Swine Day, 2009

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Open Access
Sensory characteristics of loins from pigs fed glycerol and ractopamine HCl during the last 28 days of finishing
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-12T19:05:32Z) Duttlinger, A.W.; Houser, Terry A.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; Prusa, K.J.; Huskey, L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; houser; jderouch; mtokach; dritz; jnelssen; goodband
Sensory characteristics were evaluated on a total of 80 loins from pigs fed diets containing glycerol, ractopamine HCl (RAC), and a combination of glycerol and RAC during the last 28 d prior to harvest. A total of 1,054 pigs were blocked by weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 10 replications per treatment. Pigs were fed corn-soybean meal-based diets. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design with main effects of glycerol (0% or 5%) and RAC (0 or 6.75 g/ton). Pork loins from 1 randomly selected barrow and gilt from each pen were used for sensory analysis. There were no glycerol × RAC interactions or main treatment effects for cooking loss or Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF). Additionally, there were no glycerol × RAC interactions or main treatment effects for the sensory traits including myofibrillar tenderness, overall tenderness, pork flavor intensity, or off-flavor intensity. There was a glycerol × RAC interaction (P < 0.01) for the sensory trait of connective tissue amount. The interaction was a result of increased connective tissue amounts when glycerol was added to the diet without RAC but numerically decreased amounts when glycerol was fed in combination with RAC. In conclusion, feeding dietary glycerol or RAC singularly or in combination for 28 d prior to slaughter did not influence sensory characteristics of center-cut pork loin chops.
Open Access
Incidence and severity of Arcanobacterium pyogenes injection site abscesses with needle or needle-free injection methods
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-12T19:05:02Z) Gerlach, B.M.; Houser, Terry A.; Hollis, Larry C.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nietfeld, Jerome C.; Higgins, James J.; Anderson, Gary Allen; Goehring, B.L.; houser; mtokach
A total of 198 nursery age pigs were used to evaluate the difference in the occurrence of injection site abscesses between needle-free jet injection and conventional needle-and-syringe injection systems. Pigs were fed for 21 d prior to treatment administration to acclimate the pigs to the environment of the Kansas State University Segregated Early Weaning Unit. On d 21, each pig received 4 injections of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, 1 in the neck and 1 in the ham by needle-free jet injection (Pulse Needle-Free Systems, Lenexa, KS) on 1 side and 1 in the neck and 1 in the ham on the opposite side by conventional needle-and-syringe injection. Immediately prior to injection, the external surface of the injection sites was contaminated with an inoculum of Arcanobacterium pyogenes. The pigs were then fed for a period of 27 and 28 d. On d 27 and 28, the pigs were humanely euthanized and sent to the Kansas State University Veterinary Diagnostics Laboratory, where necropsies were performed and the injection sites underwent histopathological evaluation. The needle-free jet injection system was associated with more injection site abscesses than the conventional needle-and-syringe injection method for both the neck (P = 0.06) and ham (P = 0.03) injection sites. Twelve abscesses were found at needle-free injection sites, whereas only 1 abscess was found where a conventional needle injection method was used. Five abscesses were found at the neck injection sites, and 8 abscesses were observed at the ham injection sites. Of the 13 abscesses found, 10 developed on the left side of the animal, and only 3 were on the right side. In summary, the implementation of needle-free jet injection systems in market hog production will be beneficial by eliminating the potential for needles and needle fragments in meat products, but it may increase the occurrence of injection site abscesses in pork carcasses that will need to be trimmed in pork processing plants.
Open Access
An evaluation of peptone as a specialty protein source in diets for nursery pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-12T19:04:36Z) Jones, C.K.; McKilligan, D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen; dritz; jderouch
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of select menhaden fish meal (SMFM), spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP), and two forms of a spray-dried ultra-filtrated porcine intestinal mucosa (Peptone 1 and 2; Protein Resources, West Bend, IA) on nursery pig performance. In Exp. 1, 216 weanling pigs (initial BW 11.9 lb) were fed either (1) a control diet containing no specialty protein sources or the control diet with (2) 4% SMFM during Phase 1 and 2% SMFM during Phase 2, (3) 4% SDAP during Phase 1 and no specialty protein sources during Phase 2, (4) 4% SDAP during Phase 1 and 2% SDAP during Phase 2, (5) 4% Peptone 1 during Phase 1 and no specialty protein sources during Phase 2, or (6) 4% Peptone 1 during Phase 1 and 2% Peptone 1 during Phase 2. Pigs were fed Phase 1 diets from d 0 to 10 postweaning followed by Phase 2 diets from d 10 to d 20 and a common Phase 3 diet that contained no specialty proteins for 7 d. From d 0 to 10 or d 0 to 27, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in ADG or F/G. In Exp. 2, 180 weanling pigs (initial BW 13.0 lb) were fed either (1) a control diet containing no specialty protein sources or the control diet with (2) 4% SMFM during Phase 1 and 2% SMFM during Phase 2, (3) 4% SDAP during Phase 1 and no specialty protein sources during Phase 2, (3) 4% SDAP during Phase 1 and 2% SDAP during Phase 2, (5) 4% Peptone 2 during Phase 1 and no specialty protein sources during Phase 2, or (6) 4% Peptone 2 during Phase 1 and 2% Peptone during Phase 2. Pigs were fed Phase 1 diets from d 0 to 10 postweaning followed by a Phase 2 diet from d 10 to d 25. Pigs were then fed a common Phase 3 diet that contained no specialty proteins for 7 d. From d 0 to 10, pigs fed diets containing Peptone 2 had improved (P < 0.10) F/G compared with pigs fed the control diet. Overall (d 0 to 32), pigs fed 4% Peptone 2 during Phase 1 and 2% Peptone 2 during Phase 2 had improved (P < 0.05) ADG compared with pigs fed 4% SMFM during Phase 1 and 2% SMFM during Phase 2. Pigs fed 4% Peptone 2 during Phase 1 and 2% Peptone 2 during Phase 2 had improved (P < 0.05) F/G compared with pigs fed all other diets. In conclusion, the Peptone products evaluated in these studies can be used in nursery pig diets without negatively affecting pig growth performance. However, the lack of response to animal plasma in these experiments indicates that further research is warranted.
Open Access
Effects of increasing feeding level during late gestation on sow and litter performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-12T19:04:19Z) Shelton, N.W.; Neill, C.R.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; dritz; goodband; jnelssen
A total of 108 gilts and sows (PIC 1050) and their litters were used over 2 gestation and lactation periods to determine the effect of increasing late gestation feeding level on sow and litter performance. Treatments were structured as a 2 × 2 factorial design with main effects of feeding level (0 or 2 lb of extra feed from d 90 to farrowing) and parity group (gilts or sows). The trial was conducted for 2 successive parities, with gilts and sows remaining on the same treatment for both parities. For the first gestation and lactation period, gilts had increased (P < 0.001) backfat thickness on d 35, 90, and 112 of gestation and at farrowing compared with sows but had increased (P < 0.001) lactation backfat loss. Increasing late gestation feed increased (P < 0.001) weight gain from d 90 to 112 in both gilts and sows. There were late gestation feeding level × parity interactions observed (P < 0.04) for ADFI and total feed intake for the overall lactation period. This was due to gilts having decreased lactation ADFI when fed extra feed in late gestation, but when sows were fed extra feed, lactation ADFI increased. Increasing feeding level in late gestation also increased (P < 0.04) total feed cost. A feeding level × parity interaction was observed (P < 0.04) for average weight of total born and live born pigs. Increasing feeding level in late gestation increased piglet birth weight in gilts but decreased piglet weight in sows. Gilts had increased (P < 0.02) number and total weight of the total born, live born, and number after fostering compared with older parity sows. Gilts weaned larger (P < 0.002) litters and had increased (P < 0.03) total litter weaning weight compared with older parity sows. At weaning, sows had a decreased (P < 0.002) weaning to breeding interval compared with gilts, and a late gestation feeding level × parity interaction was observed (P < 0.03) for conception rate. Gilts that received increased late gestation feed had a greater conception rate than those maintained on the same level, whereas a decrease in conception rate was observed when sows received increased late gestation feed. During the subsequent lactation period, a feeding level × parity interaction was detected (P < 0.005) for lactation backfat loss. This interaction was reflective of an increase in backfat loss in parity 2 sows as the late gestation feeding level was increased and a decrease in backfat loss in parity 3 and older sows with increasing late gestation feeding level. A feeding level × parity interaction was detected (P < 0.02) for lactation weight loss; parity 2 sows lost a greater amount of weight when late gestation feeding level was increased, whereas similar weight losses were observed between treatments in parity 3 and older sows. Total born and live born numbers and total litter weight were greater (P < 0.006) in parity 2 sows than in parity 3 and older sows. A late gestation feeding level × parity interaction was observed (P < 0.01) for average weight of both total born and live born pigs because of an increase in piglet birth weight as parity 2 sows were supplemented with 2 lb of additional feed in late gestation with a slight numeric decrease in parity 3 and older sows. Additional feed in late gestation increased (P < 0.02) average piglet weaning weight, with a large improvement observed in parity 2 sows. Total number weaned and total weight at weaning were increased (P < 0.004) in parity 2 sows compared with parity 3 and older sows. This trial indicates that adding extra feed to late gestation diets increased feed cost with no benefit in sow performance. In gilts, conception rate and litter weaning weight were increased during the second parity, but no other benefits were found.
Open Access
Effects of feeder design, gender, and dietary concentration of dried distillers grains with solubles on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-12T19:03:54Z) Bergstrom, J.R.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; jnelssen; jderouch; goodband
A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the interactive effects of feeder design (conventional dry vs. wet-dry feeder), gender (barrow vs. gilt), and dietary concentration of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; 20% vs. 60%) on finishing pig performance. A total of 1,080 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050) were used in the 99-d experiment. Pigs were sorted by gender (barrows and gilts) into groups of 27, weighed (77.4 lb initial BW), allotted to pens containing 1 of the 2 feeder types, and assigned to a corn-soybean meal-DDGS-based feeding program of either 20% or 60% DDGS. A completely randomized design was used to evaluate the 8 treatment combinations, with 5 pens per treatment. This provided 20 pens per treatment for each of the three main effects (feeder type, gender, and DDGS concentration). All pigs were fed their assigned level of DDGS in 3 dietary phases (d 0 to 28, 28 to 56, and 56 to 78). On d 78, 2 pigs per pen were weighed and harvested. Jowl fat samples were collected from these pigs for fatty acid analysis and iodine value (IV). All remaining pigs were fed a common diet from d 78 to 99 that contained 20% DDGS and 4.5 g/ton of ractopamine HCl (Paylean; Elanco Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN). On d 99, all remaining pigs were harvested and carcass data were obtained from 885 pigs. Jowl fat samples were collected from 2 pigs per pen for fatty acid analysis and IV. Overall (d 0 to 99), pigs using the wet-dry feeder had greater (P < 0.001) ADG, ADFI, F/G, final BW, feed cost per pig, HCW, and backfat depth but decreased (P < 0.05) fat-free lean, jowl fat IV, premium per pig, value per cwt live, and net income per pig. Feeding 60% DDGS from d 0 to 78 resulted in decreased (P < 0.02) ADG, final BW, feed cost per pig, HCW, and backfat depth but increased (P < 0.05) F/G, fat-free lean, jowl fat IV, and net income per pig. Barrows had greater (P < 0.01) ADG, ADFI, F/G, final BW, feed cost per pig, HCW, and backfat depth but reduced fat-free lean, jowl fat IV, premium per pig, value per cwt live, and net income per pig. In conclusion, the greatest net income per pig resulted from feeding gilts 60% DDGS from d 0 to 78 and 20% DDGS with Paylean from d 78 to 99 using a conventional dry feeder. However, using wet-dry feeders improved ADG and ADFI of growing-finishing pigs and may improve the performance of slower growing populations within a group (e.g., gilts). Wet-dry feeders may also restore the growth rates of pigs fed adverse levels of DDGS. More research with wet-dry feeders is needed to resolve concerns with F/G, carcass leanness, and economic returns.
Open Access
Effects of experimental design and its role in interpretation of results
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-12T19:03:19Z) Shelton, N.W.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Murray, Leigh W.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen; jderouch
A total of 256 weanling pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050, initially 13.8 lb and 21 d of age) were used in a 28-d growth trial to compare allotment methods of a completely randomized design (CRD) and a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Two treatments were used to compare these designs: a negative control with no antibiotic or growth promoter and a positive control with 35 g/ton of Denagard (Novartis Animal Health), 400 g/ton of chlortetracycline, and zinc from zinc oxide at 3,000 and 2,000 ppm in Phases 1 and 2, respectively. Experimental diets were fed in 2 phases: Phase 1 from d 0 to 14 and Phase 2 from d 14 to 28. Eight replications of each dietary treatment were used for each experimental design. The first statistical model examined dietary treatment, experimental design, and the design × dietary treatment as fixed factors. With the exception of pens in the CRD having a trend for improved (P < 0.07) F/G from d 0 to 14 compared with pens in the RCBD, no other design or design × dietary treatment differences were detected (P > 0.11) for any responses variables, indicating that treatment means reacted similarly in each of the experimental designs. In both the CRD and the RCBD, pig weights were increased (P < 0.003) with supplementation of growth promoters on d 14 and 28. Variation of weight within pen remained the same in the CRD from d 0 to 28 at approximately 20% but increased from 3% on d 0 to 10% on d 28 for the RCBD. Dietary addition of growth promoters increased (P < 0.003) ADG and ADFI and improved F/G (P < 0.04) in both the CRD and RCBD from d 0 to 14, with lower P-values for the CRD than the RCBD. From d 14 to 28, the CRD detected an increase (P < 0.001) in ADG and ADFI with dietary addition of growth promoters, and the RCBD detected an increase (P < 0.001) only in ADFI. Over the entire 28-d trial, growth promoters increased (P < 0.001) ADG and ADFI and improved (P < 0.03) F/G in the CRD and increased (P < 0.02) ADG and ADFI in the RCBD. Lower standard errors for the difference were also estimated for ADG and F/G in the CRD than in the RCBD from d 0 to 28. The average corrected relative efficiency for each of the three periods was 2.08 for ADG, 5.05 for ADFI, and 0.80 for F/G. The gain and intake values suggest that the added variation explained by blocks in the RCBD was beneficial for achieving a more reduced estimate of σ2error compared with analyzing that particular data set as a CRD. The variance ratios of the CRD to RCBD from d 0 to 28 depict the different responses well with ADG at 0.67, ADFI at 1.70, and F/G at 0.22. When these ratios were compared with an F-test, they were well below the upper critical limit of 4.60, suggesting that the CRD offered estimates for σ2error similar to those of the RCBD. With the same estimate for σ2error, the non-centrality parameter for each design would be similar, and therefore, the increase in degrees of freedom (DF) for the error term would lead to greater power to detect differences in the CRD. Additional studies are needed to verify these results and determine whether blocking is an efficient use of error DF.
Open Access
Effects of dietary astaxanthin on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-12T19:00:58Z) Bergstrom, J.R.; Houser, Terry A.; Gunderson, J.A.; Gipe, A.N.; Jacela, J.; Benz, J.M.; Sulabo, R.C.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; jnelssen; houser; mtokach
A total of 48 barrows (initially 215 lb) were used to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary astaxanthin (0, 5, 10, and 20 ppm) on late-finishing pig performance and carcass characteristics. Pigs were blocked by weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a 26-d experiment. Pigs were fed simple corn-soybean meal-based diets. Treatments consisted of a control diet and the control diet with 5, 10, or 20 ppm added astaxanthin. For overall growth performance (d 0 to 26), ADG and F/G of pigs fed astaxanthin was not different from that of the control pigs. However, ADFI tended (linear; P < 0.10) to decrease with increasing astaxanthin. For the comparison of carcass characteristics, pigs fed increasing astaxanthin had decreased average (P < 0.03) and 10th rib (P < 0.06) backfat depth compared with control pigs. Pigs fed 5 or 10 ppm astaxanthin tended to have the lowest (quadratic; P < 0.10) 10th rib fat depth. Pigs fed increasing astaxanthin tended to have increased (quadratic; P < 0.10) standardized fat-free lean and percentage of fat-free lean, and pigs fed 5 or 10 ppm were the leanest. The loin muscle of pigs fed astaxanthin tended to have lower L* and b* (P < 0.06 and P < 0.08, respectively), indicating a darker color. The improved carcass characteristics of pigs fed astaxanthin resulted in a numeric increase in the net profit per pig for those fed 5 and 10 ppm astaxanthin. In conclusion, growth performance of pigs fed 5, 10, or 20 ppm astaxanthin was not different from that of pigs fed the control diet. However, the improved carcass characteristics could be economically beneficial to pork producers. Additionally, the improvements observed in loin color could result in improved consumer acceptance of fresh pork. These results warrant further research.
Open Access
Effects of creep diet complexity on individual consumption characteristics and growth performance of neonatal and weanling pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-12T19:00:35Z) Sulabo, R.C.; Bergstrom, J.R.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; jderouch; goodband; dritz; jnelssen
In Exp. 1, 96 sows (PIC C29) and their litters were used to determine the effects of creep diet complexity on preweaning performance and the proportion of piglets consuming creep feed. The experimental treatments were: (1) no creep feed (n = 26), (2) simple creep diet (n = 26), and (3) complex creep diet (n = 44). Pigs fed the complex creep diet had greater (P < 0.03) ADG and tended to have greater (P < 0.06) total gain than pigs fed the simple creep diet, with no creep pigs intermediate. Litters fed the complex creep diet consumed twice the total (2.73 vs. 1.37 lb; P < 0.0006) and daily (0.91 vs. 0.45 lb; P < 0.0006) creep feed intake of litters fed the simple creep diet. The high-complexity creep diet improved (P < 0.0001) the proportion of eaters from 28% to 68%. A greater (P < 0.10) proportion of eaters were nursing in the middle and posterior teats (57% and 52%, respectively) than in the anterior teats (38%). In Exp. 2, 675 pigs from Exp. 1 (initial BW 14.1 lb and 21.2 ± 0.2 d) were used to determine whether social facilitation occurs between eaters and non-eaters in commercial nursery groups. The treatments were: non-eater group (pigs that were not provided any creep feed or non-eaters of creep feed), eater group (pigs that positively consumed creep feed), and mix group (pigs that were 51% non-eaters and 49% eaters). Each treatment had 25 pigs per pen and 9 replications (pens). In the initial 3 d postweaning, eaters had greater (P < 0.01) ADG and (P < 0.002) ADFI than non-eaters, with the mix group being intermediate. Overall ADG of the eater group was 6.2% higher (P < 0.05) than that of the non-eater group. For social facilitation to occur, weight gains of non-eaters in the mix pens should be either (1) closer to the weight gains of eaters in the mix pen or (2) greater than the weight gains of the non-eater group. Results showed that non-eaters within the mix pens failed both criteria. In conclusion, the high-complexity creep diet improved preweaning ADG, litter creep feed intake, and the proportion of eaters. Eaters had improved postweaning feed intake, daily gains, and weight uniformity and reduced postweaning lag. Mixing eaters with non-eaters within pens in large commercial groups did not stimulate feed intake and daily gains of non-eaters, which indicates that social facilitation did not occur.
Open Access
Effects of copper sulfate and zinc oxide on weanling pig growth and plasma mineral levels
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-12T19:00:06Z) Shelton, N.W.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Hill, G.M.; Amachawadi, R.G.; Nagaraja, Tiruvoor G.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; jnelssen; goodband; dritz; jderouch
A total of 216 weanling pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050, initially 13.6 lb and 21 d of age) were used in a 42-d growth trial to compare the effects of supplemental zinc and copper and changing mineral regimens on growth performance and plasma mineral levels. The 6 dietary treatments included a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with main effects of added copper from copper sulfate (0 or 125 ppm) and added zinc from zinc oxide (0 or 3,000 ppm from d 0 to 14 and 0 or 2,000 ppm from d 14 to 42). For the final 2 treatments, either zinc oxide alone or the combinations of zinc and copper were fed from d 0 to 14, with copper sulfate fed from d 14 to 42. There were 6 pens per treatment with 6 pigs per pen. All diets were supplemented with an additional 165 ppm zinc and 16.5 ppm copper from the trace mineral premix. Plasma was collected from 2 pigs per pen on d 14 and 42. From d 0 to 14, ADG, ADFI, and F/G were improved (P < 0.04) with the addition of dietary zinc. Copper supplementation also tended to increase (P < 0.07) ADFI from d 0 to 14. From d 14 to 42, added copper increased (P < 0.003) ADG and ADFI. Over the entire trial, continuous supplemental zinc increased (P < 0.03) ADG and tended to increase (P < 0.09) ADFI. Dietary copper also increased (P < 0.004) ADG and ADFI when fed from d 0 to 42. The most advantageous values for ADG and ADFI were seen in the treatment containing high levels of zinc from d 0 to 14 and high copper levels from d 14 to 42. The addition of either zinc or copper increased (P < 0.02) feed cost per pound of gain. However, income over feed cost was improved (P < 0.006) with the addition of copper, with the greatest value obtained when high zinc was fed from d 0 to 14 and high copper was fed from d 14 to 42. Plasma zinc levels were increased (P < 0.001) with zinc supplementation on d 14. These results indicate the optimal mineral regimen was supplementing zinc oxide from d 0 to 14 and copper sulfate from d 14 to 42.
Open Access
Effects of Sirrah-Bios PRRSV-RS vaccine on mortality rate and finisher pig performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-12T18:59:31Z) Potter, M. L.; Henry, Steven C.; Tokach, Lisa M.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; jderouch; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen
A total of 1,561 pigs (initially 4 d of age) were used to determine the effects of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) subunit vaccine, PRRSV-RS (Sirrah-Bios, Ames, IA), on mortality rate and finisher pig growth performance in a PRRSv-positive commercial herd. Pigs were randomly assigned by litter to either the subunit PRRSv vaccine or non-vaccinated control group. Pigs in the vaccinated group received an intramuscular injection of 1 mL PRRSV-RS vaccine at processing (approximately 4 d after birth) and again at weaning (approximately 24 d of age). Vaccinated and control pigs were comingled in a single nursery during the nursery phase. In the finishing phase, pigs were housed in a standard commercial curtain-sided finisher barn by treatment and gender by pen, with treatments randomly distributed across pens. Mortality was tracked from processing (4 d of age) to market (d 187 to 193). There was no difference between the control and vaccinated pigs for cumulative mortality (21.5% vs. 20.6%, P = 0.67) or for mortality during each production phase (processing to weaning: 9.5% vs. 7.1%, P = 0.08; nursery: 9.3% vs. 9.2%, P = 0.95; finishing: 4.4% vs. 5.9%, P = 0.20). Pigs were initially weighed by single-sex pens (control or vaccinated) 2 wk after placement into the finisher (d 0), and at that time, control and vaccinated mean pig weights were not different (58.4 vs. 58.7 lb, P = 0.90). Pens of pigs were subsequently weighed every 2 wk, and feed consumption was recorded to calculate ADG, ADFI, and F/G. Overall (d 0 to 112), control and vaccinated pig performance was similar (ADG: 1.96 vs. 1.93 lb, P = 0.45; ADFI: 5.35 vs. 5.36 lb, P = 0.94; F/G: 2.74 vs. 2.78, P = 0.15) throughout the finishing period. This resulted in no difference (P = 0.79) in off-test (d 112) weights between control (271.9 lb) and vaccinated (270.4 lb) pigs. These data indicate that this subunit PRRSv vaccine did not affect finisher pig performance or mortality in this commercial herd.
Open Access
Effects of porcine circovirus type 2 vaccination on nursery and finishing pig performance under a PRRS challenge
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-12T18:59:01Z) Shelton, N.W.; Usry, J.L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jnelssen; jderouch
A total of 2,571 barrows and gilts (PIC 337 × 1050) were used to determine the effects of porcine circovirus type 2 vaccine (PCV2) on nursery and finishing pigs that were challenged with porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS). Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design with main effects of gender (barrow or gilt) and vaccine (PCV2 vaccinates or non-vaccinates). Vaccinated pens received 2 doses of commercial PCV2 vaccine (Circumvent PCV, Intervet Inc., Millsboro, DE) according to label directions on d 1 and 22 in the nursery. All pigs were also inoculated on d 30 with serum containing PRRS virus as part of this production system’s protocol. Barns were double stocked from d 0 to 51. On d 51, gilts were moved to an adjacent facility and barrows were split into 2 pens. In the period after the initial PCV2 vaccination (d 0 to 15), no difference in ADG, ADFI, or F/G was observed (P > 0.13) between genders or between vaccinates and non-vaccinates. However, in the period after the second PCV2 vaccination (d 15 to 29), vaccinated pigs had decreased (P < 0.02) ADG compared with non-vaccinates as a result of decreased (P < 0.04) ADFI. Gilts also had increased (P < 0.04) ADG and ADFI compared with barrows. In the period after all pigs were inoculated with PRRS virus (d 29 to 50), PCV2 vaccinates had improved (P < 0.001) F/G over non-vaccinates and a trend (P < 0.08) for improved ADG. Gilts had poorer (P < 0.01) F/G compared with barrows from d 29 to 50. Over the entire 50-d nursery portion of the study, no differences were observed (P > 0.61) for ADG, ADFI, or final weight among gender or PCV2 vaccinates and non-vaccinates. However, F/G was improved (P < 0.001) with PCV2 vaccination. Pig weights on d 71 and 99 were increased (P < 0.001) in vaccinates compared with non-vaccinates, and barrows had increased (P < 0.001) BW compared with gilts on d 99. At the conclusion of the study (d 132 for barrows and d 142 for gilts), the percentage of pigs remaining on test was decreased (P < 0.001) in non-vaccinated pens compared with vaccinated pens (70.2% vs. 94.7%, respectively). This study suggests that despite the decrease in performance related to the second vaccination of PCV2, the second vaccination improved final performance and decreased the number of removals due to the PRRS health challenge.
Open Access
Effects of porcine circovirus type 2 and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccination strategy, birth weight, and gender on postweaning performance of growing-finishing pigs reared in a commercial environment
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-12T18:58:15Z) Bergstrom, J. R.; Potter, M. L.; Henry, Steven C.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; jnelssen; goodband; jderouch
A total of 1,995 pigs were used to evaluate the effects of two porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo) vaccination strategies and birth weight on pig performance and carcass characteristics. The first vaccination strategy (BI) was a single full dose of CircoFLEX-MycoFLEX (Boehringer Ingelheim, St. Joseph, MO) at weaning. The second strategy (Intervet) was a full dose of Circumvent and MYCOSILENCER (Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health, Millsboro, DE) at weaning and again 22 d later. At a commercial sow farm, all pigs born alive for 22 consecutive days were identified individually at birth with a numbered ear tag. The dam, gender, and birth weight were recorded and used to randomly allot pigs at weaning (d 0) to the PCV2/Mhyo vaccination treatments. The pigs were weaned into 4 consecutive nursery rooms of approximately 500 pigs each on 6 occasions during a 19-d period. Pigs from each vaccination treatment were comingled in pens within rooms throughout the study. Pigs were moved to a finishing barn on d 74. Pigs were individually weighed on d 0, 22, 44, 74, and 156 to measure growth rate. Carcass data were obtained from a subsample of 420 pigs harvested on a single day (d 167). For data analysis, individual birth weight was used to assign pigs to 7 birth weight categories, each containing a similar number of observations. Therefore, data were analyzed as a 2 × 2 × 7 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with main effects of vaccine strategy, gender, and weight category. As birth weight category increased, ADG increased (P < 0.01) during each weight period and overall. Percentage of culls and light weight pigs at market also were reduced (P < 0.01) as weight category increased. Overall, ADG, final BW, HCW, and backfat depth of barrows were increased (P < 0.0001) compared with gilts, whereas the percentage of culls and pigs < 215 lb and fat-free lean were reduced (P < 0.0001) compared with gilts. From d 0 to 22 and d 44 to 74, vaccine strategy did not influence ADG. However, ADG and BW were greater (P < 0.05) from d 22 to 44 for pigs vaccinated once with BI rather than twice with Intervet. From d 74 to 156, pigs vaccinated twice with Intervet had greater (P < 0.05) ADG than those vaccinated once with BI. Thus, there were no differences between the 2 vaccination strategies for overall growth performance, carcass measurements, or mortality. These results are similar to those of previous experiments that demonstrated that vaccination with Intervet reduced performance in the nursery stage but improved performance in the finisher stage. In summary, vaccination strategy, piglet birth weight, and gender all influence the growth of pigs during the nursery stage, finishing stage, and overall and should be considered to enhance overall performance.
Open Access
Effects of meal or pellet diet form on finishing pig performance and carcass characteristics
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-12T18:57:54Z) Potter, M. L.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; jderouch; goodband; jnelssen
Two experiments were performed to determine the effects of feeding diets in meal or pellet form on finishing pig performance. A corn-soybean meal-based diet was fed in Exp. 1, and a diet containing alternative ingredients was used in Exp. 2. All pelleted diets were processed through a CPM pellet mill (California Pellet Mill Co., Crawfordsville,IN) equipped with a 3/16 in. die. In Exp. 1, a total of 1,072 pigs (60.7 lb) were used in a 112-d trial. Treatments were arranged in 2 × 2 factorial design (10 pens per treatment) with main effects of diet form (meal or pellet) and gender (barrows or gilts). Diet formulation and particle size (approximately 660 microns) was identical among the treatments. From d 0 to 112, pigs fed pelleted diets had increased ADG (2.04 vs. 1.92 lb, P < 0.01) compared with pigs fed diets in meal form. There was no difference (P = 0.69) in ADFI, but pigs fed pelleted diets had a 5.3% improvement (2.68 vs. 2.83, P < 0.01) in F/G compared with pigs fed meal diets. With the improvements in F/G driving the growth response, pigs fed pellets were 13.6 lb heavier (P < 0.01) at off test than pigs fed meal diets. In Exp. 2, a total of 1,214 pigs (58.3 lb) were used in a 42-d trial to evaluate diets containing alternative ingredients in pellet or meal form. Barrow and gilt pens were randomly allotted to a meal or pellet treatment group (11 pens per treatment). Like Exp. 1, diet particle size (approximately 660 microns) and formulation were identical among the treatments. Pigs fed a by-product-based diet in pellet form had greater (2.05 vs. 1.95 lb, P < 0.01) ADG than pigs fed the identical diet in meal form. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.15) in overall (d 0 to 42) ADFI or F/G between pigs fed meal and pelleted diets. Pigs fed pelleted diets had a numerical (P = 0.14) weight advantage of 4.1 lb on d 42 compared with pigs fed meal diets. These data demonstrate that feeding a pelleted diet improved ADG compared with feeding a meal diet; however, the magnitude of the response was inconsistent between trials. In addition, F/G was improved by pelleting in the first trial, with no effect found in the second trial. One explanation for this difference might be the quality of the pellets. Samples of the pelleted diets collected in Exp. 1 contained approximately 25% fines, whereas samples of the pelleted diets in Exp. 2 were composed of approximately 35% fines. Diets formulation (corn-soybean vs. corn-alternative ingredients) can influence pellet quality, which may explain differences between the experiments.
Open Access
Effects of increasing standardized ileal digestible lysine:calorie ratio on the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-12T18:57:28Z) Bergstrom, J. R.; Shelton, N. W.; Papadopoulos, G.; Potter, M. L.; Jacela, J. Y.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jnelssen
A total of 1,080 pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050) were used in four 28-d experiments to determine the lysine requirements of growing-finishing pigs reared in the new Kansas State University finishing barn. Low- and high-lysine corn-soybean meal-based diets with no added fat were formulated for each experiment by varying the amounts of corn, soybean meal, L-lysine HCl, DL-methionine, and L-threonine. Six lysine levels were evaluated in each experiment, with intermediate lysine levels obtained by blending the low- and high-lysine diets. There were 6 pens containing an equal number of barrows and gilts for each treatment, with 6 or 8 pigs per pen. Pens were blocked by initial count and BW. In Exp. 1, 252 pigs (initially 80.7 lb) were fed diets with standardized ileal digestible lysine:calorie (SID lys:cal) ratios of 2.09, 2.39, 2.69, 2.99, 3.29, or 3.59 g/Mcal ME. Increasing the SID lys:cal ratio improved (linear; P < 0.04) ADG and F/G. Optimum performance and income over feed cost (IOFC) was observed at 2.69 g SID lys/Mcal, or a dietary level of 1.01% total lysine and 0.90% SID lysine. In Exp. 2, 288 pigs (initially 122.9 lb) were fed diets with SID lys:cal ratios of 2.12, 2.35, 2.58, 2.81, 3.04, or 3.27 g/Mcal. Increasing the SID lys:cal ratio tended (quadratic; P < 0.12) to increase ADG and improved (linear; P < 0.02) F/G. Optimum performance and IOFC was observed at 2.35 g SID lys/Mcal, or a dietary level of 0.88% total and 0.78% SID lysine. In Exp. 3, 252 pigs (initially 177.2 lb) were fed diets with SID lys:cal ratios of 1.49, 1.79, 2.09, 2.39, 2.69, or 2.98 g/Mcal. Increasing the SID lys:cal ratio tended (linear; P < 0.06) to improve ADG and improved (linear; P < 0.001) F/G. Optimum performance and IOFC was observed at 2.09 g SID lys/Mcal, or a dietary level of 0.80% total and 0.70% SID lysine. In Exp. 4, 288 pigs (initially 224.3 lb) were fed the same SID lys:cal ratios as in Exp. 3. Increasing the SID lys:cal ratio decreased (linear; P < 0.04) ADFI, F/G, carcass yield, and IOFC. Despite a linear improvement in F/G, ADG did not improve above 1.79 g SID lys/Mcal, which resulted in the best IOFC. This requirement is equivalent to 0.69% total and 0.60% SID lysine. These experiments agree with previous recommendations for growing-finishing pigs of this genotype. For pigs weighing 80 to 143 lb, 123 to 190 lb, 177 to 235 lb, and 224 to 284 lb, growth performance and IOFC were optimal with SID lys:cal ratios of 2.69, 2.35, 2.09, and 1.79 g SID lys/Mcal ME (or 0.90%, 0.78%, 0.70% and 0.60% SID lysine) in corn-soybean meal diets without added fat.
Open Access
Effects of feeding varied levels of balanced protein on growth performance and carcass composition of growing and finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-12T18:56:50Z) Shelton, N.W.; Htoo, J.K.; Redshaw, M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; dritz; jnelssen; jderouch
A total of 1,003 barrows and gilts (PIC 337 × 1050, initially 113.5 lb) were used in an 88-d study to determine effects of various levels of balanced amino acid density on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Balanced amino acid refers to balancing the dietary amino acids according to the ideal protein ratio, at least for the first 4 limiting amino acids; the other amino acids may be at or higher than required levels. In this study, this balance was accomplished by using supplemental amino acids and formulating to meet the first 4 limiting amino acids: lysine, threonine, methionine, and tryptophan. Three experimental diets were tested using 6 replicate gilt and 7 replicate barrow pens per treatment. These diets were tested over 2 different phases, a grower phase (d 0 to 28) and a finishing phase (d 28 to 88). Dietary treatments included a diet that met the NRC (1998)5 requirements, a diet that met Evonik Degussa (Hanau, Germany) requirements, and a diet that was formulated to be 10% greater than Evonik Degussa recommendations. No gender × dietary treatment interactions were observed (P > 0.30) for any of the growth or carcass characteristics. During the growing phase, ADG and F/G improved (linear; P < 0.03) as amino acid density increased in the diet. Also, gilts had decreased (P < 0.001) ADFI and improved (P < 0.001) F/G from d 0 to 28 compared with barrows. During the finishing phase, no differences were observed (P > 0.62) in ADG, ADFI, or F/G from increasing dietary lysine or balanced protein levels. Gilts had decreased (P < 0.001) ADG and ADFI compared with barrows. Over the entire 88-d trial, F/G improved (linear; P < 0.04) and a trend was detected for improved (linear; P < 0.06) ADG as dietary amino acid density increased. No dietary treatment differences were observed (P > 0.28) for carcass yield, backfat depth, loin depth, percentage lean, live value, or calculated income over feed cost. In this experiment, increasing the amino acid density (dietary lysine level) over the NRC (1998) requirement offered improvements in the grower phase but not the finishing phase.
Open Access
Effects of feeding ractopamine hcl (paylean) for various durations on late-finishing pig performance and carcass characteristics
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-12T18:56:13Z) Potter, M. L.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; jderouch; goodband; jnelssen
A total of 627 pigs (241.5 lb) were used in a 21-d finishing trial to evaluate the effects of feeding ractopamine HCl (RAC; Paylean, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) for different durations on growth performance and carcass characteristics. On d 0, pens of pigs containing both barrows and gilts in approximately equal numbers were blocked by average BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments (8 pens per treatment) with average initial weight balanced across treatments. Dietary treatments were feeding a control diet without RAC and feeding a diet containing 4.5 g/ton RAC for the last 14 or 21 d prior to marketing. Pens of pigs were weighed and feed intake was collected on d 0, 7, and 21 to calculate ADG, ADFI, and F/G. Carcass data were collected from the 4 heaviest pigs per pen marketed on d 7 and from all pigs marketed on d 21. Pigs fed RAC starting on d 0 gained faster (P = 0.01) and consumed less feed (P = 0.01) from d 0 to 7 than control pigs and pigs not yet fed RAC. From d 7 to 21, pigs started on RAC at d 7 had improved (P ≤ 0.04) ADG and F/G compared with control pigs and pigs that remained on RAC. There was no difference (P = 0.14) in overall ADG between the treatment groups; however, ADFI was lower (P < 0.01) and F/G improved (P < 0.01) for pigs fed RAC, regardless of duration, compared with control pigs. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.32) in overall live weight or HCW at market in this trial. Compared with control pigs, pigs fed RAC for 21 d had reduced (P < 0.01) backfat depth, increased (P = 0.01) loin depth, and improved (P < 0.01) percentage lean. Pigs fed RAC for 14 d had intermediate responses to these 2 treatments for loin and backfat depth but had a higher percentage lean than control pigs. These data demonstrate that feeding RAC to pigs for 14 d reduced ADFI, improved F/G, and improved percentage lean compared with control pigs. Feeding RAC for an additional 7 d did not influence overall ADFI or F/G compared with feeding RAC for 14 d total but further improved percentage lean compared with feeding RAC for 14 d. Pigs fed RAC for 21 d had decreased backfat and increased loin depth compared with control pigs. This study demonstrates that for heavyweight pigs, F/G and ADFI responses are achieved with either duration of RAC feeding, but the magnitude of the carcass response to feeding RAC appears to be duration dependent.
Open Access
Effect of dried distillers grains with solubles withdrawal regimens on finishing pig performance and carcass characteristics
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-12T18:55:32Z) Jacela, J.Y.; Benz, J.M.; Prusa, K.J.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; jderouch; goodband; jnelssen
A total of 962 pigs (PIC L337 × 1050, initial BW = 86.1 lb) were used to determine the effect of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) withdrawal regimens on growth performance and carcass traits. Pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 treatments (6 pens per treatment) balanced by average BW within gender. Treatments were: (1) a corn-soybean meal-based diet without DDGS fed for 89 d (control), (2) 30% DDGS fed from d 0 to 48 and 0% DDGS fed from d 48 to 89, (3) 30% DDGS fed from d 0 to 69 and 0% DDGS fed from d 69 to 89, (4) 30% DDGS fed from d 0 to 48 and 15% DDGS fed from d 48 to 89, (5) 30% DDGS fed from d 0 to 69 and 15% DDGS fed from d 69 to 89, and (6) 30% DDGS diet fed from d 0 to 89. All diets contained 3% added fat. Pig BW, ADG, ADFI, and F/G were determined every 14 d. At the end of the trial, carcass fat quality was evaluated. There were no treatment × gender interactions (P > 0.21) for any criteria evaluated. Although there were some differences in F/G within phases, there were no overall differences (P > 0.35) in growth performance among treatments. Final weight numerically decreased as total DDGS level increased. Feeding continuously or withdrawing DDGS from the diet, regardless of the amount or duration, had no significant effect (P > 0.39) on any of the carcass criteria measured. Pigs fed DDGS had increased (P < 0.01) iodine value of fat depots compared with control pigs. When the DDGS withdrawal duration increased (Treatments 6, 3, 2, and 1), iodine values for all fat depots decreased (linear; P < 0.01). Feed cost per pig was highest (P < 0.05) when 0% DDGS was fed or withdrawn 6 wk before marketing (Treatments 1 and 2) and lowest when DDGS was added in the diets until at least 3 wk before marketing (Treatments 3, 4, 5, and 6). However, the reduction in feed cost did not significantly improve (P > 0.57) revenue or income over feed cost. In summary, DDGS reduction or withdrawal 3 or 6 wk before market did not affect growth performance or totally alleviate its negative effect on carcass fat iodine value.
Open Access
Effects of copper sulfate, zinc oxide, and neoterramycin on weanling pig growth and antibiotic resistance rate for fecal escherichia coli
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-12T18:55:06Z) Shelton, N.W.; Jacob, M.E.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Amachawadi, R.G.; Shi, X.; Nagaraja, Tiruvoor G.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; jnelssen; goodband; dritz; jderouch
A total of 180 weanling pigs (PIC TR4 ×1050, initially 11.1 lb and 21 d of age) were used in a 42-d growth trial to compare the effects of supplemental zinc, copper, and in-feed antimicrobial on weanling pig growth and antibiotic resistance of fecal Escherichia coli. There were 5 dietary treatments with 6 pens per treatment and 5 pigs per pen. Pens were assigned to dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design with main effects of copper sulfate (0 or 125 ppm) and zinc oxide (0 or 3,000 ppm for 14 d and 0 or 2,000 for 28 d). The fifth treatment was in-feed antimicrobial (50 g/ton neomycin sulfate and 50 g/ton oxytetracycline HCl). All diets were supplemented with165 ppm zinc and 16.5 ppm copper from the trace mineral premix. Fecal samples were collected from 3 pigs per pen on d 14 and 42 to determine total coliform and E. coli counts as well as E. coli antibiotic resistance rates. Pigs fed added zinc oxide had increased (P < 0.04) ADG and tended to have improved (P < 0.09) ADFI and F/G from d 0 to 14. From d 14 to 42, pigs fed added zinc oxide had poorer (P < 0.007) F/G than those with no added zinc oxide, and pigs fed added copper sulfate had improved (P < 0.07) F/G compared with those fed no added copper sulfate. Over the entire 42-d trial, a trend for a copper × zinc interaction was detected (P < 0.09) for ADG as pigs fed the addition of copper sulfate or zinc oxide had increased ADG over the control; however, when zinc and copper were combined, growth rate was similar to that when each was added singularly. Therefore, no additive effects were observed in this experiment from feeding a combination of high levels of dietary copper and zinc. Dietary addition of copper sulfate, zinc oxide, or in-feed antibiotic had no effect (P > 0.22) on total coliform or E. coli concentrations on d 14 or 42. For d-14 isolates, zinc supplementation had no effect (P > 0.43) on E. coli resistance rate to chlortetracycline, neomycin, oxytetracycline, or tiamulin; however, copper supplementation tended to increase (P < 0.10) resistance to chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline. A copper × zinc interaction was detected (P < 0.02) for E. coli resistance to chlortetracycline and neomycin from isolates on d 42. These interactions were related to a significant decrease in resistance when copper sulfate was fed alone. High levels of zinc oxide improved performance in the early postweaning period, whereas high levels of copper sulfate offered numeric advantages in the later phase. Although the resistance rate varied with dietary treatment, no clear pattern was detected.
Open Access
Effects of an enzyme blend (livestock answer) in diets containing dried distillers grains with solubles on growth performance of nursery and finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-12T18:54:36Z) Benz, J.M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; jnelssen; jderouch; mtokach; goodband; dritz
Two trials were conducted to determine the effects of an enzyme blend (Livestock Answer; Environmental Care and Share, Golden, CO) on growth performance of nursery and wean-to-finish pigs. Livestock Answer contains amylases, cellulases, proteases, lipases, and phytases. In Exp. 1, a total of 180 pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050, initially 12.3 lb and 21 d old) were used in a 28-d trial. Pigs were blocked by weight and allotted at weaning to 1 of 3 enzyme levels (0%, 0.125%, and 0.175%). There were 6 pigs per pen and 10 replications per treatment. Diets were corn-soybean meal based and contained 15% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) during Phase 1 (d 0 to 14) and 25% DDGS during Phase 2 (d 14 to 28). From d 0 to 14, increasing enzyme level improved ADG (quadratic; P = 0.04) and F/G (linear; P = 0.05) and tended to improve (P < 0.07) ADFI and pig weight on d 14. From d 14 to 28, enzyme level had no effect (P > 0.20) on ADG or ADFI but worsened F/G (quadratic; P = 0.04). Pigs fed an enzyme blend for the first 14 d after weaning had improved growth performance. However, over the entire 28-d nursery period, enzyme level had no effect (P > 0.22) on pig performance. In Exp. 2, a total of 224 nursery pigs (PIC TR4 ×1050, initially 13.4 lb and 21 d of age) were blocked by weight and allotted to 1 of 4 treatments. There were 8 pigs per pen and 7 pens per treatment. Livestock Answer was added at 0.125% to either the nursery or finisher stage or both in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (with and without in nursery and with and without in finisher). Diets were corn-soybean meal based and contained 15% DDGS from d 0 to 14, 25% DDGS from d 14 to 35, and 30% DDGS from d 35 to d 126. On d 126, pigs were harvested and carcass data were collected. Adding the enzyme to nursery, finishing, and nursery and finishing combined diets containing DDGS did not influence (P > 0.20) ADG, ADFI, F/G, or any of the carcass criteria measured in Exp 2.
Open Access
Evaluation of PEP2 in nursery pig diets
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-12T18:53:40Z) Myers, A.J.; Shelton, N.W.; Papadopoulos, G.; McKilligan, D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; goodband; dritz; jderouch; jnelssen
A total of 300 nursery pigs (PIC 327 × 1050, initially 12.0 lb and 21 d of age) were used in a 25-d study to determine the effects of PEP2 (proteins enzymatically processed) on growth performance of weaned pigs. PEP2 is a combination of refined porcine intestinal mucosa co-dried with enzymatically processed vegetable protein. There were 5 dietary treatments: (1) negative control containing no specialty protein sources, (2) positive control containing 4% spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) in Phase 1 and 4% select menhaden fish meal in Phase 2, (3) 4% PEP2, (4) 8% PEP2, and (5) 12% PEP2. All diets were fed in 2 phases, and treatments containing PEP2 had the same inclusion rate in both phases. Phase 1 diets were fed in pellet form from d 0 to 11 after weaning. Phase 2 diets were fed in meal form from d 11 to 25. In Phase 1, increasing PEP2 improved (linear; P < 0.01) F/G. However, pigs fed SDAP had greater (P < 0.01) ADG and improved F/G compared with pigs fed the PEP2 diets. In Phase 2, increasing PEP2 increased (quadratic; P < 0.01) ADG, and F/G. Pigs fed PEP2 had greater (P< 0.01) ADG and ADFI than pigs fed the positive control diet containing fish meal. Overall (d 0 to 25), pigs fed the positive control diet had improved (P < 0.01) ADG and F/G compared with those fed the negative control. Pigs fed the diet containing PEP2 had similar performance to pigs fed the positive control diets. In conclusion, although pigs fed SDAP in Phase 1 had better ADG and F/G than pigs fed the increasing levels of PEP2, in Phase 2, pigs fed PEP2 had greater ADG and improved F/G compared with pigs fed 4% select menhaden fish meal.