased ADFI and improved F/G. Pigs fed PF had the best F/G, but the fattest carcasses and softest loins and bellies.
Open Access
Influence of dietary supplementation of modified tall oil and vitamin E on pork chop quality, display color stability, warner-bratzler shear,andsensory panel tralts
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T21:59:52Z) Waylan, A.T.; O'Quinn, P.R.; Woodworth, J.C.; Koo, S.I.; Unruh, John A.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; junruh; goodband; jnelssen; mtokach
Seventy-two crossbred (PIC) barrows were used to determine the influence of feeding modified tall oil (MTO, 0 or .5% of diet) and vitamin E (0, 10, or 50 IU/lb of feed) on display color stability, Warner-Bratzler shear, and sensory panel traits of pork chops. Feeding MTO in combination with high levels of vitamin E to pigs during both the growing and finishing phases improved display color stability and delayed lipid oxidation of the pork loin chops without affecting tenderness and sensory evaluations. Therefore, feeding swine MTO (.5%) with high levels of vitamin E (50 IU/lb of feed) can increase the shelf-life stability of pork and potentially reduce monetary losses from deteriorated product.
Open Access
Effects of modified tall oil and vitamin e on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing barrows
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T21:59:40Z) O'Quinn, P.R.; Waylan, A.T.; Woodworth, J.C.; Koo, S.I.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Unruh, John A.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; jnelssen; junruh; goodband; mtokach
A trial was conducted to investigate the interactive effects of modified tall oil (MTO) and vitamin E on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing barrows. Feeding MTO resulted in increased ADG and improved F/G during the growing phase; otherwise dietary treatment did not affect growth performance during the rest of the trial or overall. Feeding MTO also decreased backfat thickness and increased belly firmness. Increasing vitamin E in diets containing MTO decreased drip loss percentage of the loin. These results indicate that MTO may function as a growth promoter; reduce backfat; and in conjunction with vitamin E, itnprove some aspects of meat quality.
Open Access
Economics of adding fat and increasing lysine:calorie ratio in diets for growing-finishing gilts
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T21:59:28Z) De La Llata, M.; Langemeier, Michael R.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mlange; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen
A total of 1,200 gilts was used to evaluate the economics ofadding fat and increasing lysine:calorie ratio in diets for growing-finishing pigs. Diets were fed in four phases and consisted of a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement with two levels of fat (0 and 6%) and four increasing lysine:calorie ratios. Eight economic scenarios combining com, soybean meal, fat, and hog prices with two packer grading systems were created. Stochastic dominance analysis was performed on 64 alternatives (8 treatments x 8 scenarios). The third "and fourth (higher) lysine: calorie ratios increased income over feed cost when fat was added to the diets, except for the high fat price scenario in which the fourth lysine:calorie ratio without added fat dominated. The first two (lower) lysine: calorie ratios were inferior under all scenarios.
Open Access
Effects of adding and removing dietary fat on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T21:59:15Z) De La Llata, M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen
We conducted an experiment using 1,050 growing-finishing pigs to determine the carryover effect of adding and removing fat in diets. The experimental treatments consisted of six different sequence arrangements of diets without fat or with 60/0 added fat. Diets were fed in four phases. During each phase, ADFI and F/G were decreased when fat was added to the diets. Fat inclusion in the diet during one phase had no influence on the response to fat addition during another phase. Back-fat depth was increased and fat-free lean index decreased when fat was added to the diet during all phases, but not when fat was added to the diet during phases 1, 2, and/or 3.
Open Access
Predicting lysine requirements using protein and lipid accretion curves for growing-finishing barrows
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T21:59:04Z) De La Llata, M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen
A total of240 growing-finishing barrows (75 to 260 lb) were used to model accretion rates and the lysine:calorie ratio requirement based on lipid and protein content data obtained with a real-time ultrasound. Barrows were fed eight different diets consisting of four increasing lysine:calorie ratios and two levels of fat (0 and 6%). The modeled accretion rates effectively predicted the differences between treatments in agreement with the actual data. The modeled lysine:calorie ratio requirement accurately predicted the lysine:calorie ratios that maximized growth, evaluated by either the predicted or the actual data. Lipid and protein deposition rates were used to effectively model feed intake when pigs were fed close to their requirement.
Open Access
Predicting lysine requirements using protein and lipid accretion curves for growing-finishing gilts
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T21:58:55Z) De La Llata, M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen
A total of240 growing-finishing gilts (60 to 260 lb) was used to model accretion rates and the lysine:calorie ratio requirement based on lipid and protein growth. Real-time ultrasound measurements were used to estimate lipid and protein contents. These estimates then were translated into feed intake and lysine requirements. Gilts were fed one of eight different diet regimens, consisting of four increasing lysine:calorie ratios and two levels of fat (0 and 6%). Lipid and protein deposition rates could effectively model feed intake when pigs were fed lysine:calorie ratios close to their requirement. The modeled accretion rates effectively predicted the differences between treatments in agreement with the growth performance data. The modeled lysine:calorie ratio requirement accurately predicted the lysine:calorie ratios that maximized growth, evaluated by either the predicted or the actual data.
Open Access
Effects of increasing lysine:calorie ratio and dietary fat addition on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing barrows
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T21:58:42Z) De La Llata, M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen
A total of 1,200 growing-finishing barrows was used to determine the effects of increasing lysine:calorie ratio and dietary fat addition. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial with two levels of fat (0 and 6%) and four lysine:calorie ratios in each of the four phases. The appropriate lysine: calorie ratios to maximize performance were: 3.01,2.25 to 2.50, 1.78 to 1.98, and 1.42 to 1.62 from 75 to 130, 130 to 175, 175 to 220, and 220 to 260 lb, respectively. These ratios equate to approximate total lysine levels of 1.00, .80, 65, and .53%, respectively, in corn-soybean meal-based diets with no added fat.
Open Access
Effects of increasing lysine:calorie ratio and dietary fat addition on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing gilts
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T21:58:33Z) De La Llata, M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen
An experiment using 1,200 gilts (60 to 260 lb) was conducted to determine the effects of increasing lysine:calorie ratio and dietary fat addition on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial with two levels of dietary fat (0 and 6%) and four lysine:calorie ratios in each of the four phases. The appropriate lysine:calorie ratios to maximize growth performance were: 3.56, 2.50 to 2.75, 2.04, and 1.72 from 60 to 100 lb, 100 to 165 lb, 165 to 220 lb, and 220 to 260 lb, respectively. These ratios equate to approximate total lysine levels of 1.15, .90, .75, and .58%, respectively, in corn-soybean meal-based diets with no added fat.