Dairy Day, 2001
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Item Open Access Changes in rumen capacity of dairy cows during the periparturient period(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-12-10) Park, A.F.; DeFrain, J.M.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; Ferdinand, E.E.; Cochran, R.C.; Schmidt, D.G.; Ives, S.E.; Nagaraja, Tiruvoor G.; Shirley, John E.; jshirley; etitgeme; tnagarajFour-ruminally fistulated, multiparous, pregnant Holstein cows were studied to characterize ruminal adaptations during the transition from gestation to lactation. Cows were fed typical far-off and close-up diets, a late lactation diet containing wet corn gluten feed (20% DM), and an alfalfa hay, corn silage based early lactation diet. Ruminal measurements were obtained 72 (late lactation), 51 (far-off dry), 23 and 9 (close-up dry) days before expected parturition and 6, 20, and 34 days postpartum. Measurements included total fill, dry matter fill, fluid fill, and water-holding capacity of the rumen. Dry matter intake and milk production data were collected daily and body weight and body condition were determined weekly. Body weights and condition increased during the dry period, whereas intake as a percentage of body weight decreased. Ruminal water holding capacity, an indicator of rumen capacity, increased linearly from late lactation to 34 days postpartum. These data suggest rumen capacity is not the causative factor of intake depression in dairy cows during the final 3 wk of gestation.Item Open Access Performance of holstein cows fed wet corn gluten feed or soyhull-steep liquor pellets during early lactation(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-12-10) Ferdinand, E.E.; Titgemeyer, Evan C.; Park, A.F.; DeFrain, J.M.; Shirley, John E.; jshirley; etitgemeWet corn gluten feed and soyhull-steep liquor pellets tended to increase dry matter intake and milk yield. Combining condensed corn steep liquor with raw soybean hulls provides a convenient source of digestible fiber and rumen degradable protein.Item Open Access Effects of a biological additive and sealing technique on the aerobic stability of whole-plant corn silage(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-12-10) Uriarte, M.E.; Bolson, K.K.; Pope, Ronald V.; rvpopeThe objectives of this whole-plant corn study were to determine the effects of a biological additive and sealing technique on yeast and mold populations; and to examine the relationship between the microbial and chemical changes in the silages during exposure to air. Whole-plant corn was harvested at 80% milkline (36% DM), and ensiled at a density of 43 lb of fresh matter/ft3. One-half of the pre-ensiled forage was treated with a biological additive (A), which contained a mixture of bacteria and enzymes (supplied by Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY); the other one-half of the pre-ensiled forage was the untreated control (C). One-half of the silos in the A and C groups were sealed immediately after filling (S = sealed) and the remaining silos were sealed 48 hr after filling (DS = delayed seal). Treatments consisted of combinations of the two main effects: additive (A and C) and sealing technique (S and DS). There were three, 5-gallon capacity, laboratory silos per treatment. Silos were opened after 150 days, and the chemical and microbial compositions and aerobic stability of the silages determined. All four silages were moderately stable during the period of exposure to air. The C, DS silage was the first to show a rise in temperature, occurring after 65 hr of exposure to air. The two DS silages were 48 hr less stable than their S counterparts, and the two A silages were 24 hr more stable than their C counterparts. Deterioration of the silages during exposure to air was accompanied by an increase in temperature and pH, a decrease in lactic acid content, and a rapid increase in the lactate-assimilating yeast population. Treatment with a biological additive significantly improved aerobic stability, but the mechanism of action was not evident. Delayed sealing after the silos were filled reduced the aerobic stability of the silages.Item Open Access Effect of fan placement on milk production and dry matter intake of lactating dairy cows housed in a 4-row freestall barn(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-12-10) Smith, John F., 1962-; Harner, Joseph P.; DeFrain, S.E.; Brouk, Michael J.; mbrouk; jfsmith; jharnerHeat stress reduces milk production, feed intake, and reproductive efficiency each summer in Kansas. Without heat abatement procedures, milk production may decline 20- 30% during the summer months. Research has shown that supplemental fan cooling in combination with low pressure feedline sprinklers can reduce the effects of heat stress on milk production and feed intake. One critical issue in heat stress abatement is the location of fans in a 4-row freestall barn. Research conducted during the summer of 2000 on a northeast Kansas dairy found that locating fans over both the feedline and head-to-head freestalls increased milk production 5.8 lb/cow/d and reduced respiration rates in the morning and at night compared to mounting fans only over the feedline. Pen feed intakes also tended to be greater when fans were located in both areas. Economic analysis showed that after accounting for cost associated with ownership, operation, and increased feed intake, net farm income was estimated to be increased by $3,600- 6,600 for a pen of 84 cows. A 100-cow Kansas dairy could increase farm profits by $8,000 if these heat abatement techniques were utilized. Location of fans over both the feedline and freestalls in combination with a low pressure feedline sprinkling system is an effective heat stress abatement strategy in 4- row freestall barns.Item Open Access Drinking water requirements for lactating dairy cows(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-12-10) Smith, John F., 1962-; Harner, Joseph P.; DeFrain, S.R.; Brouk, Michael J.; mbrouk; jfsmith; jharnerA study to determine the amount and location of water consumption in dairy freestall barns located in northeastern Kansas was conducted during the summer of 2000. Three farms, two Holstein farms with either 2-row or 4-row freestall barns and one Jersey farm with 4-row freestall buildings, were used. Summer water usage averaged 30 to 40 gallons per Holstein cow/day and 20 to 40 gallons/cow/day for Jersey cows depending on age and stage of lactation. The farms with Holstein cows had a water usage ratio of 4 to 4.5 lb of water per lb of milk produced and Jersey cows required 3.1 lb of water per lb of milk production. However, at the Holstein dairies, only about 85% of this water was consumed and the other 15% was utilized to refill the tanks after tipping twice daily to clean cross-overs and water troughs. In addition, 35 to 45% of the water consumed is from a water station in the center crossover of each pen. Cattle also drank the least amount of water from the trough located in the crossover furthest from the pen entrance. When given access to a water trough on the milking parlor exit, cattle consumed 10% (3.5 gallons/cow/day) of the daily water intake at this location. Water usage for drinking increased as milk production increased. Adequate water system capacity and water rights are needed to make allowances for future increases in milk production. Water consumption was greater at the center alleys. Therefore, engineers should consider additional space and/or water troughs at these watering stations.Item Open Access Bacterial degardation of milk components is affected by storage temperature and time(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-12-10) Zimmerman, S.; Jeon, I.J.; McVay, L.; Ferdinand, E.; Sukup, D.; Shirley, John E.; Schmidt, Karen A.; jshirley; kschmidtRaw milk is an excellent medium for bacterial growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the number of microbes and component degradation in raw milk. Milk fat content did not affect bacteria counts. As storage temperature or time increased, greater numbers of bacteria were present. In this study, milk protein was degraded preferentially over lactose or milk fat. As the milk storage temperature increased from 39 to 45°F, protein degradation became more pronounced. Milk fat remained relatively stable, though some degradation products were observed, especially after 4 days of storage at 39°F. Both milk fat and protein degradation can produce small, volatile compounds that negatively affect the flavor and odor of milk. Thus, to maintain high quality fluid milk in the market, milk must be available to the consumer soon after its processing.Item Open Access Evaluation of heat stress in 4- and 6-row freestall buildings located in northwest Iowa(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-12-10) Smith, John F., 1962-; Harner, Joseph P.; Brouk, Michael J.; jfsmith; mbrouk; jharnerA trial was conducted in the summer of 2000 to evaluate the effect of 4- and 6-row freestall barns located in northwest Iowa on barn temperature, barn humidity, and respiration rates of lactating Holstein cows. Temperature, temperature-humidity index (THI), and respiration rates were greater in 6-row than 4-row freestall barns. Respiration rates were greater in 6-row versus 4-row buildings. The magnitude of difference in the temperature and THI variables may not explain the differences detected in respiration rates. It is possible that a relationship between animal density and social interaction could increase respiration rates when animal density is increased. It may also be possible that the level of mechanical ventilation required to keep cows comfortable in 6- row barns may be greater.Item Open Access Management of natural service bulls on large dairies(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-12-10) Chenoweth, P.J.; Smith, John F., 1962-; jfsmithNatural service (NS) bulls are widely used on large dairy farms despite the wellproven genetic progress achievable through AI. Producers may choose to use NS bulls for a variety of reasons that are discussed below. In this presentation, problems encountered with the use of NS bulls on a large dairy in Kansas are described in relation to reduced reproductive performance on that dairy. Lameness in bulls was considered to be a major contributing factor to reduced herd reproductive performance, with seminal vesiculitis also possibly playing a role. Possible contributing factors for the occurrence of these problems in the bull population are discussed. A number of recommendations are made for optimal selection, use, and management of NS bulls. These include the following. Natural service bulls should preferably be younger bulls (< 2.5 years of age) and tractable. Facilities should be adequate for the safe handling of bulls and people. Attention should be paid to minimizing heat stress during the summer. An environment should be created where reproductive behavior can be fully expressed. Appropriate considerations include: sufficient space for courtship and breeding; minimizing distractions, such as people and noise; and the provision of suitable flooring for breeding (i.e., provision of secure footing). Natural service bulls should pass a breeding soundness evaluation prior to purchase and/or first use and this should be repeated at least annually. Bulls should undergo the same herd health procedures as the cow herd (except for brucella, trichomoniasis and MLV IBR vaccination). Particular attention should be paid to the prevention of venereal disease (vibriosis and trichomoniasis) transmission. Monitoring and record keeping for cows exposed to bulls should be similar to that for cows in AI groups and include regular pregnancy checks.Item Open Access Presynchronization of estrous cycles in dairy cows before ovsynch + CIDR and resynchronization of repeat estrus using the CIDR(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-12-10) El-Zarkouny, S.Z.; Cartmill, J.A.; Richardson, A.M.; Medina-Britos, M.A.; Hensley, B.A.; Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; jssPostpartum anestrus is one of the major limitations to achieving acceptable pregnancy rates. The Ovsynch protocol is an excellent tool to improve reproductive efficiency of dairy cows because it can induce estrous cycles in anestrous cows. In the first experiment, administering two PGF2" injections to lactating dairy cows 14 days apart with the second injection given 12 days before the Ovsynch protocol increased (P<0.05) pregnancy rate by 10 percentage points in cycling and noncycling cows. Inserting a progesterone-releasing insert (CIDR) for 7 days during the Ovsynch protocol did not further increase pregnancy rates. In a second experiment, a resynchronization treatment consisting of a used CIDR inserted for 7 days from days 13 to 20 after insemination increased (P<0.05) embryo survival from day 30 to 58 by 11 percentage points but failed to increase overall rate of return to estrus and conception rate at the second AI (first eligible estrus after first AI).Item Open Access Fertility after synchronization of estrus in dairy heifers using GnRH, PGF2a, and Progesterone (CIDR)(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-12-10) Richardson, A.M.; Hensley, B.A.; Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; jssOur objective was to determine fertility of heifers after synchronization of estrus using PGF2", preceded by progesterone, GnRH, or both. Dairy heifers (n = 246) were assigned randomly to three treatments: 1) 50 :g of GnRH given 6 d before 25 mg of PGF2 (d –1) plus a used intravaginal progesteronereleasing insert (CIDR-B; d –7 to 0; CIDR+GnRH); 2) same as CIDR+GnRH without the GnRH (CIDR); and 3) same as CIDR+GnRH without the used CIDR (GnRH). All heifers were fitted with Heat- Watch® patches and characteristics of estrus examined before AI included duration of estrus, number of standing events, and total duration of standing events. In addition, all heifers were observed visually twice daily for estrus. Rates of conception and pregnancy differed among treatments. All of the estrus-synchronization treatments produced acceptable estrus detection and pregnancy rates but the CIDR+PGF2" treatment was most effective for improving conception and pregnancy rates.Item Open Access Impact of milk production and important management factors on the process of dry-off in lactating dairy cows(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-12-10) Dingwell, R.T.; Leslie, K.E.; Sargeant, J.M.; Schukken, Y.H.; Timms, L.L.A study of 250 cows located in Canada and the United States revealed the rate of new mammary infections was 9.9% during the dry period. Average milk production on the day prior to dry-off was 13.2 ± 7.2 kg. The odds of a cow developing a new infection was three times greater if the cow was producing more than 5 kg of milk. After 6 weeks of the dry period, 25% of the teats still remained open. This research will serve as the foundation to investigate and implement management strategies prior to dry-off that might improve the overall udder health of dairy cows.Item Open Access Extralabel mastitis theraphy: what does it mean?(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-12-10) Roberson, J.R.Extra-label drug use (ELDU) is needed to provide optimal therapy for ill dairy cattle. Proper ELDU requires cooperation and compliance between the veterinarian and producer to ensure that proper drug withdrawal times are observed.Item Open Access Impact of dairy manure addition on soil nutrients in northeast and south central Kansas(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-12-10) Strahm, T.; Harner, Joseph P.; Murphy, James P.; McCormack, G.; Smith, John F., 1962-; Key, David V.; jharner; jmurphy; dkey; jfsmithSixty four percent of the fields (14 of 22) in northeast and south central Kansas would be able to apply dairy manure on a nitrogen basis if the current swine manure application regulations were adopted. Due to high phosphorus levels in some fields, two of the 11 fields in northeast Kansas could not have any manure applied to them. Two other fields in northeast and four fields in south central Kansas would have to limit manure application rates to annual phosphorus required by the crops. Our results indicate minimal accumulation of nitrogen and potassium in the soil profile.Item Open Access Effect of headlocks on milk production and feed intake of dairy cattle(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-12-10) Smith, John F., 1962-; Harner, Joseph P.; DeFrain, S.E.; Brouk, Michael J.; mbrouk; jfsmith; jharnerCows previously trained with headlocks did not increase milk production or feed intake when headlocks were removed. Twoyear- old and older cows did not differ in response to headlocks and neckrails. Prudent use of headlocks increases labor efficiency of a commercial dairy. Managing a dairy without headlocks is a challenge because cows must be sorted and worked off the milking parlor flow. In the case of large milking parlors, it may be necessary to process 50-200 cows per hour. Depending upon the treatment facilities, this number of cows may create a bottleneck in the dairy. For many routine procedures, headlocks offer the simplest and most cost-effective alternative. It is important to note that headlocks can be mismanaged. This is especially true during summer months. Locking up cows for extended periods without access to water or shade may have adverse effects during summer heat stress. It is important to minimize lock-up time. Consideration should also be given to training heifers to headlocks prior to calving. It is very likely that untrained heifers may be reluctant to be placed in headlocks. If this occurs, intake could be limited during their first exposure to headlocks. If heifers are not trained to headlocks prior to calving, one should determine if they should be locked-up each day during the first week of lactation. Headlocks can be successfully used on a dairy. The critical question is how will they be managed. Successful managers of headlocks minimize restraint time, push-up or feed pens often (6- 8 times per day), and avoid use of headlocks during late morning and afternoon hours during the summer months.Item Open Access Influence of freestall building orientation on comfort of lactating dairy cattle during summer heat stress(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-12-10) Smith, John F., 1962-; Harner, Joseph P.; Brouk, Michael J.; jfsmith; mbrouk; jharnerA trial was conducted during the summer of 2000 to evaluate the effect of freestall building orientation—east-west vs. northsouth— on respiration rates of lactating dairy cows, temperature-humidity index (THI) in the barns, barn temperature, and barn humidity. Differences between ambient and barn temperature and THI were higher in east-west vs. north-south orientated barns. Respiration rates were higher in north-south than in east-west orientated structures. The magnitude of differences between barn and ambient temperatures and THI did not fully explain differences in respiration rates between north-south and east-west orientated barns. Other factors such as solar radiation, airflow, and animal stress may have contributed to the differences in respiration rates.
