Dairy Day, 1996
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Item Open Access Reducing bovine leukosis in dairy cattle(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 2011-05-06) Smith, John F., 1962-; Stokka, Gerald L.; Scoby, R.K; Van Anne, T.; Shirley, John E.; jshirley; jfsmithBovine leukosis virus (BLV) is a cancerous condition of tissues in which lymph nodes and lymphocytes are affected. Infected cattle may be identified by testing blood sera for BLV antibodies using the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test that requires 2 days for processing. Most dairy farms have infected animals, but the condition is not considered important because less than 1% of infected cattle show clinical signs. However, many of these cows are culled because of poor milk production or reproductive performance. Procedures for reducing and(or) eliminating the disease are outlined. Results obtained at the Kansas State University Dairy Teaching and Research Center demonstrate that feeding only colostrum and whole milk from BLV-negative cows to newborn and young calves is an effective method of reducing the incidence of BLV in future generations.Item Open Access Performance of lactating dairy cows fed alfalfa haylage treated with bacterial inoculants at the time of ensilation(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 2011-05-06) Scheffel, Michael V.; Scoby, R.K.; Shirley, John E.; jshirley; scheffelSixty Holstein cows averaging 65 days in milk at the initiation of a 13-week study were used to evaluate three alfalfa haylages. Haylages were treated at the time of ensilation with either a Pioneer experimental inoculant (Treatment A), no inoculant (Treatment B), or Pioneer brand 1174® inoculant (Treatment C). Cows fed A had greater peak yields and tended to produce more milk than cows fed B and C. Milk fat percentages were 3.7, 3.66, and 3.59 for A, B, and C, respectively. Greater milk yield and butterfat percentage translated into higher (P<.05) daily fat production by cows fed A compared to C but not B.Item Open Access Factors affecting titratable acidity in raw milk(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 2011-05-06) Schmidt, Karen A.; Stupar, J.; Shirley, John E.; Adapa, S.; Sukup, D.; kschmidt; jshirleyThe value of titratable acidity (TA) as an indicator of raw milk quality has been challenged recently, because milk is refrigerated within minutes after it leaves the cow until it reaches the consumer. Also, high milk protein may interfere with the test or confer falsely high TA values. Samples of milk containing <2.8% protein to >3.8% protein were used to examine the impact of protein on TA. The effects of milk age and bacterial counts also were investigated. Titratable acidity increased as milk protein content increased but the influence of bacterial populations and age were much more dramatic. As bacterial counts increased, TA values surpassed an acceptable level (upper maximum at .17%) for the KSU Dairy Processing Plant. At the same time, as raw milk increased in age, TA increased to the upper level of acceptability (.17%). Thus, TA appears to be a valid method of evaluating raw milk quality even though it can be influenced by the protein content.Item Open Access Preventive health programs for dairy cattle(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 2011-05-05) Stokka, Gerald L.; Smith, John F., 1962-; Dunham, James R.; Van Anne, T.; jfsmithAlways consult your veterinarian when making vaccination decisions. The most common errors are failing to give booster immunizations and doing so at the incorrect time. Animal comfort is a greater determinant of production than vaccinations, and to receive the full benefits of nutrition, genetic, and management programs, cow comfort must be maximized. This does not lessen the need for balanced rations that allow the immune system to respond efficiently to vaccines. More is not necessarily better. The best vaccination program for a dairy includes vaccines for the most probable infectious pathogens possibly found in the herd. This combination is different for each production unit based on disease problems and management practices that can be identified by your herd practitioner.Item Open Access Performance of young calves supplemented with vitamins c and e and beta-carotene(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 2011-05-05) Greenwood, R.H.; Morrill, J.L; Schwenke, J.R.Newborn Holstein calves were used to investigate responses to supplemental antioxidants provided in daily milk allotments. Treated calves assigned to receive daily 100 IU of d-alpha tocopherol (vitamin E), 5 mg of beta-carotene, and 500 mg of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in a 5-ml carrier. Control calves received the carrier alone. Additional vitamins C and E and beta carotene did not affect weaning age, weekly or total body weight gain, or dry feed intake. Supplementation of these antioxidants affected bull and heifer calves scour scores differently at different birth weights. Antioxidant supplementation increased the severity of scours during the first week for bull and heifer calves and the second week for bull calves but decreased the severity for heifer calves during the second week.Item Open Access Coping with summer weather: management strategies to control heat stress(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 2011-05-05) Smith, John F., 1962-; Harner, Joseph P.; jfsmith; jharnerHeat stress occurs when a dairy cow’s heat load is greater than her capacity to lose heat. The effects of heat stress include: increased respiration rate, increased water intake, increased sweating, decreased dry matter intake, slower rate of feed passage, decreased blood flow to internal organs, decreased milk production, and poor reproductive performance. The lower milk production, and reproductive performance cause economic losses to commercial dairy producers. This review will discuss methods that can be used on commercial dairy farms to reduce the effects of heat stress on dairy cattle.Item Open Access Success of several programed AI-breeding protocols including ovsynch(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 2011-05-05) Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; Thompson, K. E.; Kobayashi, Y.; jssIn Experiment 1, four programmed AIbreeding treatments were tested. The so-called OvSynch program, which requires no heat detection before a fixed-time insemination, decreased conception rates compared with a similar treatment in which inseminations occurred after detected estrus (30 vs 51%). The traditional two-injection prostaglandin program produced greater conception rate for cattle inseminated after a detected estrus (53%) than after one fixed-time insemination was given in the absence of estrus (31%). A similar protocol of two prostaglandin injections plus an injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH or Cystorelin®) before one fixed-time insemination produced lower conception rates (33%) than when cattle were inseminated after detected estrus (53%). In Experiment 2, the OvSynch program was retested with the interval between the PGF and the second GnRH 2a injection being 48 hr (36 hr in Experiment 1). Conception in 27 cows on the OvSynch48 program with timed insemination (37%) was comparable with 43% in 21 cows on a similar program without the second GnRH injection but inseminated at estrus.Item Open Access Milk urea nitrogen: a nutritional management tool(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 2011-05-05) Dunham, James R.Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) analyses can be used to evaluate the nutritional status of dairy herds and for fine tuning the feeding program. MUN values >18 mg/100 ml indicate that dietary protein is being wasted and feed costs could be reduced with ration adjustments. Higher than desired MUN values also indicate the need for additional undegradable intake protein (UIP; bypass protein) in the ration. High MUN values can also indicate the need for more nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) in the diet. MUN readings <14 mg/100 ml indicate dietary crude protein deficiencies or too much UIP in the ration. Reduced milk production or low milk protein tests can occur when feeding rations that produce low MUN tests. Poor reproductive performance may be the result of feeding rations that produce high MUN measurements. Conception rates may be reduced as much as 20 percentage points when MUN is >18 mg/100 ml.Item Open Access Using the somatic cell count report(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 2011-05-05) Dunham, James R.High-producing dairy herds can consistently average a somatic cell count (SCC) <200,000. Herds with consistently higher averages can decrease SCC and realize higher profits. The SCC report discloses the pitfalls that need to be addressed before improvement can be made.Item Open Access Futures contracts for milk: how will they work?(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 2011-05-05) Cropp, BobThe two new milk futures contracts offer dairy farmers and other buyers and sellers of milk and dairy products additional opportunities to manage price risk in an increasingly volatile milk price environment. The availability of these risk management tools is especially important given the market-oriented direction of federal dairy policy. The CSCE and CME contracts differ somewhat in their specifications. Potential hedgers will need to evaluate which offers the best opportunity to lock in prices. Hedgers also should look at the cheese and nonfat dry milk contracts in determining the most appropriate risk management strategy. Strategies may involve using more than one futures market. Key in any hedging decision is the basis, especially the predictability of the relationship between cash and futures prices. Hedgers should compare the alternative contracts in terms of which yields the most predictable basis given the type of hedge and the specific market conditions affecting their business.Item Open Access Hormonal and behavioral characteristics associated with the onset of radiotelemetric-detected estrus(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 2011-05-05) Lamb, G.C.; Hoffman, D.P.; Kobayashi, Y.; Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; jssThe objective of this study was to examine changes in ovarian steroids in relation to the onset of first standing estrus detected by pressure-sensitive rump-mounted devices (ABS HeatWatch® [HW]). Twenty Holstein heifers were treated with PGF on days 5 to 8 (early) 2a or 12 to 15 (late) of the estrous cycle to induce estrus. The following traits were different (P<.05) in early vs late heifers: serum progesterone before PGF (2.3 vs 5 ± .3 ng/ml); 2a interval from PGF to estrus (HW devices: 42 2a vs 52.4 ± 2.8 hr or visual: 45 vs 57 ± 2.5 hr); interval (40.6 vs 57.8 ± 2.2 hr) from PGF to 2a estradiol-17b (E2) peak concentrations in blood serum (17.7 vs 12.3 ± 1 pg/ml) at estrus; duration of estrous cycle after treatment injection of PGF (20 vs 21.4 ± .2 days); interval 2a from onset of estrus to the peak in E2 (1.4 vs –5.4 ± 1.8 hr); and E2 peak associated with the first dominant ovarian follicle of the estrous cycle following the treatment injection of PGF (2.2 vs 5.2 ± .6 pg/ml), respectively. 2a Durations of estrus and standing events were similar regardless of when the corpus luteum was regressed during either the early or late luteal phase. When all sexual behavior was evaluated after 41 injections of PGF , the 2a number of standing events (28.1 vs 16.1 ± 3.1) was greater (P<.05) in heifers after early-cycle regression of the corpus luteum. Results indicated that the number of standing events per estrus and concentrations of E2 during estrus were related to the duration of progesterone exposure before a PGF -induced luteolysis. 2a The first standing event of estrus detected by the HW device corresponded closely to the peak in E2 and LH at the onset of estrus.Item Open Access How should milk be priced in the future?(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 2011-05-05) Cropp, BobMilk pricing will continue to change. Clearly, the dairy industry will continue the trend toward MCP. The federal dairy price support program will terminate at the end of 1999. Changes will occur in federal order pricing. The FAIR ACT of 1996 requires some changes. Pricing provisions must be market oriented. The U.S. dairy industry must be competitive internationally. Federal order provisions must provide less rather than more regulation. Federal order prices must be minimum prices allowing for industry pricing above those prices. Markets are national. Hence, California should be a part of the same pricing system. Compacts such as the Northeast Interstate Compact should not be allowed.Item Open Access Lameness in dairy cattle(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 2011-05-05) Stokka, Gerald L.; Smith, John F., 1962-; Dunham, James R.; Van Anne, T.; jfsmithFoot problems are major concerns for dairies, and care should be taken to avoid promoting them. Preventive measures, with the aid of a veterinarian, must be followed if the problem is expected to be controlled. Feet should be trimmed or at least observed one to two times per year. High concentrate diets should be fed carefully to avoid acidosis. Cows should have limited time standing on concrete and should not be rushed when walking on any abrasive surfaces. Cows need a clean, comfortable environment in which to lie down. Lame cows need treatment early, and records should be kept on all cases.Item Open Access Flotation therapy for downer cows(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 2011-05-05) Van Metre, D.C.; St. Jean, G.; Vestweber, J.Cattle that become recumbent (unable to get up) as the result of calving difficulty, low blood calcium, traumatic injuries, or other disorders are prone to develop subsequent pressure damage of muscles, nerves, and areas of skin. The resulting medical problems that are secondary to prolonged recumbency may be more life-threatening than the initial medical disorder that caused recumbency. Flotation therapy is an effective means of physical therapy for rehabilitation of "downer" cattle. A description of flotation therapy and data from the first year of use of the flotation tank at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Kansas State University, are presented.Item Open Access Planning milking facilities for dairy expansion(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 2011-05-05) Smith, John F., 1962-; jfsmithConstruction of a new milking center or remodeling existing milking parlors is a very important decision that can dramatically affect the labor efficiency and profitability of a dairy. Dairy producers should set reasonable goals for present and future needs. All options and configurations of the milking center should be considered and evaluated on a 15-yr planning horizon. Milking parlors should be designed to allow use of a full milking hygiene and add flexibility in management of the parlor.Item Open Access Probiotic frozen yogurt containing high protein and calcium(Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 2011-05-05) Forbes, M.S.; Jeon, I.J.; Schmidt, Karen A.; kschmidtA new frozen yogurt manufacturing procedure that is easily adaptable to the current practices of the frozen yogurt industry has been developed with probiotic culture and ultrafiltrated milk. The ultrafiltrated milk was heated to 185 degrees F for 35 min to obtain a desirable gel structure when fermented with the traditional yogurt culture of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Probiotic cultures (Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp.) were added to the yogurt mix just before freezing. The yogurt mix was frozen to an 85% overrun and hardened at -20 degrees F. The frozen product contained viable culture organisms at greater than or equal to 107 cells per gram and was stable for 6 mo. The frozen yogurt also contained twice the amount of protein, three times as much calcium, and nearly one-third less lactose than similar commercial products. The new product had excellent flavor, body, texture, and overall quality.
