Swine Day, 1987

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Open Access
A comparison of raw soybeans and soybean oil as energy sources for finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-19T17:21:43Z) Goodband, Robert D.; Hines, Robert H.; Thaler, R.C.; goodband
Two hundred and seventy pigs averaging 125 lbs were utilized in two growth trials to determine the effects of raw soybeans or soybean oil on finishing pig performance. In each trial, raw soybeans or soybean oil were substituted for milo to provide 2 or 3% added fat. Pigs fed these diets were compared to pigs fed a milo-soybean meal diet (control). In Experiment 1, raw soybeans or soybean oil were added in place of milo in a 15% crude protein, .7% lysine diet. Increasing levels of raw soybeans resulted in greater trypsin inhibitor content compared to the control or soybean oil diets. Pigs fed diets containing soybean oil showed a slight tendency (P(.15) for improved average daily gain (ADG) compared to pigs fed raw soybeans. Pigs fed raw soybeans also had poorer feed efficiency (F/G) compared to those fed soybean oil (P<.0l) and the control diet (P<.05). Plasma urea concentrations measured on day 21 of the trial were lower for pigs fed the soybean oil diets than for pigs fed the control (P<.10) and raw soybean (P>.0l) diets. In Experiment 2, control pigs were fed a low protein, lysine-fortified diet (11.2% crude protein, .60% lysine). Pigs fed the control diet tended to have higher ADG (P<.12) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) than pigs fed diets containing raw soybeans or ,soybean oil. Feed efficiency was not influenced by dietary treatment. Plasma urea concentrations were highest (P<.0l) for pigs fed diets containing raw soybeans. These results indicate that, in a typical finishing diet (l5% crude protein, .7% lysine), the addition of raw soybeans as an energy source reduced pig performance compared to diets containing 2 or 3% soybean oil. Additions of raw soybeans also resulted in poorer F/G for pigs compared to the diet without added fat. However, when low protein diets were fed, fat additions from either soybean oil or raw soybeans resulted in slightly poorer pig performance compared to the control diet.
Open Access
The effects of sprout-damaged milo on finishing pig performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-19T17:21:32Z) Goodband, Robert D.; Turlington, W.H.; Hines, Robert H.; Allee, G.L.; goodband
One hundred and sixty-five, crossbred, growing-finishing pigs were utilized in two growth trials to determine the effects of sprout-damaged milo on pig performance. Sprout-damaged milo was officially graded as having 39% sprout damage and 10% broken kernels. In addition, the grain was badly weathered and discolored. In Trial 1, sprout-damaged milo was substituted for normal milo at levels of 0, 50, and 100% of the grain portion in the diet. Increasing levels of sprout-damaged milo had no effect (P>.20) on average daily gain (ADG) or average daily feed intake (ADFI) of growing pigs (91 to 145 lbs). However, pigs fed the 50 and 100% sprout-damaged milo had numerically poorer feed efficiency (8 and 11%, P>.20) than those fed the normal milo diet. In Trial 2, sprout-damaged milo replaced 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% of the normal milo in the diet. Increasing levels of sprout-damaged milo had no effect on ADG, ADFI, or feed efficiency (F/G; P>.30) of growing-finishing pigs. These results indicate that milo with up to 40% sprout damage may be utilized in growing-finishing pig diets without adversely affecting pig performance.
Open Access
The value of drip versus spray cooling at two flow rates to reduce heat stress of finishing swine
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-19T17:21:20Z) Nichols, David A.; Thaler, R.C.; Murphy, James P.; Hines, Robert H.; Nelssen, Jim L.; dnichols; jmurphy; jnelssen
One hundred fifty pigs were used to evaluate the effectiveness of either spray cooling or drip sprinkling to reduce heat stress in finishing swine. In addition, water flow rates of .2 gal/pig/hr and .4 gal/pig/hr were compared. All wetting treatments significantly (P<.01) improved average daily gain and feed intake (P<.05) compared with non-wetted control. No differences were observed in feed to gain ratio among treatments. Drip sprinkling at the higher flow rate resulted in performance equal to that with intermittent spray cooling at both flow rates.
Open Access
Effect of select menhaden fish meal and dried whey in starter diets for pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-19T17:21:09Z) Stoner, G.R.; Allee, G.L.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Johnston, M.E.; jnelssen
A growth trial was conducted to examine the effects of select menhaden fish meal (SMFM) and dried whey (DW) in starter diets for pigs. A total of 240, 3-wk-old, weaned pigs averaging 12.1 lb were utilized. Pigs did not receive creep feed and were introduced to the experimental diets immediately upon weaning. The trial was conducted for 4 wk. A factorial design with 3 levels of SMFM (0, 4, and 8%) and 2 levels of OW (10 and 20%) was employed. Analysis of the data indicated no SMFM x DW interaction by the end of wk 4. Inclusion of SMFM resulted in a linear response (P<.0l), improving average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (F/G) by the end of wk 4. Although SMFM increased average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P<.10) by the end of wk 2, this effect had dissipated by the end of wk 4. Dried whey had an effect (P<.01) on ADG and ADFI, but no effect on F/G by the end of wk 4. These results show that SMFM and DW work well together in starter diets for the early-weaned pig.
Open Access
Apramycin for the early-weaned pig
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-19T17:20:57Z) Nelssen, Jim L.; Allee, G.L.; Thaler, R.C.; Turlington, W.H.; jnelssen
A total of 108 21-day-old pigs, weighing less than 10 lb, were utilized in two, 28-day trials to compare the effects of feeding high nutrient-density diets with either added apramycin, neomycin, or carbadox on pig performance. In Tria1, pigs fed the diet containing Apralan® gained slightly faster and were more efficient (P<.05) than pigs fed neomycin during the first 14 days postweaning. There were no differences in pig performance in Trials I or II for the entire 28-day period. Two additional 28-day on-farm studies using a total of 427, 21-day old pigs were conducted, feeding a high nutrient-density diet medicated with either apramycin or neomycin plus terramycin. In both on-farm trials, pigs fed apramycin gained faster (P<.05) than pigs fed neomycin plus terramycin for the initial 14 days post weaning. In the second on-farm trial, feed intake was higher (P<.09) during the first 14 days for pigs fed apramycin. Additionally, pigs fed diets medicated with apramycin were slightly heavier (1. 7 and 1.5 additional pounds for the first and second on-farm trials, respectively) at 28 days post weaning compared to pigs fed neomycin plus terramycin. These results indicate that apramycin will improve the performance of early-weaned pigs fed high nutrient-density diets compared to other feed medications.
Open Access
Effect of protein and/or carbohydrate fractions of dried whey on performance and nutrient digestibility of weanling pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-19T17:20:47Z) Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Allee, G.L.; mtokach; jnelssen
One hundred and eighty 3-wk old pigs (initial weight 10.6 lb) were utilized in a 35-day growth trial to determine the effects of the carbohydrate and/or protein fractions of dried whey on pig performance. In addition, 30 3-wk-old pigs (initial weight 10.8 lb) were used in two digestion trials to study the effects of the whey fractions on nutrient digestibility. Dietary treatments included a corn-soybean meal control (CON), control + 20% dried whey (WHE), control + 14% lactose (CHO), control + 2.1% lactalbumin (PRO), control + 14% lactose + 2.1% lactalbumin (CHO + PHD), and control + 8.4% whey protein concentrate (WPC). Diets were pelleted and balanced on an isolysine basis. Lactose and lactalbumin were added at the same levels as provided by a 20% dried whey diet. Pigs fed diets containing milk products exhibited superior average daily gain; feed efficiency; and apparent dry matter, energy, and nitrogen digestibility (P(.05) compared to pigs fed the control diet. These results indicate that both the carbohydrate (lactose) and protein (lactalbumin) fractions of dried whey are important in explaining the beneficial response to dried whey elicited by the weanling pig.
Open Access
Effects of milk products (casein and lactose) on nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs fed a high fat dry diet
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-19T17:20:36Z) Turlington, W.H.; Allee, G.L.; Nelssen, Jim L.; jnelssen
Two trials using a total of 48 pigs were conducted to compare protein (soybean meal and casein) and carbohydrate (dextrose and lactose) sources. In trial 1, digestion studies were conducted to determine apparent digestible energy content of the four treatments and apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients. In trial 2, pigs were sacrificed to determine ileal and total tract (apparent) nutrient digestibility coefficients. Results suggest that milk products are important to improving energy and nutrient digestibility in the young pig. The younger the pig or the sooner after weaning, the greater the benefit from their addition. The data also suggest that milk protein is of greater value in improving nutrient utilization than milk carbohydrate.
Open Access
Effect of fat source on performance of weaned pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-19T17:20:26Z) Turlington, W.H.; Allee, G.L.; Nelssen, Jim L.; jnelssen
A 5-week trial was conducted to compare various fat sources for the weaned pig. A total of 150 pigs were weaned at 19 days of age and allotted, by weight, to five dietary treatments. Treatments consisted of a control with no added fat and four fat sources (choice white grease, coconut oil, soybean oil and tallow). During the first 2 weeks, 10% fat was added, and 5% fat was added during the last 3 weeks. Average daily gain and feed/gain of weaned pigs were improved with the addition of dietary fat. During the first 2 weeks, pigs fed soybean oil had superior performance to other pigs fed additional fat. During the last 3 weeks and over the entire 5 week study pigs fed choice, white grease and soybean oil had a faster rate of gain and were more feed efficient than pigs fed the other fat sources. Among the four fat sources, tallow appeared to be least effective at improving pig performance.
Open Access
Effects of flushing, altrenogest, and pubertal status on litter traits in gilts
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-19T17:20:13Z) Rhodes, M.T.; Davis, Duane L.; Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; davis; jss
We tested the effects of flushing (3.4 lb extra ground sorghum grain for at least 10 days before estrus) and estrous synchronization with altrenogest on litter traits in gilts. Altrenogest had no effect on litter size or weight, but flushing increased both traits. The response to flushing occurred entirely among gilts artificially inseminated at the pubertal estrus. Pubertal gilts represented approximately 40% of the gilts in our experiment, and their improvement in litter size was almost two pigs. When all gilts were considered, flushing improved litter size by .9 pigs.
Open Access
Increasing litter size in swine herds
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-19T17:20:03Z) Davis, Duane L.; Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; Minton, J. Ernest; orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-169X; davis; jss; eminton
Management and biological factors combine to limit litter size in swine herds. With present technology, improving litter size depends upon increasing the number born in the first litter and prolonging sow longevity. Methods for improving size of the first litter rely on increasing the number of eggs ovulated and include flushing (increased feed for at least 10 days before breeding), selecting breeds with high ovulation rates, and delaying breeding until after the pubertal or first estrus. The first two methods are the most cost effective under farm conditions. Because litter size peaks at the fourth or fifth litter, it is also important to increase the proportion of multiparous sows in the herd. This can be accomplished by not culling sows as long as they are productive.
Open Access
Characteristics of preblended pork during cooler storage
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-19T17:19:52Z) Kastner, Curtis L.; Choi, Y.I.; Kropf, Donald H.; ckastner; dkropf
Five pork carcasses were used to determine the effects of hot boning and various combinations of salt (0, 1.5, or 3.0%) and a phosphate mixture (0 or 0.5%) on bacteria, TBA (measure of fat rancidity), and pH values of preblended pork (preblends). In both HB (hot boned within 2 hr postmortem) and CB (conventionally boned at 24 hr postmortem) preblends, salt increased (P<.05) TBA values (indicates increased rancidity) and decreased (P<.05) growth of psychrotrophic bacteria, whereas phosphate increased (P<.05) pH and decreased TBA values. Salt levels could be reduced from 3.0 to 1.5% in preblends without storage problems, if phosphate (0.5%) was included. Phosphate (mixture pH 7.2) had little influence on microbial growth of preblends during cooler storage.
Open Access
The effect of season on response of growing-finishing pigs to dietary fat levels
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-19T17:19:42Z) Allee, G.L.; Stoner, G.R.; Johnston, M.E.; Nelssen, Jim L.; jnelssen
This experiment was conducted to examine the influence of season on the response of finishing pigs to practical levels of fat addition. A total of 378 pigs (average initial weight per trial ranging from 83 to 98 pounds) were utilized in four finishing trials conducted during time frames approximating the 4 seasons of the year. Groups of pigs were taken off trial as they reached market weight (230 pounds). There was no season x fat level interaction for any of the criteria measured. Therefore, it is concluded that season has essentially no effect on fat level response. Fat addition influenced average daily gain (ADG), resulting in significant (P<.05) linear and quadratic effects. Average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency (F /G) responded linearly (P<.05) to fat additions to the finishing diet. The ADG and ADFI responses to fat additions were not affected by season. However, F/G was influenced by season. The pigs were more feed efficient during the warmer seasons of the year.
Open Access
The effects of added niacin during lactation on sow and litter performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-19T17:19:30Z) Gooband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; goodband; jnelssen
An on-farm field study utilizing 231 sows was conducted to determine the effects of added niacin during a 21-day lactation on sow and litter performance. At farrowing, sows were assigned to one of two dietary treatments that provided either 200 or 1000 mg niacin/day. All Iitters were equalized within dietary treatment by 24 hours following farrowing. All sows had a similar number of pigs born alive, pigs equalized per litter, and average pig and litter birth weights. Feeding sows a diet providing 1000 mg additional niacin did not significantly affect the number of pigs weaned, pig survival, or average pig and litter weaning weights. Furthermore, added niacin did not affect sow feed intake as measured on a daily basis or for the overall lactation. However, those sows fed 1000 mg additional niacin lost slightly more weight (P<.15) during lactation than those fed the control diet.
Open Access
Using biotechnology to improve growth rate and carcass composition in swine
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-19T17:19:20Z) Nelssen, Jim L.; jnelssen
Biotechnology has developed a number of compounds that partition nutrients away from fat tissue deposition and towards lean (muscle) tissue accretion in swine. Two compounds that have received considerable research attention are porcine somatotropin (growth hormone) and beta agonists. Somatotropin is a naturally occurring protein found in the blood of all mammals. Beta agonists are compounds commonly used in human medicine. Somatotropin and beta agonists can dramatically influence carcass leanness and ultimately pork product quality. Research has shown that porcine somatotropin can increase daily gains up to 19%, improve feed efficiency up to 28%, and reduce backfat thickness up to 33%. Research is underway to determine the effects of such compounds on nutrient requirements and reproduction in swine. Provided economic and safety requirements are met, somatotropin and/or beta agonist could revolutionize the future of the swine industry. These compounds are currently not available to the swine industry, except for research purposes.
Open Access
Characteristics of frankfurters from preblended pork
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-19T17:19:10Z) Kastner, Curtis L.; Choi, Y.I.; Kropf, Donald H.; ckastner; dkropf
Five pork carcasses were used to determine the effects of hot boning and various combinations of salt (0, 1.5, or 3.0%) and a phosphate mixture (0 or 0.5%) on functional, processing, and storage characteristics of preblended pork (preblends). Although hot-boned (HB) preblends had superior functional properties compared to conventionally boned (CB) preblends, HB and CB frankfurters had similar characteristics. More (P(.05) myosin and actin (proteins that cause lean and fat particles to bind together) were extracted from HB than CB preblends. Addition of salt (1.5 or 3.0%) or phosphate (0.5%) generally increased myosin and actin extraction in both HB and CB preblends. Salt levels can be reduced from 3.0 to 1.5% in frankfurters without any processing or storage difficulties, if phosphate is added. Some model system measurements could be used to predict relative processing yield of raw materials.
Open Access
Effect of display lighting on fresh pork longissimus packaged in oxygen-permeable and oxygen-barrier films
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-19T17:18:56Z) Hung, S.; Hunt, Melvin C.; Kropf, Donald H.; dkropf; hhunt
Longissimus samples from seven pork loins were used to determine display color stability when packaged in oxygen-permeable (polyviny lchloride, PVC) film and when vacuum packaged. Color scores were different at all times when evaluation was done under display lighting, with poorest color under Cool White and most desirable color under NAFA or Grolux Wide Spectrum. Since differences were minor or non-existent when evaluation was under a common light, we conclude that a different color rendition caused the differences noted and no photochemical effect occurred.
Open Access
Haemophilus (actinobacillus) pleuropneumoniae infection in germfree piglets
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-19T17:18:44Z) Anderson, N.V.; King, C.A.
Germfree piglets rapidly develop pneumonia after Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae is inoculated into the lung, providing a basis of comparison for future studies of pneumonia in SPF and conventionally reared piglets.
Open Access
Protein requirement of finishing barrows and gilts (110 to 230 lbs).
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-19T17:18:31Z) Hines, Robert H.; Koch, B.A.; Nichols, David A.; Turlington, L.M.; Goodband, Robert D.; dnichols; goodband
Eighty barrows and 80 gilts were fed diets containing four crude protein levels (16, 15, 14, and 13%) from approximately 115 lb to a market weight of 230-235 lb. Barrows and gilts were fed separately to determine their protein requirements during the finishing period. Performance traits (ADG, ADF, and F/G) of barrows and gilts were not significantly affected by increasing the protein content of the diet from 13 to 16%. However, barrows linearly decreased in fat thickness at the 10th rib as crude protein content in the diet was increased. Also, percent muscle increased linearly with increased protein for barrows, but increased protein in diets fed gilts did not result in an improvement in carcass leanness, loin eye, or percent muscle.
Open Access
Effects of grain sorghum hybrid on finishing pig performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-19T17:18:17Z) Goldy, G.; Hines, Robert H.; Goodband, Robert D.; goodband
Two trials were conducted to compare the feeding value of homozygous and heterozygous yellow endosperm grain sorghum and corn for finishing pigs. Homozygous yellow endosperm grain sorghum had no advantage in feeding value over heterozgous yellow endosperm hybrids (P>.05). Finishing hogs fed grain sorghum hybrids did not differ (P>.05) in average daily gain, feed intake, or feed efficiency compared to those fed a corn diet.
Open Access
Estrous expression of sows after altered suckling and boar exposure
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2010-04-19T17:18:05Z) Newton, E.A.; Stevenson, Jeffrey S.; Davis, Duane L.; jss; davis
In two different experiments, we studied the influence of: 1) separating litters from their dams (altered suckling) during the last 8 days of lactation, which included a change in housing and social interaction with other sows; 2) providing boar exposure (1 hr/d); and 3) parity on the ability of sows to come into heat during lactation and after weaning. Our studies indicated that: 1) 6 hr of altered suckling and 1 hr of boar exposure may shorten the interval to heat for sows that express estrus during lactation, but 3 hr of altered suckling and 1 h of boar exposure are sufficient to induce estrus in 65 to 79% of the sows; 2) boar exposure (1 hr /day) of sows is not sufficient to induce estrus during lactation; 3) pre weaning boar exposure (1 hr/day) reduced intervals to heat after weaning; and 4) breed composition and season may alter the responsiveness of sows to treatments that induce estrus during lactation and after weaning.