Swine Day, 2005

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Open Access
Is the total sulfur amino acid:lysine ratio for lactating sows greater than 50%?
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-10T14:38:07Z) Schneider, J.D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; jnelssen; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jderouch
A total of 75 lactating sows were used in a study to determine whether the ratio of total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) to lysine calculated from the NRC (1998) is adequate for lactating sows. Low and high sulfur amino acid diets were formulated to contain a (true ileal digestible (TID) TSAA content of 0.44 or 0.57%, respectively. Both experimental diets were based on corn and soybean meal and were formulated to contain 0.88% TID lysine (0.97% total lysine). Thus, the TID TSAA:lysine ratios were 50 and 65% for the two experimental diets, respectively. Both experimental diets contained 0.37% L-lysine HCl, with other amino acids (isoleucine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine) added to ensure that TSAA were the first limiting amino acids. Sows were farrowed in three farrowing groups and were randomly allotted to the dietary treatments on the basis of parity. The lactating sows fed the 0.57% T had greater ADFI than did sows fed the 0.44% TSAA diet (P<0.05). Sow weight loss was not affected by lactation treatment, but sows fed the diet with more TSAA had greater (P<0.02) litter weight gain, heavier (P<0.01) litter weaning weights, and heavier (P<0.06) individual pig weaning weight than did sows fed the 0.44% TSAA diet. These data indicate that the basal diet can be used in future experiments to titrate the TSAA requirement of the sow. Results also indicate that the TID TSAA requirement is greater than 0.44% and the TSAA:lysine ratio is greater than 50% for lactating sows. Because amino acid recommendations from the NRC (1998) suggest that the TID TSAA:lysine ratio is approximately 48%, more research is warranted to more adequately determine the TID TSAA:lysine ratio for lactating sows.
Open Access
The effects of different nutrient strategies on reducing osteochondrosis dissecans lesions and enhancing cartilage properties in pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-10T14:37:58Z) Frantz, N.Z.; Andrews, G.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; jnelssen; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jderouch
A total of 80 gilts (PIC 327 × L1050; 86 lb initial BW) were used in an 84-d study to determine the effects of different nutrients on growth performance, carcass composition, the occurrence of osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) lesions (a cartilage abnormality), and several cartilage criteria. Eight dietary treatments were formulated, consisting of control diet (standard corn-soy diet) or the control diet with fish oil (3.5%) replacing choice white grease; added proline and glycine (300% and 200% of lysine; added leucine, isoleucine, and valine (BCAA; 200%, 100%, and 100% of lysine, respectively); silicon (1000 ppm); copper and manganese (250 ppm and 100 ppm, respectively); added methionine and threonine (150% and 100% of lysine); and a combination of these strategies. The diets were formulated slightly in excess of the pig’s requirement for lysine and to meet minimum true ileal digestibility (TID) ratios for the other essential amino acids. The diets were also formulated to be isocaloric by slightly adjusting the fat (choice white grease) content. Overall, d 0 to 84, pigs fed diets containing BCAA or silicon had greater ADG (P<0.05) than did those fed methionine/threonine or the combination diet; performance of pigs fed the remaining diets was intermediate. Pigs fed methionine/threonine had increased longissimus muscle area (P<0.05), compared with those fed the other dietary treatments, with longissimus muscle area of pigs fed fish oil intermediate. No other carcass responses were affected by dietary treatment (P>0.84). Pigs fed diets containing fish oil or silicon tended (P<0.07) to have an increased number of cartilage abnormalities and a higher score for severity of abnormalities (P<0.05), compared with those of pigs fed the other dietary treatments; scores of pigs fed proline/glycine or copper/manganese were intermediate. Pigs fed fish oil or silicon tended (P<0.07) to have a greater prevalence of potential lesions than did pigs fed the control diet, BCAA, methionine/threonine, or the combination diet; responses to the other dietary treatments were intermediate. Cartilage compression or shear force were unaffected by dietary treatment (P>0.31). In summary, feeding ingredients involved in cartilage and bone metabolism did not improve cartilage properties or reduce the incidence of OCD in gilts relative to the control diet in this study. Feeding diets containing fish oil or silicon caused an increase in the occurrence of potential lesions, the number of cartilage abnormalities, and the scores for severity of abnormalities.
Open Access
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome: characteristic features of the infected fetus
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-10T14:37:46Z) Rowland, Raymond R. R.; Nietfeld, Jerome C.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz
Pregnant gilts were infected at 90 days of gestation with porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) isolate SD-23983. Fetuses recovered between 109 and 112 days of gestation were analyzed for the presence of PRRSV. The results showed that not all fetuses were infected, and that infected fetuses tended to be clustered within the uterine horns, suggesting that virus is spread from fetus to fetus. Even though affected litters exhibited different degrees of gross pathology, the presence of an anatomical abnormality was not an identifier of an infected fetus. Analysis of virus replication in individual tissues identified the thymus as the principal site of PRRSV replication. The results show that PRRSV infection in the developing fetus follows a unique course and that PRRSVinduced alterations may be the result of the effect of PRRSV on maternal tissues. These factors need to be taken into consideration when diagnosing PRRSV infection as the cause for aborted and stillborn fetuses.
Open Access
The optimal true ileal digestible lysine and total sulfur amino acid requirement for nursery pigs between 20 and 50 lb
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-10T14:37:36Z) Schneider, J.D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jnelssen; jderouch
An experiment involving 360 pigs (PIC, avg. BW = 22.0 lb) was conducted to determine the appropriate true ileal digestible (TID) lysine and total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) requirement of nursery pigs and, consequently, to determine the optimal TSAA:lysine ratio. This trial was organized as a combination of two simultaneous experiments, with one set of diets consisting of five increasing TID lysine concentrations (1.05, 1.15, 1.25, 1.35, and 1.45%) and the second set of diets consisting of five increasing TID TSAA concentrations (0.61, 0.69, 0.76, 0.83, and 0.90%). The highest concentrations of both lysine and TSAA (1.45% and 0.90%, respectively) were combined as one diet and used in both the lysine and TSAA titrations, to give a total of 10 treatments. Pigs were randomly allotted to eight replications, with five pigs per pen, on the basis of initial BW. Average daily gain and F/G improved (quadratic, P<0.01) with increasing TID lysine. The largest improvement in growth rate and feed efficiency for PIC pigs in these facilities occurred as the TID lysine increased to 1.25 and 1.35%, respectively; there was little improvement in performance thereafter. Increasing TID TSAA increased (quadratic, P<0.01) ADG and improved (quadratic, P<0.01) F/G, although the largest increases in ADG and F/G occurred as TID TSAA increased from 0.61 to 0.76%, with smaller improvements from 0.76 to 0.90%. Average daily gain and F/G values were plotted as the dependent variables in a regression analysis, with the TID lysine and TSAA concentrations on the Y axis. Regression analysis of the response surface resulted in an estimated TID TSAA-to-lysine ratio range of approximately 55 to 56% for optimal ADG and F/G.
Open Access
Lactose and specialty protein sources influence flow ability of nursery pig diets
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-09T22:38:16Z) Carney, E.E.; Groesbeck, C.N.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; jnelssen; dritz
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of lactose products and specialty protein sources on feed flow ability as measured by angle of repose. Angle of repose is the maximum angle in which a pile of ingredient retains its slope. A large angle of repose represents a steeper slope and poorer flow ability. A 70:30 corn-soybean meal blend served as the base to which all specialty ingredients were added. In Experiment 1, six lactose sources were evaluated. Three sources were fine, powdered whey permeates, and the other sources were coarse-ground whey permeate, edible-grade spray-dried whey, and a crystalline lactose source. Lactose sources were added at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30% to the corn-soybean meal blend. Angle of repose was then measured on these mixtures, as well as on the individual lactose sources. There was a lactose source × level interaction (P<0.0001) observed. Increasing lactose source decreased angle of repose, but the coarse whey permeate had a much greater improvement in flow ability, resulting in the interaction. In Experiment 2, five specialty protein sources were evaluated: powdered or granulated spray-dried animal plasma, powdered or granulated spray-dried blood cells, and select menhaden fish meal. Specialty protein sources were added at 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% to the 70:30 corn-soybean meal blend. There was a specialty protein source × level interaction (P<0.0001) observed. As powdered animal plasma and blood cells increased, angle of repose increased, resulting in poorer flow ability. With the addition of granulated animal plasma and blood cells, angle of repose decreased, indicating better flow ability. Increasing fish meal did not influence angle of repose. These data confirm that greater flow ability is observed with granulated specialty protein or coarsely ground lactose sources.
Open Access
Nursery pig performance in response to meal and pelleted diets fed with irradiated or non-irradiated spray-dried animal plasma
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-09T22:15:40Z) Groesbeck, C.N.; Bergstrom, J.; Neill, C.R.; Brown, K.R.; Frantz, N.Z.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; jderouch; goodband; dritz; jnelssen
A 25-d trial was conducted to determine the effects of feeding meal and pelleted diets, with or without irradiated spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP; AP 920), on the growth performance in nursery pigs. A total of 192 pigs (initially 13.2 ± 1.9 lb and 21 ± 3 d of age) were used, with 6 pigs per pen and 6 pens per treatment. Pigs were randomly allotted in a 2 × 2 factorial to pens, blocked by weight, and randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments. The main effects were diet form, meal or pellet, and either irradiated SDAP or nonirradiated SDAP. The experimental treatments consisted of a single diet that was fed in either meal or pelleted form, with or without irradiation of SDAP for Phase 1 (d 0 to 11), and a common diet for Phase 2 (d 11 to 25). Pig fed pelleted diets from d 0 to 3 had a greater ADG, ADFI, and improved F/G (P<0.03) than did pigs fed meal diets. Irradiation of SDAP had no effect on performance from d 0 to 3; for d 3 to 11, however, there was a diet form × SDAP irradiation interaction (P < 0.01), and for d 0 to 11 there was interaction for ADG and F/G (P<0.07). Pigs fed irradiated SDAP in meal form had similar growth performance to those fed pelleted treatments. For producers that manufacture their own Phase 1 diet in meal form, use of irradiated SDAP can result in performance equal to that of nursery pigs fed a pelleted diet.
Open Access
Influence of L-carnitine on litter characteristics from gilts harvested at day 40, 55, and 70 of gestation
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-11-02T22:09:19Z) Brown, K.R.; Johnson, B.J.; Tokach, Michael D.; Minton, J. Ernest; Brazle, A.E.; Burkey, T.E.; Groesbeck, C.N.; Neill, C.R.; Schneider, J.D.; Woodworth, J.C.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-169X; goodband; mtokach; dritz; jnelssen
A total of 59 gilts were used to determine the effects of supplemental L-carnitine on reproductive performance. Experimental treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of L-carnitine (0 or 50 ppm) and day of gestation (40, 55, or 70). All gilts received a constant feed allowance of 3.86 lb/day and a top-dress containing either 0 or 88 mg of L-carnitine, starting on the first day of breeding and continuing until the day of harvest. Total litter size, total litter weight, and crown-to-rump length of fetuses were not different (P>0.10) between treatments at any gestation length. By d 70 of gestation, average fetus weight was heavier (P = 0.06) for fetuses from gilts fed L-carnitine, compared with fetuses from gilts fed the control diet. In addition, at d 70, fetal insulin-like growth factor- II (IGF-II) concentrations were lower (P = 0.09) for fetuses from gilts fed L-carnitine than for fetuses from gilts fed the control diet. Feeding L-carnitine may have decreased fetal IGF-II, therefore increasing cell proliferation and delaying cell differentiation. These results show that providing supplemental Lcarnitine to gestating gilts has beneficial effects on average fetal weight, possibly observed because of its ability to reduce fetal IGF-II concentrations.
Open Access
Effects of oral administration or feeding of sodium citrate or acetate to pigs on post-mortem glycolysis, pH decline, and pork quality attributes
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:33:44Z) Stephens, J.W.; Dikeman, Michael E.; Unruh, John A.; Haub, M.D.; Tokach, Michael D.; mdikeman; junruh; mtokach
Previous studies have shown that citrate has the potential to inhibit phosphofructokinase (PFK), a key enzyme in post-mortem glycolysis. The objective of our study was to determine the effects of oral administration and feeding of citrate or acetate to pigs on post-mortem glycolysis, pH, and pork quality attributes. In Experiment 1, citrate, acetate, or water was orally administered to 30 pigs 45 min before stunning (electric plus captive bolt). In Experiment 2, citrate or acetate was fed to 30 gilts in 454 g of feed 60 min before stunning. Ante-mortem treatment had no effect (P > 0.05) on muscle pH or post mortem concentrations of glycolytic metabolites: glucose- 6 phosphate, fructose-6 phosphate, fructose-1,6 bisphosphate, glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, or lactate. Minor, but inconsistent, differences in quality attributes were found in longissimus chops and inside and outside semimembranosus quality attributes among treatments (P>0.05). The reason for the lack of PFK inhibition is not known. Glycolytic-metabolite data indicate that PFK was a main regulatory enzyme in post-mortem muscle.
Open Access
The effects of meal transition diets on nursery pig growth performance in a commercial environment
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:33:09Z) Groesbeck, C.N.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen; jderouch
A total of 2,016 pigs (initially 12.6 lb and 18 ± 2 d of age) were used in a 28-d growth assay to evaluate the current feed-budget allocations for SEW, Transition, and Phase 2 diets fed in meal form in a commercial environment. Pigs were allotted to one of six treatments, with a variety of feed budgets: 1) pelleted diets with 1 lb/pig of SEW diet (6.7% plasma) and 3 lb/pig of Transition diet (2.5% plasma); 2) pelleted diets with 0.5 lb/pig of SEW diet (6.7% plasma) and 1 lb/pig of Transition diet (2.5% plasma); 3) meal diet with 2 lb/pig Transition diet (2.5% plasma); 4) meal diet with 4 lb/pig of Transition diet (2.5% plasma); 5) meal diet with 2 lb Transition diet (4% plasma); and 6) meal diet with 4 lb Transition diet (4% plasma). After the allotted amount of feed was distributed to the pens as described in the budget, all treatments were fed 12 lb/pig of a Phase 2 meal diet, and then a Phase 3 meal diet for the duration of the trial. From day 0 to 10 and for the overall period, the pigs fed the pelleted SEW and Transition diets grew faster, and had better feed efficiency, lower removal rates (culls), and greater margin over feed cost than did the pigs fed the meal-based Transition diets. For pigs fed the pelleted SEW and Transition diets, pigs fed 1 and 3 lb, respectively, had better ADG and F/G for the period d 0 to 10 after weaning, better F/G for the period d 0 to 28, lower feed cost per lb of gain, and greater margin over feed than pigs fed 0.5 and 1 lb, respectively, of SEW and Transition diets. The current recommendations of providing weanling pigs 1 lb/pig SEW diet and 3 lb/pig Transition diet optimized growth and profitability in this production system.
Open Access
Effects of intermittent usage of water-based neomycin sulfate on the growth performance of weanling pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:32:57Z) Gottlob, R.O.; Neill, C.R.; Groesbeck, C.N.; Brown, K.R.; Frantz, N.Z.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jderouch; jnelssen
A total of 360 weanling pigs (initially 11.4 lb and 18 ± 3 d of age, PIC) were used to determine the effects of intermittent use of water-based medication on nursery pig growth performance. Pigs were given one of eight experimental treatments: negative control (no antibiotics in the feed or water); positive control with Neo-Terramycin® in the feed (140 g/ton Neomycin sulfate, 140 g/ton Oxytetracycline HCl); continuous use of either 38.0 or 75.5 mg Neomycin sulfate per L of water; use of either 38.0 or 75.5 mg of Neomycin sulfate per L of water, during weeks 1 and 3 after weaning; and use of either 38.0 or 75.5 mg Neomycin sulfate per L of water during weeks 2 and 4 after weaning. Overall (d 0 to 28 after weaning), pigs provided Neomycin sulfate in the water continuously and pigs fed the positive control diet had greater ADG (P<0.05) and ADFI (P<0.04) than did pigs provided non-medicated water and feed. Pigs fed the positive control diet tended (P<0.15) to have greater ADG than did pigs provided an intermittent supply of water-based Neomycin sulfate, but there was no difference in growth performance and feed efficiency between pigs fed the positive control diet and those provided a continuous supply of water-based Neomycin sulfate. Pigs provided a continuous supply of either dosage of Neomycin sulfate in the water had greater (P<0.05) ADG and ADFI than did pigs provided water-based Neomycin sulfate on an intermittent basis. These data demonstrate that providing neomycin in the feed or water results in a growth response, but there is no carryover effect. Thus, pig performance returns to the control level immediately after the supply of Neomycin is removed.
Open Access
Effects of intermittent ractopamine HCl (paylean1) use on pig growth performance in late finishing
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:32:43Z) Neill, C.R.; Groesbeck, C.N.; Brown, K.R.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; jnelssen; dritz; jderouch
A total of 324 pigs (initially 149 lb) were used in a 56-d feeding trial to examine growth performance of pigs as affected by different ractopamine HCl (Paylean) regimens. There were four experimental treatments: A) the control diet fed for 56 d; B) the Paylean diet (9 g/ton) fed for 21 d, then control for 35 d; C) Paylean fed for 21 d, then control for 14 d, and then Paylean for 21 d; and D) control diet 35 d and then Paylean 21 d. Treatment C (feeding Paylean for 21 d, withdrawing it for 14 d, and re-feeding for 21 d) had the same overall affect on ADG and F/G as feeding Paylean for the last 21 d only. Weight gain was greater (P<0.008) for the pigs in Treatments C and D, which fed Paylean for the last 21 d, compared with that of control pigs or those fed Paylean for the initial 21 d of the study only. Pigs fed Paylean and then had it withdrawn had decreased (P>0.46) ADG and F/G, compared with pigs not previously fed Paylean. These results suggest that withdrawing Paylean for 14 d and re-feeding will have the same overall growth effect as feeding Paylean once.
Open Access
Effects of increasing oregano oil on nursery pig performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:32:29Z) Neill, C.R.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; jnelssen; mtokach; goodband; dritz; jderouch
A total of 210 nursery pigs (PIC L327 × L42), with an initial weight of 11.9 lb and 21 d of age, were used in a 28-d growth study. The objective was to evaluate the effects of increasing oregano oil in diets for nursery pigs. Oregano oil is an extract derived from the Greek herb, Origanum vulgare, and has been speculated to have antimicrobial-like activity. Previous research at Kansas State University showed no improvement in growth performance in nursery pigs fed oregano oil (0.10% in the Phase 1 diet, and 0.05% in Phase 2). The present study evaluated growth performance of pigs fed diets containing either 0.05%, 0.10%, or 0.20% oregano oil for the entire 28-d study. There was no improvement in ADG, ADFI, F/G, or d-28 weights of pigs fed diets containing oregano oil, compared with performance of pigs fed the control diets. Also, there was no effect (P>0.15) of increasing the amount of oregano oil in the diet. But pigs fed neomycin-oxytetracycline had improved ADG, ADFI, and F/G (P<0.03), compared with those of pigs fed the control and oregano oil treatments, from d 0 to 14. Overall, (d 0 to 28), pigs fed neomycinoxytetracycline had better ADG and ADFI (P<0.006) than the pigs fed the control diet had, and better ADG, ADFI, F/G, and final body weight (P<0.04) than pigs fed the oregano oil treatment had.
Open Access
Effects of increasing dietary lysine on growth performance of pigs fed ractopamine HCl (paylean®)
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:32:17Z) Neill, C.R.; Hastad, C.W.; Usry, J.L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jnelssen; jderouch
A total of 919 gilts (PIC L337 × C22) were used in a 21-d trial conducted in a commercial research facility to determine growth and carcass effects of ractopamine HCl (Paylean®; 6.5 g/ton) and different levels of lysine. The diets were formulated to contain 0.75, 0.85, 0.95, 1.05, 1.15, and 1.25% true ileal digestible (TID) lysine to determine the lysine requirement for pigs fed ractopamine. These TID lysine levels correspond to 0.86, 0.97, 1.08, 1.19, 1.29, and 1.40% total lysine. From d 0 to 14, pigs fed 1.05% TID lysine had the greatest improvement in ADG and F/G. In the overall (d 0 to 21) data, however, pigs fed 1.15% TID lysine had the greatest improvement in ADG and F/G. Average daily gain increased (linear, P<0.005), whereas there were no differences in ADFI (P>0.05). Feed efficiency also improved (linear, P<0.005; quadratic P<0.07). Although the ADG and F/G responses were linear, there was very little improvement observed beyond 1.15% TID lysine. Percentage lean increased (linear, P<0.03) and FFLI tended to increase (linear, P<0.07) with increasing levels of TID lysine. The lean premium increased (linear, P<0.05) and backfat tended (linear, P<0.08) to improve, but other carcass criteria were not affected. Therefore, pigs fed ractopamine required between 1.05 and 1.15% TID lysine (1.19 to 1.29% total lysine) to maximize growth performance.
Open Access
Effects of different dosages of water-based neomycin sulfate on growth performance of weanling pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:32:04Z) Gottlob, R.O.; Hastad, C.W.; Groesbeck, C.N.; Neill, C.R.; Frantz, N.Z.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jderouch; jnelssen
A total of 360 weanling pigs (initially 14.1 lb and 21 ± 3 d of age, PIC) were used to determine the effects of different rates of waterbased medication on nursery pig growth performance. Pigs were given one of eight experimental treatments: negative control (no antibiotics in the feed or water); positive control with Neo-Terramycin® in the feed (140 g/ton Neomycin sulfate, 140 g/ton Oxytetracycline HCl); 38.0, 75.5, or 113.5 mg of Neomycin sulfate per L of water; 100 or 200 g/ton of Neomycin sulfate in the feed; and Neo-Terramycin® in the feed and 75.5 mg of Neomycin per L of water. Overall (d 0 to 24 after weaning), pigs provided Neomycin sulfate in the water, pigs fed diets containing Neomycin sulfate, and pigs fed the positive control diet had greater ADG (P<0.02) and ADFI (P<0.05) than did pigs provided nonmedicated water and feed. Pigs provided Neomycin sulfate in the water or feed also had improved F/G (P<0.05), compared with the F/G of pigs provided non-medicated feed and water. Pigs provided the combination of the positive control diet and Neomycin sulfate in the water had greater ADFI (P<0.04) and tended to have greater ADG (P<0.09) than did pigs fed the positive control with nonmedicated water or pigs fed the negative control with Neomycin sulfate in the water. Increasing Neomycin sulfate in the water improved ADG (P<0.03) and ADFI (P<0.05). Increasing Neomycin sulfate in the feed improved ADG and ADFI (P<0.01) and improved F/G (P<0.03). There were no differences in growth performance between pigs provided Neomycin sulfate in the water and in the feed. Finally, there were no water medication × feed medication interactions for the overall treatment period, but main effects for water and feed medication were significant (P<0.02) for ADG and ADFI.
Open Access
Influence of L-carnitine on growth and plasma IGF-I from gilts harvested at three gestation lengths
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:31:51Z) Brown, K.R.; Johnson, B.J.; Frantz, N.Z.; Gottlob, R.O.; Groesbeck, C.N.; Hastad, C.W.; Neill, C.R.; Schneider, J.D.; Young, M.G.; Woodworth, J.C.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; goodband; mtokach; dritz; jnelssen
A total of 59 gilts were used to determine the effects of supplemental L-carnitine on gilt growth and maternal insulin-like growth factor- I (IGF-I). Experimental treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of L-carnitine (0 or 50 ppm) and day of gestation (40, 55, or 70). All gilts received a constant feed allowance of 3.86 lb/day and a topdress containing either 0 or 88 mg of Lcarnitine, starting on the first day of breeding. No differences (P>0.05) between treatments were observed for BW, estimated protein mass, or estimated fat mass at any gestation length. At d 70 of gestation, there was a numeric increase (P>0.10) in BW for the gilts fed L-carnitine, compared with those fed the control diet. At d 40 of gestation, gilts fed Lcarnitine tended to have greater (P = 0.10) backfat, compared with the gilts fed the control diet; but no differences (P>0.05) were observed in backfat on d 0, 55, or 70 of gestation. In addition, no differences (P>0.05) were observed in maternal IGF-I between treatments at any gestation length. Total and free plasma L-carnitine concentrations were similar (P>0.10) at d 0 of gestation, but concentrations were higher (P<0.01) by d 40 of gestation in the gilts fed L-carnitine. These results show that supplemental L-carnitine numerically increases BW of gestating gilts. This data represents the first part of an ongoing study, with the rest of the data being reported in subsequent publications.
Open Access
The effects of dietary glutamine, glycine, and sodium chloride concentration on nursery pig growth performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:31:37Z) Groesbeck, C.N.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; jderouch; jnelssen; goodband
We conducted a trial to evaluate the effects of feeding added salt (0.38% in addition to the 0.35% already added to the diet) and a 0.70% addition of a blend of 50% glutamine and 50% glycine to weanling pigs as a substitute for spray-dried animal plasma. A total of 216 pigs (initial BW 12.4 ± 1.9 lb and 21 ± 2 d of age) were used, with six pigs per pen and six pens per treatment. Pigs were randomly allotted to pens, blocked by weight, and assigned to one of the six dietary treatments. The six treatments were a negative control diet based on corn-soybean meal, a positive contol diet containing 5% spray-dried animal plasma, and diets with high concentrations of synthetic amino acids. Diets were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial, with or without 0.7% of a 50:50 blend of glutamine and glycine and with or without added salt (0.38% more than the basal level of 0.35% in all diets). From d 0 to 7, ADG and ADFI increased (P<0.05) for the pigs fed the positive with all other treatments. Pigs fed the synthetic amino acid diets (glutamine:glycine and Na treatments) had improved (P<0.05) F/G, compared with that of pigs fed the negative and positive control diets. From d 7 to 14, pigs fed the positive control diet had increased ADG, compared with that of the pigs fed the negative control, but ADG did not differ from that of pigs on any of the four glutamine: glycine and Na treatment diets. Pigs fed the positive control diet had greater ADFI and improved F/G for d 7 to 14, compared with those of pigs in all other treatments. For the overall feeding period, (d 0 to 14), pigs fed the positive control diet had a numerical improvement in ADG, compared with that of pigs fed the synthetic amino acid diets. Pigs fed the positive control diet also had a greater (P<0.05) ADG and ADFI than those fed the negative control diet. The pigs fed the positive control diet consistently had greater ADFI than pigs in all other treatments. The increase in ADFI corresponds to the increase in ADG for the overall feeding period. The data suggest that adding spray-dried animal plasma to the diet improves ADFI and ADG, and it seems that synthetic amino acid diets containing added Na and a 0.70% dietary blend of 50:50 glutamine:glycine can not equal the response exhibited when spray-dried animal plasma is added to nursery pig diets. Pigs fed the synthetic amino acid diets did have greater growth performance than that of pigs fed the negative control diet. The addition of large amounts of salt or the glutamine:glycine blend to synthetic amino acid diets did not have any influence on pig performance in this experiment.
Open Access
Effects of corn source and increasing lysine content on growth performance in swine
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:31:22Z) Hastad, C.W.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; jnelssen; dritz; goodband; jderouch
Three studies were conducted to evaluate the effect on growth performance when NutriDense (ND) corn is used in conjunction with increasing amounts of L-lysine, threonine, and methionine. NutriDense corn is a nutritionally enhanced product containing a stacked set of traits to provide greater nutrient density than is provided by conventional yellow dent corn (YD). In Experiment 1, a total of 320 pigs (initial 40.2 lb) were blocked by weight to one of eight dietary treatments. Pigs were fed corn-soybean meal diets with either YD or ND corn and with 3, 5, 7, or 9 lb of crystalline L-lysine per ton of complete feed. Rates of methionine and threonine to lysine were balanced across all dietary treatments by the addition of DL-methionine and L threonine. There were no corn-source × L-lysine amount interactions in this experiment. Increasing L-lysine decreased ADG (linear, P<0.01) and worsened F/G (linear, P<0.01; quadratic, P<0.10). There was no effect (P>0.23) of corn source on ADG, ADFI, or final weight, but pigs fed diets with ND corn had improved (P<0.05) feed efficiency. Experiments 2 and 3 were conducted at a commercial swine research facility in southwestern Minnesota. In Experiment 2, a total of 1,189 gilts (initially 87.7 lb) were used; in Experiment 3, a total of 1,136 gilts (initially 187.3 lb) were blocked by weight in a 28-d growth assay. In both experiments, there were six dietary treatments that included either YD or ND corn and increasing amounts of Llysine HCl (3, 6, and 9 lb/ton). In Experiment 2, there were no corn-source × L-lysine content interactions. Increasing dietary L-lysine HCl decreased ADG (linear, P<0.01) and worsened F/G (linear, P<0.01; quadratic, P<0.08). Feeding pigs diets with ND corn increased (P<0.07) ADG and improved (P<0.01) feed efficiency. In Experiment 3, there was a corn source × L-lysine content interaction (P<0.02) for ADG and F/G. This interaction occurred because there was a greater decrease in ADG for pigs fed diets with YD corn and increasing Llysine, compared with ADG of pigs fed diets with ND corn. No other interactions were observed (P>0.53). Increasing L-lysine decreased ADG (quadratic, P<0.01) and worsened F/G (quadratic, P<0.01). Feeding pigs diets with ND corn increased (P<0.01) ADG and improved (P<0.01) F/G, but had no effect on ADFI. The use of ND corn in swine diets will reduce the amount of threonine and methionine needed when high concentrations of crystalline L-lysine are used in corn-soybean meal diets. Also, because ND corn has 34% more tryptophan than typical YD corn does, higher concentrations of L-lysine, in conjunction with threonine and methionine, can be used before tryptophan becomes the dietary limiting amino acid. These studies indicate that the use of ND corn can reduce the need for threonine and methionine supplementation when supplementing with more than 0.15% Llysine HCl.
Open Access
Effects of continuous or intermittent ractopamine HCl (paylean1) use on pig growth performance in late finishing
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:30:41Z) Neill, C.R.; Groesbeck, C.N.; Brown, K.R.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jnelssen; jderouch
A total of 110 barrows (PIC L210 × L42) with an initial weight of 154.4 lb were used in a 56-d feeding trial to evaluate the effects of continuously feeding ractopamine HCl (Paylean; 9 g/ton), withdrawing Paylean, or intermittent Paylean feeding on finishing pig performance. There were five experimental treatments fed the last 56 d before marketing; A) control diet (no Paylean) fed for 56 d; B) Paylean diet (9 g/ton) fed for 56 d; C) Paylean fed for 21 d, control for 14 d, then Paylean for 21 d; D) control fed for 7 d, Paylean fed for 21 d, control fed for 7 d, then Paylean fed for 21 d; and E) control fed for 35 d, then Paylean fed for 21 d. Pigs fed Paylean for 21 d then withdrawn for 7 or 14 d and then re-fed for 21 d (Treatments C and D) had similar response to those fed Paylean for only the last 21 d before market (Treatment E). Pigs fed these three treatments had final weight numerically increased by 3 to 5 lb over that of pigs continuously fed Paylean for the entire 56 d. During the period when Paylean was withdrawn (7 or 14 d), pigs lost much of the benefit that had been gained from Paylean feeding. But pigs fed Paylean again later seem to respond similarly to pigs that had never had Paylean in the diet.
Open Access
Effects of added synthetic amino acids, with decreasing amounts of fat, on growth performance of growing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:30:29Z) Gottlob, R.O.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; goodband; jderouch; jnelssen
A total of 1,210 growing gilts (initially 102.4 lb, PIC) were used in a 28-day study in a commercial research facility to determine the effects of added synthetic amino acids, with decreasing amounts of fat, on growth performance of growing pigs. Pigs were fed one of four experimental diets based on cornsoybean meal: 1) control (3% added fat, no synthetic amino acids), 2) 2.38% added fat and high concentrations of synthetic amino acids; 3) 1.90% added fat and high concentrations of synthetic amino acids, and 4) 1.43% added fat and high concentrations of synthetic amino acids. The amounts of added fat were chosen to equalize the energy content of the diet, according to a modified ME basis, with the ME value of soybean meal being set at 95, 90, and 85% of the ME of corn in Treatments 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Overall (d 0 to 28), pigs fed diets containing high concentrations of synthetic amino acids tended to have decreased ADG (P<0.09) and poorer F/G (P<0.11) than those of pigs fed the control diet. Linear and quadratic trends for ADG, ADFI, and F/G, with decreasing amounts of added fat, were not significant. The results of this study indicate that decreasing the amount of added fat when high concentrations of synthetic amino acids are added to the diet causes a numerically reduced ADG and poorer F/G.
Open Access
Effect of whey protein concentrate source on growth performance of nursery pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2009-10-29T18:30:17Z) Gottlob, R.O.; Neill, C.R.; Hastad, C.W.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; mtokach; goodband; dritz; jnelssen
A total of 228 weanling pigs (initially 14.7 lb and 21 ± 3 d of age, PIC L210 × L42) were used to evaluate the effects of whey protein concentrate (WPC) source on growth performance of weanling pigs. Pigs were fed one of seven experimental diets: a negative control, with no WPC (control); a positive control, with 5% spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP); or the negative control diet with one of five WPC sources (Sources 1 through 5). Pigs were fed the experimental diets from d 0 to 14 after weaning, then all pigs were fed a common Phase 2 diet from d 14 to 28 after weaning. From d 0 to 14, pigs fed diets containing WPC from Source 1 had greater ADG (P<0.05) than did pigs fed the control diet or WPC from Source 3. Pigs fed SDAP also had greater ADG and ADFI (P<0.05) than did pigs fed WPC from Source 3. Pigs fed WPC tended to have poorer ADFI (P<0.09) than that of pigs fed SDAP. All pigs fed WPC diets had improved F/G (P<0.01), however, compared with pigs fed the control. Overall (d 0 to 28), pigs fed WPC from Source 1 had greater ADG (P<0.05) than did pigs fed WPC from Source 3, but there were no treatment differences in ADFI and F/G. In summary, variation in growth performance with pigs fed WPC confirms our previous results in that variation between sources does exist. Furthermore, pigs fed diets containing high-quality WPC, from a reliable and consistent source, can improve ADG and have similar performance to pigs fed spray-dried animal plasma.