Swine Day, 1986

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Open Access
Effect of sarcoptic mange treatment on growth performance of pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-22T21:55:11Z) Wooten-Saadi, E.; Broce, A.B.; Nelssen, Jim L.; jnelssen
Growth performance of 135 sarcoptic mange mite-infested pigs (8 pens of 15-20 pigs each) was evaluated for an 8-week period during June-August, 1985. Pigs in 6 pens were treated with the acaricide TAKTIC EC, whereas two pens were maintained as nontreated controls. Results indicated that although treatment for sarcoptic mange was effective, it did not improve average daily gains in TAKTIC EC-treated pigs.
Open Access
Effects of farm origin and respiratory disease on pig performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-22T21:55:02Z) Turlington, W.H.; Maxson, P.F.; Allee, G.L.; Potter, S.; Nelssen, Jim L.; jnelssen
Slaughter checks were conducted on 392 pigs from 9 producers to evaluate factors affecting pig performance, based on the age of the pig and its health status. Among herds, weight per day of age ranged from 1.07 to 1.32 lb/day, whereas days to 230 lb varied from 172 to 214 days. Based on statistical analysis, differences among farms accounted for 40% of the total variation in pig performance, whereas respiratory disease accounted for 20%. From our data, it was concluded that management is the major factor controlling pig performance, yet the health status of the animal is also a contributing factor.
Open Access
Live animal ultrasonic evaluation of backfat thickness and loin-eye
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-22T21:54:50Z) Turlington, L.M.; Corah, L.R.; Allen, Dell M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; jnelssen
Determination of backfat thickness and loin-eye area in swine is essential for continued genetic progress, and ultimately, pork product acceptance. Leaner, faster growing boars and gilts must be provided by seedstock suppliers to the commercial swine producer. Research information has consistently shown that lean, fast growing boars are more feed efficient. Since feed represents 60% to 75% of the total cost of production, any genetic improvement in feed efficiency would have a rapid payback to the commercial producer. Obviously, swine producers that utilize "lean value" marketing programs must have backfat and loin-eye area data on replacement boars, in order to take advantage of marketing opportunities.
Open Access
Growth, carcass and boar-odor traits in male pigs fed altrenogest
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-22T21:54:39Z) Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; Kluber, E.F. III; Minton, J. Ernest; Davis, Duane L.; Hunt, Melvin C.; Pollmann, D.S.; Nelssen, Jim L.; orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-169X; jss; eminton; davis; hhunt; jnelssen
Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of a synthetic progestogen (altrenogest) on growth and carcass characteristics of boars. Altrenogest inhibited both the growth of the testes and the pubertal rise in testosterone that is associated with maleness. Growth rate, feed intake, and feed/gain were unaffected by feeding altrenogest in both experiments; however, in Exp. 2. growth rate and feed intake during the 4-wk withdrawal of altrenogest were less than those in the control boar or barrow groups. These changes appeared to be related to marked mounting activity of boars beginning 5 days after withdrawal of altrenogest from the feed. Feeding altrenogest to growing boars had no negative effects on carcass qualitative traits, but intensity of boar odor in fat was not diminished in treated boars. It is possible that altrenogest would have to be fed until about 1 wk before slaughter or later to allow marketing of boars without significant boar odor.
Open Access
The effects of barley particle size on finishing-pig performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-22T21:54:02Z) Goodband, Robert D.; Hines, Robert H.; goodband
Two trials utilizing 280 finishing pigs were conducted to evaluate the effects of barley particle size on finishing-pig performance. In Experiment 1, pigs fed barley ground through a hammermill with a 1/8-in screen were not different in average daily gain (ADG) or feed efficiency (F/G) from pigs fed a milo-based diet ground through a 3/16-in screen. Pigs fed either 3/16 or 1/4-in ground barley grew slower and were less efficient (P<.02) than those fed either the milo or finely ground barley diet. Experiment 2 was conducted in a similar manner, with the exception that mill run barley was used instead of a specific variety. In Experiment 2, ADG and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were not different between dietary treatments. This response resulted in a trial x treatment interaction for these criteria. Results for feed efficiency were similar to those in Experiment 1; pigs fed 3/16 or 1/4-in ground barley diets were less efficient (P<.02) than those fed l/8-in ground barley or 3/16-in ground milo. These results suggest that the variety of barley is an important criteria in determining feeding value for finishing-pigs, and that reducing particle size of the diet by fine grinding improves feed efficiency.
Open Access
Lean value marketing programs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-22T21:53:51Z) Maxson, P.F.
Recent promotion of the National Pork Producers Lean Guide to Pork Value has focused attention on providing pork producers with an economic incentive to raise lean, meaty hogs. The packing industry version of this value-based idea is generally termed a grade and yield program. While each individual packing plant may have its own grade and yield program, several factors need to be considered when marketing hogs grade and yield, regardless of the packing plant. The preferred weight range for a packing plants grade and yield program must be known. Packing plants available to Kansas usually range from 210-240 lb or from 220-250 lb. If your hogs fall below or above the preferred weight range, price discounts will begin. Generally, the farther a pig is outside the preferred weight range, the greater the discount.
Open Access
Effect of a select menhaden fish meal in starter diets for pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-22T21:53:41Z) Stoner, G.R.; Allee, G.L.; Johnston, M.E.; Nelssen, Jim L.; jnelssen
A growth study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a select menhaden fish meal (SMFM) as a protein source in starter diets for pigs. A total of 150, 3-week old weaned pigs were utilized. Diets were formulated by replacing soy protein with protein from SMFM. The replacement of soy protein with SMFM elicited a quadratic response in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) by the end of week 5. Inclusion of SMFM at 8% yielded the maximum observed ADG, whereas ADFI was maximized with the 12% SMFM diet. Addition of SMFM did not affect feed conversion. These results suggest that SMFM may have potential as a protein source in starter diets for the early weaned pig.
Open Access
Supplementing day-old pigs with bovine colostrum or milk replacer
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-22T21:53:31Z) Bandyk, C.; Hines, Robert H.
Seventy-five litters of newborn pigs from gilts were given either 20 cc of bovine colostrum or 20 cc of milk replacer through a stomach tube, and their weaning weight, scouring, and survival were compared with those of newborn pigs that were not treated. Results were broken down by birth weight groups: small-less than 2.3 lb.; medium-2.3 to 2.9 lbs.; large-3.0 lbs. and over. No significant differences in weaning weights were observed from treatment. Nontreated pigs tended to scour more than pigs treated with bovine colostrum but this difference was not statistically significant, partly because of the variation in the incidence of scouring in the farrowing groups. Overall, the most severe scouring occurred from days 9 to 14 after birth. Survival rates increased within each treatment with increasing birth weight. Survival rate by treatment was 91.05% for colostrum-treated, 89.11% for milk replacer treated and 88.32% for nontreated pigs; thus, the colostrum-treated pigs had 2.8% lower death loss than control pigs. This improvement in survival rate was similar for each weight group.
Open Access
Adding fat to sow lactation diets: effect on sow and litter performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-22T21:53:13Z) Keesecker, D.; Wolf, B.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; mtokach; jnelssen
An on-farm experiment was conducted utilizing 189 sows to evaluate the effect of adding 396 soybean oil to the lactational diet on subsequent pig performance and sow weight loss. Feeding sows a diet containing 3% soybean oil during lactation did not significantly decrease sow weight loss or improve litter performance. However, the oil addition tended to increase individual pig weaning weight (.5 Ib), litter weaning weight (3 lb), and sow feed intake (.5 lb/day) compared to feeding a 14% crude protein milo-soybean meal diet. Also, sow lactational weight loss was slightly reduced wit h the diet containing oil. Calculated metabolizable energy intake was increased (P<.01) for sows fed the diet with soybean oil compared to sows fed the control diet. We postulate that the increased calorie intake from adding soybean oil to sow lactation diets during the summer months may increase litter weaning weight.
Open Access
Endocrine changes in sows in response to altered suckling and boar exposure
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-22T21:53:00Z) Newton, E.A.; Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; Minton, J. Ernest; Davis, Duane L.; orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-169X; jss; eminton; davis
Eighteen sows were treated as follows: 1) 10 multiparous and four primiparous sows were separated from their litters for 6 hr/day and exposed to a mature boar for 1 hr/day during the last 8 days of lactation, and 2) four sows (two multiparous and two primiparous) served as untreated controls during lactation. Blood was collected from sows during treatment and after weaning, and various hormones were measured. Altered suckling induced higher concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) that caused multiparous sows to show estrus (10/10) during lactation. Younger treated sows had similar increases in LH, but had higher follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and no increase in estradiol during treatment as observed in older sows, suggesting a lack of available follicles to be stimulated by the changing LH secretion. Treated sows also had increased cortisol on the first day and increased progesterone on the second day of treatment compared with controls. No differences were observed for concentrations of insulin and thyroxine between treatment groups. Similar hormonal changes occurred in control sows after weaning as in treated sows that showed estrus during lactation. Altered suckling and weaning appear to stimulate similar changes in hormonal secretion before estrus.
Open Access
The effects of additional niacin during gestation and lactation on sow and litter performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-22T21:52:49Z) Thaler, R.C.; Turlington, L.M.; Allee, G.L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; goodband; jnelssen
Sixty first-litter sows were utilized to evaluate the effects of additional niacin on sow and litter performance through two parities. The control diet provided sows with 50 mg niacin daily during gestation and 100 mg niacin daily during lactation. Dietary treatments were formulated to provide sows with either 5 or 10 times the level of supplemental niacin in the control diet. Litter size was equalized within dietary treatment by 24 hr after farrowing. During the first parity, sows fed additional niacin tended to have fewer total pigs born and pigs born alive (linear effect of niacin P<.10). In addition, sows fed additional niacin had fewer pigs equalized/litter (linear P(.05 and quadratic P<.06 effect of niacin), but tended to wean more pigs/litter and had a 6% greater pig survival rate than those fed the control diet. Average pig birth wt increased linearly (P<.05) as level of added niacin increased. Also, average pig wt and Litter wt at weaning were numerically higher for sows fed additional niacin during lactation. Sows fed the 250/500 mg/d niacin gestation-lactation sequence had more backfat on d 108 of gestation (quadratic effect of niacin, P<.05), but also lost more backfat during lactation (quadratic effect of niacin, P<.05).
Open Access
Flushing affects secretion of the hormones controlling reproduction
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-22T21:52:37Z) Rhodes, M.T.; Minton, J. Ernest; Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; Davis, Duane L.; orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-169X; eminton; jss; davis
Nineteen gilts were assigned to receive either 0 or 15 mg altrenogest/day for 14 consecutive days. On the day corresponding to the last altrenogest treatment, gilts not fed altrenogest were injected twice (morning and evening) with prostaglandin F2 a to ensure regression of their corpora lutea. From the ninth day of altrenogest treatment until estrus, one-half of each altrenogest group was offered an additional 3.4 lb of ground sorghum grain (flush). Serial blood samples were collected for a 4-h period each day from day 1 through day 4 (last altrenogest or prostaglandin F a treatment was day 0) and analyzed for estradiol-1713 progesterone follicle-stimulating hormone (F SH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Flushing resulted in an increased ovulation rate (16.3 vs 13 corpora lutea) and a shortened interval to estrus (5 vs 5.9 days). Altrenogest treatment resulted in an increased interval to estrus (5.8 vs 5.1 days). The data were analyzed relative to estrus using days -5, -4, -3 and -2 before first standing estrus (day 0). Altrenogest increased estradiol by 1.5 pg/ml and decreased progesterone by .9 ng/ml, whereas flushing increased (P<.05) progesterone by .6 ng/ml and concentration of FSH by 1.6 ng/ml. These data point to changes in FSH and(or) P as likely hormonal causes for increased ovulation rates in flushed gilts.
Open Access
Best weight to market hogs?
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-22T21:50:03Z) Hines, Robert H.
One of the important, recurring decisions that each hog producer must make is the weight at which to sell hogs. The decision to sell hogs may be influenced by cost and availability of feed, anticipated market hog price changes, weather conditions, overcrowding or need for facilities, or the need for cash for unpaid bills. All of these factors play an intricate role in the decision to market; however, the choice of when to sell may also influence production costs, price received, and carcass quality.
Open Access
Effect of dietary addition of dried whey and/or copper sulfate on starter pig performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-22T21:49:21Z) Thaler, R.C.; Johnston, M.E.; Allee, G.L.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; jnelssen; goodband
Two 35-day trials involving 504 pigs were conducted to determine the efficacy of dietary supplementation of copper sulfate (CuS04) and/or dried whey to corn-soybean meal starter pig diets (1.25% lysine). Pigs were weaned at 21+3 days and ranged in average initial weight from 8.1 to 19.2 lbs. In trial 1, CuSO4 addition of either 0 or 250 ppm were made to diets containing 0, 10, and 20% extra-grade dried whey. At both 2 and 5 weeks, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (F/G) improved linearly (P<.05) with increasing whey levels. Also, CuSO4 additions of 250 ppm increased ADG and ADFI (P<.05) at 2 and 5 weeks. The six dietary treatments in trial 2 consisted of a negative control (no CuSO4 or dried whey), and five other diets containing 250 ppm CuS04: with graded levels of dried whey (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%). Dried whey additions linearly increased ADG and ADFI at both 2 and 5 weeks (P<.05), whereas F/G at 2 and 5 weeks was optimized at the 5% dried whey level. Copper sulfate supplementation improved ADG and F/G at 5 weeks (P<.05). These results suggest that CuS04 additions are beneficial for starter pig performance, and the 5% dried whey addition gave starter pig performance equal to that with 20% dried whey addition, when CuSO4 was present in both diets.
Open Access
Evaluation of soybean oil additions in starter pig diets
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-22T21:49:00Z) Thaler, R.C.; Johnston, M.E.; Allee, G.L.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; jnelssen; goodband
Two trials involving 420 weanling pigs (21+3 d) were conducted to determine the effects of additions of soybean oil (SO) on starter pig performance. Soybean oil additions of either 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5% were made to the 1.25% lysine corn-soybean meal-dried whey basaI diet. In each trial, there were 7 pigs/pen and 5 replications. Data from the two trials were pooled except for feed efficiency (F/G) at 2-weeks, where a trial x treatment interaction existed. Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were not affected by SO additions at 2 weeks but gains were numerically higher when 3% SO was added to starter diets. Feed efficiency in Trial 1 improved linearly (P<.001), whereas a cubic response (P<.05) in F/G with added levels of SO was observed in Trial 2. At 35 days, SO additions caused a linear improvement in ADG (P<.01), ADFI (P<.05) and F/G (P<.0001), with the highest numerical response in gain and feed intake at the 3% SO level. Metabolizable energy (ME) intake was not affected by dietary treatment, but was optimized at the 3% SO inclusion level. Based on these data, it appears that 21-d old pigs can utilize fat, and soy oil additions of between 3 and 5% are beneficial to starter pig performance.
Open Access
The effects of particle size and dried whey level in barley diets for starter-pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-22T21:48:51Z) Goodband, Robert D.; Hines, Robert H.; goodband
Three hundred and thirty-six weanling pigs were utilized in two, 3 X 2 factorial design experiments to determine the effects of whey level (0, 10 or 20%) and particle size (1/8 or 3/16-in screen size) in barley diets on starter-pig performance. Grinding barley through a 1/8-in screen decreased the mean particle size of the diet compared to diets made up of barley ground through a 3/16-in screen. Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) increased linearly (P<.01) as whey level increased. Pigs fed diets containing 1/8-in ground barley were more efficient (P<.02) than those fed diets containing 3/16-in ground barley. However, pigs fed a 20% dried whey-milo-soybean meal control diet grew faster (P<.05) than those fed any of the barley starter diets. In these experiments, the relative feeding value of 20% dried whey-barley starter diet was 94-97% that of the 20'% dried whey-milo diet. Also, these results indicate that increasing levels of dried whey improves ADG and ADFI of pigs fed barley-based starter diets, and decreasing particle size of the diet improves feed efficiency.
Open Access
High nutrient-density diets for weanling pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-22T21:48:29Z) Nelssen, Jim L.; jnelssen
The increased occurrence of early weaning (4 weeks of age or less) of pigs has resulted in increased problems with a postweaning "lag" in many commercial swine units. The nursery is the weak link of most commercial swine operations. Attention to management factors that affect environment, health, and nutrition is the key to production success with early weaning. During the last decade, major research efforts have been expended by several universities to find nutritional programs to support satisfactory postweaning performance with early-weaned pigs. Ironically, many of the pigs used in these university trials were 4 weeks of age and weighed in excess of 15 lb at weaning. Weaning at 3 weeks of age results in many lightweight pigs (<10 lb) that require increased nutrient density and diet palatability to maintain growth on a dry diet. If these pigs won't consume the diet, or fully utilize the nutrients in the diet, a "lag" in performance or even death can occur. Economic justification of feeding complex diets to 3-week-old weanling pigs must be considered by the individual swine producer. Prior to weaning, the sow provides the pig with about 16, equally spaced, highly digestible meals in a liquid form. This liquid diet contains approximately 30% protein, 35% fat, and 25% lactose on a dry matter basis. After weaning, pigs are normally fed a low fat, low lactose, high carbohydrate diet composed of cereal grain and soybean meal in a dry form. It is not surprising that a 10 lb pig does not immediately establish a social order I find the feeder, adjust to the drastic change in diet, and immediately start eating and gaining weight the first week after weaning. The objective of this paper is to provide justification for a high nutrient-density diet for early-weaned pigs and to give practical application of such a diet.
Open Access
Testicular development and endocrine function in boars fed altrenogest
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-22T21:48:17Z) Kluber, E.F. III; Minton, J. Ernest; Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; Davis, Duane L.; orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-169X; eminton; jss; davis
Crossbred male pigs were used to evaluate the influence of a synthetic progestogen on reproductive development. Concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone in blood serum were reduced while boars were being fed altrenogest (15 to 21 wk of age). At 25 wk of age (4 wk after withdrawal from altrenogest), weights of the testes and accessory reproductive glands and testicular content of sperm were reduced in boars that had been fed altrenogest. However, testicular weight and content of sperm had returned to control values following 12 wk after withdrawal from altrenogest. In addition, concentration of LH and testosterone in blood serum were similar for control boars and boars previously fed altrenogest. We conclude that suppression of normal reproductive development of growing boars by altrenogest merely delays the onset of sexual maturation but does not permanently affect testicular function.
Open Access
Confinement and type of penning affects the interval to estrus and synchrony of estrus in gilts after altrenogest
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-22T21:48:05Z) Davis, Duane L.; Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; davis; jss
We compared the effects of outside vs inside and individual vs group penning on the interval to estrus after synchronization of estrus with altrenogest. Altrenogest (15 mg/day) was fed for 14 days and penning treatments were initiated after the last altrenogest treatment. All groups were exposed to a boar (2 hr/day) for 3 days, beginning the day after last altrenogest, and then twice daily estrous detection was initiated. Outside penning shortened the interval to estrus after altrenogest. Synchrony of estrus was not affected by treatment but there was a tendency for gilts penned outside to exhibit estrus more synchronously.