Swine Day, 2001
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Item Open Access The influence of dietary energy level on the response to betaine(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-19T22:51:09Z) Young, M.G.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mayoung; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jnelssenA total of 800 pigs were used to evaluate the influence of dietary energy level on the response to betaine in finishing pig diets. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with or without betaine and two energy density levels as the main effects. No betaine × energy interactions (P>0.05) were observed for the entire feeding period (51 to 210 lb) or for any of the three dietary phases. Pigs fed the high energy diets with added fat had (P<.05) greater ADG, lower ADFI, and improved F/G compared with pigs fed the low energy diets without added fat. Adding betaine to the diet had no influence on pig performance.Item Open Access Influence of different equipment protocols on particle size determination of ground corn(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-19T22:48:15Z) Woodworth, J.C.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; dritzTwo experiments were conducted to determine the influence of the tapping bar and sieve agitators (balls and brushes) on determining mean particle size and standard deviation of ground corn. Tapping bar had no influence (P>0.10) on mean and standard deviation; however the presence of balls and brushes on sieves decreased (P<0.002) mean particle size and increased (P<0.0001) standard deviation. These results suggest that balls and brushes should be used when determining mean particle size to assist particle flowability. More research should be conducted to determine the effects of the tapping bar and sieve agitators over a wider range of particle sizes.Item Open Access Nutrient composition of Kansas swine lagoons and hoop barn manure(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T22:00:40Z) DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Murphy, James P.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; goodband; jnelssen; mtokach; dritz; jmurphyA total of 236 lagoon and 35 hoop barn manure samples were collected during 2000 from Kansas swine operations to determine the effects of production phase and season of the year on their nutrient concentration. Lagoon analyses revealed that nitrogen concentrations were lower during the summer and fall seasons compared to winter and early spring. In addition, levels of nitrogen were highest in nursery, wean to finish, and finishing lagoons compared with sow and farrow-to-finish lagoons. Phosphorus levels for all lagoons increased from February until June, but then declined steadily throughout the remainder of the year. The concentration of phosphorus also was highest for wean-tofinish and finishing lagoons and the lowest for farrow-to-finish lagoons. No seasonal changes in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were observed in manure from hoop barns. Therefore, season and type of production phase affects the nutrient content of Kansas swine lagoons, and producers will benefit from obtaining individual analyses from their lagoons when developing nutrient management plans rather than utilizing published reference values.Item Open Access Comparison of bioaerosol sampling methods for swine barns(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T20:27:46Z) Predicala, B.Z.; Urban, J.E.; Jerez, S.B.; Maghirang, Ronaldo G.; Goodband, Robert D.; rmaghir; goodbandTwo bioaerosol sampling methods (Andersen sampler and filtration sampler) were compared. The two samplers were used to assess the bioaerosol loads in two swine finishing barns. They were similar in terms of the species of microorganisms sampled. The persistent strains of microorganisms were various species of the following genera: Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Listeria, Enterococcus, Nocardia, Lactobacillus, and Penicillium. However, the use of Andersen sampler resulted in significantly higher bioaerosol concentrations than the filtration sampler. Thus, it appears that filtration sampling can be used for a qualitative survey of bioaerosols in swine barns while the Andersen sampler is suitable for both quantitative and qualitative assessments.Item Open Access Evaluation of different copper sources as a growth promoter in swine finishing diets(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T20:27:04Z) Hastad, C.W.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; jnelssen; mtokach; goodbandTwo trials were conducted to determine the effects of added copper from copper sulfate or copper chloride on performance of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 2,277 pigs with an initial weight of 71.6 lb were used in a commercial research facility in southwest Minnesota. Adding copper to the diet improved performance during the first two weeks in the finishing barn regardless of copper source or level. The results of these experiments indicate that low levels of copper chloride or copper sulfate (50 to 100 ppm) can be an effective and economical growth promoter when fed for the first two weeks to growing-finishing pigs.Item Open Access A comparison of different particle size analysis techniques(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T20:18:15Z) Baldridge, A.L.; Stainbrook, T.L.; Woodworth, J.C.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; mtokach; jnelssen; goodbandIn this study, we compared different methods of testing particle size of ground corn. Forty-four corn samples were analyzed for particle size with a Ro-Tap tester equipped with a 13-sieve stack (53 to 3,350 :m tyler mesh screens). Mean particle size of the 44 samples ranged from 422 to 1,143 :m. These samples were then analyzed by placing 280 g on a #14 sieve (1,400 :m). The sieve was shaken by hand as the manufacturer recommended (one-sieve method). In a second procedure, samples were analyzed by placing 50 g of corn on a stack of three sieves: US #12 (1700 :m), #30 (600 :m), and #50 (300 :m: three-sieve method) with balls and carnucles. The three-sieve method was much more reliable in predicting average particle size of ground corn than the one-sieve method when compared to the 13- stack standard operating procedure. In summary, the three-sieve procedure may be a more accurate method to quickly determine particle size than the one-sieve method.Item Open Access Utilizing infrared thermography to predict pork quality(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T20:17:19Z) Lawrence, T.E.; Spire, M.F.; Dikeman, Michael E.; Hunt, Melvin C.; Hogge, S.B.; James, B.W.; mdikeman; hhuntThree experiments using 63 pigs were conducted to determine if infrared thermography could segregate pigs based on subsequent pork quality. Pigs were subjectively classified as either “hot” or “normal” based on infrared surface temperature of the loin region prior to slaughter. In the first experiment 18 market weight pigs were transported, imaged by infrared thermography and slaughtered immediately after 1 to 4 h of lairage. Differences in meat quality were detected; hot pigs had lower a* (less red) and chroma (less intense red color) values, and higher hue angle (less red/more yellow) values, all of which indicate paler muscle color. In the second experiment, 27 market weight pigs were transported, held in lairage for 12 to 16 h, imaged by infrared thermography, and then slaughtered. In the third experiment, 18 market weight pigs were transported, imaged by infrared thermography, held in lairage for 12 to 16 h, and then slaughtered. Regardless of the time infrared images were taken, no meat quality differences between hot and normal pigs were detected when pigs were held in lairage for 12 to 16 h. These data suggest that measurement of live animal surface temperature by infrared thermography may allow for detection of poor meat quality if pigs are slaughtered without extended lairage.Item Open Access Influence of increasing niacin on growth performance and carcass characteristics of grow-finish pigs reared in a commercial environment(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-18T20:16:14Z) Real, D.E.; Alonso, E.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Unruh, John A.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; jnelssen; junruh; mtokach; goodband; dritz; jderouchThere were 1,243 growing pigs used to determine the effects of increasing dietary niacin on growth performance and meat quality of pigs reared in a commercial environment. The dietary treatments consisted of a control diet (no added niacin) or the control diet with 12.5, 25, 50, 100, or 500 g/ton of added niacin. Increasing dietary niacin decreased ADFI and improved F:G for the overall study. Increasing dietary niacin improved carcass shrink, ultimate pH, drip loss percentage, and loin color. Increasing dietary niacin up to 50 ppm improved feed efficiency, but higher concentrations (up to 50 ppm) decreased carcass shrink, and improved muscle quality in grow-finish pigs.Item Open Access Interactive effects between paylean™ (Ractopamine HCl) and dietary lysine on pork quality, loin, belly, and ham composition(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:43:33Z) Webster, M.J.; Real, D.E.; Woodworth, J.C.; Marsteller, T.A.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Unruh, John A.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; junruh; jnelssen; dritz; jderouchA total of 432 pigs were used to evaluate the effects of Paylean and dietary lysine on pork quality and loin, belly, and ham composition. The 12 dietary treatments included Paylean (0, 4.5, and 9.0 g/ton) and 4 levels of lysine. For pigs fed no Paylean, lysine levels were 0.60, 0.80, 1.00, and 1.20%. For pigs fed 4.5 or 9.0 g/ton of Paylean, lysine levels were 0.80, 1.00, 1.20, and 1.40%. The results indicate that pigs fed Paylean and increasing levels of lysine will have less loin marbling and belly firmness compared to control pigs fed lower levels of lysine.Item Open Access Comparison of yellow dent and nutridense corn hybrids for nursery pig diets(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:43:25Z) Hastad, C.W.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; jnelssen; goodband; dritzA total of 315 nursery pigs (initially 33.5 lb) were used in a 21-d growth assay to compare relative energy values of ‘Nutridense’ and ‘Nutridense Low Phytate’ corn compared to Yellow Dent corn. Dietary treatments consisted of a 3 × 3 factorial with three sources of corn with 0, 3, or 6% added fat. Increasing the energy density of the diet with added fat or higher energy corn varieties (Nutridense or Nutridense-LP corn) linearly improved feed efficiency. The linear improvement in feed efficiency allowed us to calculate the energy content of the Nutridense corn varieties relative to Yellow Dent corn. We determined that the ME values published by the University of Illinois indicating that Nutridense and Nutridense Low Phytate corn contain approximately 6.5 and 4% more energy, respectively, than normal Yellow Dent corn are appropriate for diet formulation.Item Open Access Interactive effects between paylean™ (Ractopamine HCl) and dietary lysine on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics and tissue accretion(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:43:17Z) Webster, M.J.; Goodband, Robert D.; Real, D.E.; Woodworth, J.C.; Marsteller, T.A.; Tokach, Michael D.; Unruh, John A.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; junruh; jnelssen; dritz; jderouchA total of 432 pigs were used to evaluate the effects of Paylean and dietary lysine on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics and tissue accretion. The 12 dietary treatments included Paylean (0, 4.5, and 9.0 g/ton) and 4 levels of lysine. For pigs fed no Paylean, lysine levels were 0.60, 0.80, 1.00, and 1.20%. For pigs fed 4.5 or 9.0 g/ton of Paylean, lysine levels were 0.80, 1.00, 1.20, and 1.40%. The results indicate that pigs fed Paylean need at least 1.0% dietary lysine to optimize growth, carcass parameters, and tissue accretion.Item Open Access Effects of a direct fed microbial (dmf-4) and in-feed antimicrobials on pig performance in a commercial finishing facility(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:43:09Z) Main, R.G.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jnelssenA total of 1,000 barrows were used in a 98-day trial conducted in a commercial research facility to determine the influence of a direct fed microbial with and without intermittent treatments of oxytetracycline (OTC) at 400 g/ton. The direct fed microbial was compared to a negative (no feed antimicrobial) and positive control (bacitracin methylene diasalicylate (BMD) at 30 g/ton, alternated with intermittent treatments of OTC at 400 g/ton). No significant differences between the four treatments were observed for any of the growth, efficiency, or carcass parameters evaluated. These results suggest that further work in quantifying the effects of routinely utilizing in-feed antimicrobials in the finishing period is warranted.Item Open Access Effects of feeding graded levels of Ractopamine (paylean TM) on pig performance in a commercial finishing facility(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:43:00Z) Main, R.G.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jnelssenA total of 880 pigs were used in a 21-day trial conducted in a commercial research facility to determine the influence of feeding graded levels (0, 4.5, 6.75, and 9.0 g/ton) of ractopamine HCl (PayleanTM, Elanco Animal Health) on pig performance and carcass composition. Ractopamine supplementation improved ADG 17 to 22% and F/G 12 to 20%. Increasing ractopamine dosages resulted in improved F/G, but similar ADG. With the exception of a tendency to increase yield, carcass parameters were not different among treatments. Ractopamine supplementation resulted in improved economic returns ($2.55 to $3.20/pig), which were due to the improvements in carcass weights (80%) and lean premium (20%).Item Open Access Interactive effects of carnitine status, dietary carnitine, and added fat on growth performance of weanling pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:42:46Z) Woodworth, J.C.; Owen, K.Q.; Lopez, J.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; jnelssen; goodband; mtokach; dritzTwo experiments were conducted to determine the interactive effects of carnitine status (with or without carnitine in diets fed to sows in gestation and lactation), and added fat and dietary carnitine in nursery diets on growth performance of weanling pigs. Feeding sows diets containing carnitine in gestation and lactation had no effect on growth performance of their pigs through 27-d after weaning. A carnitine by fat interaction (P<0.05) was observed for ADFI from d 0 to 7 and ADG from d 0 to 27 in Exp. 1 with pigs fed carnitine and no added fat appearing to have the best performance. In exp. 2, added carnitine had little effect on growth performance, whereas added fat improved feed efficiency. In conclusion, no benefit to growth performance was observed from adding both carnitine and fat to the diet of weanling pigs in these experiments.Item Open Access Influence of dietary niacin on starter pig performance(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:42:38Z) Real, D.E.; James, B.W.; Alonso, E.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; jnelssen; mtokach; goodband; dritz; jderouchTwo experiments were conducted using 415 weanling pigs (175 in Exp. 1, 240 in Exp. 2) to determine the influence of dietary niacin inclusion on starter pig performance. Pigs were fed a control diet with no added niacin or the control diet with 25, 50, 75 or 100 g/ton of added niacin. From d 0 to 8, increasing dietary niacin increased ADG and ADFI up to 50 g/ton of added niacin. Overall, pigs fed increasing levels of niacin tended to have improved ADG. These results suggest feeding 50 g/ton of added dietary niacin to complex nursery pig diets to improve growth performance.Item Open Access The optimal threonine:lysine ratio to maximize growth performance of nursery pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:42:30Z) James, B.W.; Woodworth, J.C.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; jnelssen; dritz; jderouchA total of 210 pigs (initially 18.2 lb and 25 d of age) were used in a 21-d growth assay. The seven treatments consisted of a basal diet (14.1% CP) with increasing levels of threonine (45, 50, 55, 60, 65, and 70% of 1.07% apparent digestible lysine) and a negative control containing 0.97% lysine. Increasing dietary threonine improved feed efficiency; however, there was no improvement in growth performance between pigs fed 0.97 and 1.07% apparent digestible lysine. Therefore, these results suggest the requirement for apparent digestible threonine is approximately 60% of lysine for 18- to 40-lb pigs.Item Open Access The optimal ratio of apparent digestible valine to lysine to maximize growth performance of the nursery pig(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:42:22Z) James, B.W.; Woodworth, J.C.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; jnelssen; dritz; jderouchA total of 210 nursery pigs (initially 19.6 lb and approximately 28 d of age) were used in a 21-d growth assay to determine the optimal ratio of valine to lysine to maximize growth performance. The seven treatments consisted of a basal diet (14.2% CP; 1.07% apparent digestible lysine) with increasing ratios of valine:lysine (48, 53, 58, 63, 69, and 74%) and a negative control containing 0.97% lysine and 0.79% apparent digestible valine. Results indicate that the optimal apparent digestible valine:lysine ratio for the nursery pig is 58 and 64% for ADG and F/G, respectively. Therefore, most typical nursery diets will contain adequate amounts of valine to maximize growth performance of nursery pigs.Item Open Access Evaluation of ground corn germ as an energy source in nursery diets(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:42:13Z) Hastad, C.W.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; jnelssen; goodband; dritzTwo hundred eighty nursery pigs (initially 30.9 lb) were used in a 21-d growth assay to determine the energy value of ground corn germ relative to corn oil in nursery diets. Increasing dietary corn oil linearly decreased average daily feed intake and improved feed efficiency. However, pigs fed diets containing ground corn germ meal had similar gain and feed efficiency as those fed the corn-soybean meal diet without added fat. These results suggest that the added energy provided by corn germ is not utilized as well as that from corn oil.Item Open Access Comparison of edible grade whey, granular whey, and dairylac 80 as lactose sources for nursery pig diets(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:41:57Z) Woodworth, J.C.; James, B.W.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; mtokach; jnelssen; goodband; dritzTwo hundred ten weanling pigs (initially 12.4 lb and 18 ± 2 d of age) were used in a 14-d growth assay to determine the influence of various lactose sources and levels on nursery pig performance. From d 0 to 14, the mean ADG and ADFI of pigs fed additional lactose, regardless of source, was greater and tended to be greater compared to those fed no supplemental lactose. Pigs fed edible grade whey had increased ADFI and tended to have increased ADG as lactose increased from 9 to 18%. When Dairylac 80 or granular whey was included in the diet, ADG and ADFI were increased over the control, but no further improvement above the 9% level was observed. However, pigs fed 9% granular whey and Dairylac 80 had similar performance to those fed 18% edible grade whey. For pigs fed Dairylac 80, F/G also improved linearly as lactose increased to 18% in the diet. No differences in growth performance were observed among lactose sources used in this study.Item Open Access Effects of soybean meal particle size on growth performance of nursery pigs(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-02-11T22:41:47Z) Lawrence, K.R.; Hastad, C.W.; Webster, M.J.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; jnelssen; dritzA total of 360 pigs were used in two experiments to determine the effects of decreasing particle size of soybean meal on nursery pig performance. In Exp. 1, pigs were fed diets containing 34% extrudedexpelled soybean meal ground to 965, 742, or 639 microns. In Exp. 2, pigs were fed the same diet containing solvent extracted soybean meal ground to 1226, 797, or 444 microns. Decreasing soybean meal particle size did not influence pig growth performance in either study.
