Swine Day, 2011

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Open Access
Effects of dietary L-Carnitine and DDGS on growth, carcass characteristics, and loin and fat quality of growing-finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-02-16) Ying, W.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; Houser, Terry A.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; jderouch; mtokach; dritz; goodband; houser; jnelssen
A total of 1,104 barrows and gilts (PIC 337 × 1050, initially 80 lb) were used in a 109-d study to evaluate the effects of dietary L-Carnitine and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth, carcass traits, and loin and fat quality. Pigs were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to 1 of 6 treatments with 7 replications per treatment. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of added DDGS (0 or 30% in Phases 1, 2, and 3 and 20% in Phase 4) and L-Carnitine (0, 50, or 100 ppm). Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based and fed in 4 phases. Overall (d 0 to 109), dietary L-Carnitine improved (P < 0.02) ADG, which resulted in greater (P < 0.02) final BW with the response tending to be linear (P < 0.07). For F/G, a DDGS × L-Carnitine interaction (quadratic, P < 0.01) was observed. This was the result of pigs fed 50 ppm L-Carnitine, with no DDGS having better F/G than pigs fed 0 or 100 ppm, but in diets containing DDGS, pigs fed 50 ppm L-Carnitine had worse F/G compared with those fed 0 or 100 ppm. In carcass traits, pigs fed dietary L-Carnitine had greater (P < 0.02) HCW compared with those not fed dietary L-Carnitine. Also, increasing dietary L-Carnitine increased carcass weight (quadratic, P < 0.03), carcass yield (quadratic, P < 0.07), and backfat (quadratic, P < 0.04), with the maximum response observed from pigs fed 50 ppm dietary L-Carnitine. In loin quality, feeding dietary L-Carnitine increased (P < 0.04) purge loss compared with pigs fed no L-Carnitine, with the response being linear (P < 0.03). In jowl fat fatty acid profile, as expected, feeding dietary DDGS increased (P < 0.001) Linoleic acid, total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), the ratio of unsatu- rated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids, and iodine value (IV) compared with feeding no dietary DDGS; however, feeding L-Carnitine did not alter jowl fatty acid composi- tion. Feeding dietary L-Carnitine improved ADG and carcass weight, with the maximal response observed at 50 ppm, but dietary L-Carnitine did not affect loin or fat quality.
Open Access
Effect of sample size and method of sampling pig weights on the accuracy of estimating the mean weight of the population
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-02-16) Paulk, C.B.; Highland, G.L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; jnelssen; dritz; goodband; jderouch
Producers have adopted marketing strategies such as topping to help cut economic losses at the processing plant. Even though producers are implementing these strategies, they are still missing target weights and receiving substantial discounts. To assess this situation, we must first determine the accuracy of sampling methods producers use to estimate the mean weight of the population. The standard sampling procedure that has been adapted by many producers is to weigh a subsample of pigs in multiple pens (i.e., 5 pigs from 6 pens). Using a computer program developed in R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria), we were able to generate 10,000 sample means for different sampling procedures on 3 different datasets. Using this program we evalu- ated taking: (1) a completely random sample of 10 to 200 pigs from the barn, (2) an increasing number of pigs per pen from 1 to 15 or the entire pen, and (3) increasing the number of pens until all pens had been sampled in the 3 separate datasets. This allowed us to provide tables for producers to decide on the sampling method and size necessary to achieve an acceptable estimation of pig weight in the barn. The analysis indicated that the number of pigs can be decreased by increasing the number of pens; however, the confidence interval (range in which 95% of weight estimates would fall) was still as high as 23 lb (242 to 265 lb) when only 30 pigs were sampled. Increasing the number of pens reduced the range between the upper and lower confidence interval, but not enough to make increasing pen sample size a practical means of estimating mean pig weight of the barn. Other methods of analysis must be designed to improve the accuracy of estimating pig mean weight in a facility other than random sampling of pigs within the barn.
Open Access
Effects of adding cracked corn to a pelleted supplement for nursery and finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-02-16) Paulk, C.B.; Fahrenholz, Adam C.; Wilson, J.M.; Cook, D.D.; McKinney, Leland J.; Ebert, J.C.; Ohlde, J.J.; Nietfeld, Jerome C.; Hancock, Joe D.; Behnke, Keith C.; jhancock; lelandm; kbfeed; jcnietfe
Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of supplementing cracked corn into diets of nursery and finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 144 pigs were used in a 28-d trial. Pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050; initially 16.5 lb) were weaned and allotted with 6 pigs per pen (3 barrows and 3 gilts) and 6 pens per treatment. All pigs were fed a common diet for 7 d postweaning and the experimental diets for the next 28 d. Treatments were corn-soybean meal-based in the form of mash, pellets, and pellets with 100% of the corn either ground (618 μm) or cracked (3,444 μm) and blended into the diet after the rest of the formulation (the supplement) had been pelleted. Overall (d 0 to 28), ADG and F/G improved when pigs were fed the mash control compared to the pelleted diets (P < 0.001); however, this response was caused by the poor performance of pigs fed the supplement treatments, with the pigs fed the complete pellets having improved (P < 0.01) ADG and F/G compared with pigs fed the pelleted supplement blended with ground and cracked corn. Finally, pigs fed the supplement blended with cracked corn had numerically lower (P < 0.11) ADG and poorer (P < 0.001) F/G compared to those fed the supplement blended with ground corn. In Exp. 2, 224 nursery pigs (initially 16.3 lb) were used with 7 barrows or 7 gilts per pen and 8 pens per treatment. Treatments were corn-soybean meal-based and fed as mash, pellets, and pellets with 50% of the corn either ground (445 μm) or cracked (2,142 μm) and blended with the pelleted supplement. Pigs fed mash had improved (P < 0.03) ADG and F/G compared with pigs fed the other treatments; however, this resulted from adding ground or cracked corn outside the pellets (complete pellets vs. pelleted supplement with corn, P < 0.01). In Exp. 3, 252 finishing pigs (initially 88.2 lb) were used with 7 pigs per pen and 9 pens per treatment. The treatments were the same as Exp. 2. Pigs fed mash had lower (P < 0.004) ADG compared with pigs fed diets with pellets. Pigs fed complete pellets had improved (P < 0.03) ADG and F/G compared with pigs fed corn and the pelleted supplement. Also, pigs fed the supplement blended with cracked corn had greater (P < 0.02) ADG than pigs fed the supplement blended with ground corn. Pelleting the diet led to an increase (P < 0.05) in ulceration scores; however, these negative effects on ulcer scores were reduced (P < 0.001) by cracking 50% of the corn and adding it postpellet.
Open Access
Effects of sorghum particle size on milling characteristics, growth performance, and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-02-16) Paulk, C.B.; Hancock, Joe D.; Fahrenholz, Adam C.; Wilson, J.M.; McKinney, Leland J.; Benhke, Keith C.; jhancock; lelandm; kbfeed
A total of 200 finishing pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050; average initial BW of 103.2 lb) were used in a 69-d growth assay to determine the effects of sorghum particle size on growth performance. Pigs were sorted by sex and ancestry and balanced by BW, with 5 pigs per pen and 10 pens per treatment. Treatments were a corn-soybean meal-based control with the corn milled to a target mean particle size of 600 μm, and sorghum diets milled to a target mean particle size of 800, 600, or 400 μm. Actual mean particle sizes were 555 μm for corn, and 724, 573, and 319 μm for sorghum, respectively. Feed and water were offered on an ad libitum basis until the pigs were slaughtered (average final BW of 271 lb) at a commercial abattoir. Reducing sorghum particle size improved (linear, P < 0.01) F/G, and we observed a tendency for decreased (P < 0.06) ADFI. Reducing sorghum particle size from 724 to 319 μm had no effects on HCW, backfat thickness, loin depth, or percentage fat-free lean index (FFLI), but tended to increase (P < 0.06) carcass yield. Pigs fed the sorghum-based diets had no difference in growth performance or carcass characteristics compared with those fed the control diet, except carcass yield, which was numerically greater (P < 0.07) for pigs fed the sorghum-based diets. When using a regression equation, we determined that sorghum must be ground to 513 μm to achieve a F/G equal to that of a corn-based diet, with corn ground to 550 μm. In conclusion, linear improvements in F/G and carcass yield were demonstrated with the reduction of sorghum particle size to 319 μm. In this experiment, sorghum should be ground 42 μm finer than corn to achieve a similar feeding value.
Open Access
Effect of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles on composition, retail stability, and sensory attributes of ground pork from barrows and gilts
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-02-16) Skaar, G.R.; Houser, Terry A.; Sotak, K.M.; Goehring, B.L.; Stickel, A.; Gerlach, B.M.; Steele, K.; Goodband, Robert D.; houser; goodband
A total of 288 finishing pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050, initially 129.6 lb) were utilized as part of a 73-d feeding study to determine the effects of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles (S-DDGS) in sorghum- or corn-based diets on ground pork quality. The dietary treatments included sorghum-based diets with 0, 15, 30, or 45% S-DDGS, a sorghum-based diet with 30% corn DDGS (C-DDGS), and a corn-based diet with 30% C-DDGS. Shoulders from 24 barrow and 24 gilt carcasses were ground, packaged, and evaluated for proximate and fatty acid composition, iodine value (IV), objective color and oxidation shelf-life, and sensory attributes. Finishing diet and gender did not interact to affect composition, fatty acid profile, color, or oxidative rancidity (P > 0.05). Pork from gilts contained less fat and more moisture (P < 0.001), was less saturated with a greater IV and total percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.01), and was also darker (P < 0.001) and more red (P = 0.004) than pork from barrows. Gender did not affect (P > 0.05) total color change from 0 to 120 h, oxidative rancidity, or sensory attributes of ground pork. Finishing diet had no effect on total fat, moisture, or protein composition. Increasing S-DDGS resulted in a linear (P < 0.001) decrease in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and an increase (P < 0.01) in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and pork IV. Pork from pigs fed 30% S-DDGS had a greater percentage of MUFA, a lower percentage of PUFA, and reduced IV compared with pork from pigs fed 30% C-DDGS. Diet did not affect oxidative rancidity (P = 0.37) or objective color CIE L* (brightness), a* (redness), or b* (yellowness) values (P ≥ 0.09), but was shown to influence total color change (P = 0.01), with pork from pigs fed sorghum grain and 30% S-DDGS showing less total change than all other dietary treatments. All pork products were characterized with similar sensory descriptors. Overall, increasing S-DDGS during finishing resulted in ground pork with a more unsaturated fatty acid profile. Utilization of S-DDGS compared with an equal level of C-DDGS resulted in pork with a more saturated fatty acid profile and reduced IV; however, product differences were not carried through to alter oxidative rancidity or sensory attributes.
Open Access
Effects of abrupt changes between mash and pellet diets on growth performance in finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-02-16) Paulk, C.B.; Ebert, J.C.; Ohlde, J.J.; Hancock, Joe D.; jhancock
A total of 200 finishing pigs (average initial BW of 132.3 lb) were used in a 58-d growth assay to determine the effects of an abrupt change from mash to pellets and pellets to mash on growth performance and carcass measurements. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block with 5 pigs per pen and 10 pens per treatment. There were 4 treatments with 2 phases of diets utilized. Treatments were mash to mash, mash to pellets, pellets to mash, and pellets to pellets for Phases 1 and 2 of the experiment. For Phase 1 (d 0 to 36), pigs fed the pelleted diet had 4% greater (P < 0.06) ADG and F/G was improved (P < 0.03) by 8% compared to pigs fed mash. For Phase 2 (d 36 to 58) and overall (d 0 to 58), pigs fed the mash diet had poorer (P < 0.01) F/G than pigs fed the pelleted treatments. Indeed, pigs fed pellets the entire experiment had ADG and F/G 5 and 8% better (P < 0.01), respectively, than pigs fed mash the entire experiment. Pigs fed mash during Phase 1 then pellets during Phase 2 had improved (P < 0.01) ADG and F/G for Phase 2 compared with pigs fed pellets then mash. Overall pigs fed pellets for either Phase 1 or 2, but not both, tended to have poorer (P < 0.10) ADG and F/G compared with pigs fed pellets for the entire experiment. With HCW used as a covariate, no differences (P > 0.15) were observed in dressing percentage, fat thickness, loin depth, or percentage fat-free lean index (FFLI). Pigs fed pellets tended to have the greatest growth performance, pigs fed mash the worst, with pigs fed pellets for only part of the grow-finish phase rating intermediate.
Open Access
Effects of diet mix time on growth performance of finishing pigs fed Ractopamine HCl
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-02-16) Paulk, C.B.; McKinney, Leland J.; Hancock, Joe D.; Williams, S.M.; Issa, S.; Gugle, Terry L.; lelandm; jhancock; tgugle
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of mix uniformity for diets with Ractopamine HCl (RAC) (Paylean; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) when fed to finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, a total of 200 pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050; average BW of 198.4 lb) were used in a 33-d growth assay arranged in a randomized complete-block design with 5 pigs per pen and 8 pens per treatment. Treatments were a corn-soybean meal-based control diet mixed for 360 sec and the mixed control diet with 9 g/ton RAC added before additional mixing for 0, 30, 120, and 360 sec. Thus, this experiment was designed to determine the effects of nutrient utilization from a thoroughly mixed diet with a potential non-uniform distribution of RAC. Pigs fed diets with RAC had improved (P < 0.05) ADG, F/G, final BW, HCW, dressing percentage, backfat thickness, loin depth, and percentage carcass lean compared with control pigs. Increasing mix time from 0 to 360 sec decreased CV for Chromium (Cr) from 67 to 12%, but had no effect on the response to RAC for any growth or carcass measurement. In Exp. 2, a total of 160 pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050; average BW of 205 lb) were used in a 27-d growth assay arranged in a completely randomized design with 2 pigs per pen and 16 pens per treatment. Treatments were a corn-soybean meal-based control mixed for 360 sec and control diets with 9 g/ton RAC mixed for 0, 30, 120, and 360 sec. Thus, this experiment was designed to determine the combined effects of potentially nonuniform distribution of both nutrients and RAC. The use of RAC increased (P < 0.01) ADG, F/G, final BW, HCW, dressing percentage, percentage lean, and loin depth. Increasing mix times from 0 to 360 sec decreased CV for salt from 51 to 12% with no significant effect on ADG, F/G, HCW, dressing percentage, backfat thickness, loin depth, or percentage lean. In conclusion, increasing mix time of diets from 0 to 360 sec did not significantly affect the response of finishing pigs to RAC, but in Exp. 2 a mix time of 120 sec for the complete diet and RAC (CV of 15%) resulted in the numerically lowest (quadratic, P < 0.15) F/G.
Open Access
Evaluation of Ractopamine HCl feeding programs on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-02-16) Ying, W.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jnelssen
A total of 934 barrows and gilts (PIC 337 × 1050, initially 240 lb) were used in a 26-d experiment to evaluate the effect of different Ractopamine HCl (RAC) feeding programs on growth and carcass traits of finishing pigs. Treatments included a basal diet with (1) no RAC for 26 d (control), (2) 7.5 ppm RAC for 26 d (constant), (3) 5 ppm RAC for d 0 to 14 and 10 ppm for d 14 to 26 (step-up), and (4) RAC concentration increased daily from 5 ppm on d 0 to 10 ppm on 26 d by using the FEEDPro (Feedlogic Corp., Willmar, MN) system (curve). Each treatment had 10 pens with a similar number of barrows and gilts in each pen. From d 0 to 14, pigs fed diets containing RAC had greater (P < 0.001) ADG and better (P < 0.001) F/G than those fed the control diet. Pigs fed the constant or step-up RAC feeding methods had greater (P < 0.04) ADFI compared with those fed the control diet. From d 14 to 26, all RACfed pigs had greater (P < 0.001) ADG and better (P < 0.001) F/G than control pigs. Overall, pigs fed diets containing RAC had improved (P < 0.001) ADG and better F/G than pigs fed the control diet. Pigs fed the step-up RAC program had greater (P = 0.01) ADG and better (P = 0.02) F/G than the constant RAC program. Pigs marketed on d 14 and 26 had heavier (P < 0.001) HCW when fed diets containing RAC compared with control pigs. Pigs fed constant RAC had greater (P = 0.002) carcass yield than control pigs. Pigs fed the constant RAC program also had greater (P = 0.03) loin depth on d 14 than control pigs. No differences were found in carcass traits among RAC treatments. Feeding RAC improved performance regardless of feeding method, but few differences were present among the RAC feeding programs in carcass weights or measurements.
Open Access
Effects of stocking density on lightweight pig performance prior to marketing
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-02-16) Potter, M. L.; Bergstrom, J. R.; Tokach, Michael D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; jnelssen; goodband; jderouch
A total of 336 finishing gilts (initially 258 lb) were used in a 21-d growth trial to evalu- ate the effects of increasing stocking density on performance of pigs classified in the slower-growing fraction of the pig population. Pens of gilts were blocked to minimize variation associated with barn location and the diet fed for the 14 d prior to the start of this trial. Within each block, pens of pigs were randomly allotted to treatments (6 pens per treatment). Treatments included stocking pens with 8, 12, 16, or 20 pigs per pen, allowing 22.5, 15.0, 11.3, and 9.0 ft2/pig, respectively. Pens were weighed and feed intake determined on d 0, 7, 14, and 21 to calculate ADG, ADFI, and F/G. Pigs were fed a common diet with the inclusion of 4.5 g/ton Ractopamine HCl (RAC) (Paylean; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) for the duration of the trial. Overall, as the number of pigs per pen increased, ADG and ADFI decreased (ADG and ADFI: linear, P < 0.01; ADFI: quadratic, P = 0.01), but no differences were measured in F/G. These performance differences resulted in numeric differences in pig weights (8 pigs: 316.6 lb, 12 pigs: 308.8 lb, 16 pigs: 310.9 lb, and 20 pigs: 307.0 lb) on d 21. These data indicate that in this commercial finishing barn, finisher pig ADG and ADFI improved as the number of pigs in each pen decreased. These findings suggest that as pigs are held in barns for extra days to add weight, their growth rates may be affected by stocking density.
Open Access
The effects of feeder design (conventional dry vs. wet-dry) in the nursery and in the finisher on growth performance of finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-02-16) Nitikanchana, S.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; jderouch; goodband; jnelssen
A total of 1,296 pigs (PIC 1050 × 337; initially 36 lb) were used in a 102-d study to determine the effects of feeder type (conventional dry vs. wet-dry) on nursery and finishing pig growth performance for pigs reared under commercial conditions. In the nursery, pigs were housed in rooms with either conventional dry or wet-dry feeders. At movement to the finisher, 312 barrows and 336 gilts from a room with conventional dry feeders and an equal number of pigs from a room with wet-dry feeders were randomly selected and distributed to have a similar number of barrows and gilts in each finisher pen. At the start of the trial, pens of pigs were weighed and randomly allotted to the 2 feeder types in finishing barn to arrange the treatments as a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of feeder type in nursery and feeder type in finisher. All pigs were fed the same corn-soybean meal diets containing 20 to 40% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) during 6 dietary phases. For the finisher period (d 0 to 102), pigs fed with the conventional dry feeder during the nursery phase and wet-dry feeder during the finisher phase tended to have greater ADG (P < 0.01) compared with pigs fed with the other feeder regimens. An interaction (P = 0.03) occurred between nursery and finisher feeder type for F/G. Within pigs provided feed with the conventional dry feeder in the nursery phase, pigs provided feed with the conventional dry feeder in the finisher phase had poorer (P < 0.01) F/G compared with those fed with the wet-dry feeder. In contrast, for pigs provided feed with the wet-dry feeder in the nursery phase, F/G during the finisher phase was the same regardless of feeder type in the finisher phase. Pigs previously fed using a conventional dry feeder in the nursery had greater ADG and ADFI (P = 0.03, P = 0.02) compared with those on wet-dry feeder in the nursery phase regardless of the effect of feeder types in finishing period. Pigs fed with wet-dry feeders in the finisher phase had greater (P < 0.01) finisher ADG and improved (P = 0.02) F/G compared with those fed with conventional dry feeders in the finishing period. Also, the final BW of finishing pigs previously fed using conventional dry feeders in the nursery was greater (P < 0.01) than those previously fed on wet-dry feeders; however, pigs fed using wet-dry feeders in finisher phase had greater (P < 0.01) final BW compared with those fed with conventional dry feeders. These results indicated that using dry feeder in nursery and wet-dry feeder in finisher gave the most benefit in terms of growth performance.
Open Access
Effects of dietary astaxanthin and ractopamine HCl on the growth and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs and the color shelf-life of longissimus chops from barrows and gilts
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-02-16) Bergstrom, J.R.; Skaar, G.R.; Houser, Terry A.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; jnelssen; houser; mtokach; goodband; jderouch; dritz
A total of 160 pigs (initially 198 lb) were used to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary astaxanthin (AX, from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous yeast) and Ractopamine HCl (RAC) on the growth and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs as well as the color shelf-life of longissimus muscle (LM) chops from barrows and gilts. Pigs were weighed and randomly allotted to 1 of 8 dietary treatments fed for approximately 26 d preharvest. Dietary treatments consisted of a corn-soybean meal-based control diet, the control diet with 7.5, 15, 30, 60, or 120 ppm AX, and a corn-soybean meal-based diet with 10 ppm RAC and 7.5 or 20 ppm AX. Each treatment had 10 pens, with 2 pigs (1 barrow and 1 gilt) in each pen. A split-plot design with repeated measures was used to compare color characteristics of LM chops from individual barrows and gilts. Overall, pigs fed RAC had increased (P < 0.01) ADG and final BW and improved F/G compared with pigs not fed RAC. Among pigs not fed RAC, F/G improved (quadratic, P < 0.05) and a trend (quadratic, P < 0.06) was observed for increased ADG with increasing AX to 60 ppm. For carcass characteristics, pigs fed RAC had greater (P < 0.03) HCW, 10th-rib LM area, 24-h LM pH, and fat-free lean index (FFLI) than those not fed RAC treatments. Among pigs not fed RAC, a trend (quadratic, P < 0.07) occurred for increased yield with increasing AX. During 6 d of retail display, the initial (d 0) NPPC color score of LM chops from gilts was greater (P < 0.03) than that of chops from barrows. Subjective discoloration scores of LM chops did not differ initially, but increased (linear, P < 0.01) daily and were greater (P < 0.02) on d 6 for chops from barrows and pigs not fed RAC than chops from gilts and pigs fed RAC, respectively (gender × d and treatment × d interactions, P < 0.04). The CIE a* (redness) and CIE b* (yellowness) of LM chops decreased (linear, P < 0.01) during retail display, and chops from gilts and pigs fed RAC had lower (P < 0.04) CIE b* than chops from barrows and pigs not fed RAC, respectively, especially on d 0 (gender × d and treatment × d interaction, P < 0.01). Overall (d 0 to 6), discoloration scores and changes in objective total color were lower (P < 0.02) for LM chops from gilts and pigs fed RAC. These observations suggest that color shelf-life was extended for chops from gilts and pigs fed RAC.
Open Access
The effect of Bacillus probiotic on growth performance and fecal consistency of growing-finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-02-16) Nitikanchana, S.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; jderouch; goodband; jnelssen; dritz
A total of 1,099 pigs (PIC 1050 × 337; initially 75 lb) were used in a 104-d study to determine the influence of a Bacillus product and diet type on growth performance, carcass traits, fecal consistency, and pen cleaning time in growing-finishing pigs raised under commercial conditions. Pens of pigs were balanced by initial weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with 26 to 27 pigs per pen and 7 replications per treatment. Treatments were arranged as a 3 × 2 factorial with main effects of Bacillus product (0, 1x, or 10x) and diet type (corn-soybean meal or a by-product diet with 30% dried distillers grains with solubles [DDGS] and 20% bakery). The dose of Bacillus in the diet was approximately 200 million cfu/g feed for the 1x level and 2 billion cfu/g feed for the 10x level. Fecal consis- tency and manure buildup in each pen was scored at the end of the trial by 3 observers with the average value per pen used for analysis. Time required to wash each individual pen was also recorded. Overall (d 0 to 104), no differences were found in growth performance or carcass composition for pigs fed the Bacillus product; however, pigs fed the 1x level of Bacillus tended (quadratic, P = 0.10) to have the lowest ADG. Manure texture score tended to increase (linear, P = 0.07) as Bacillus dose increased, indicating that pigs fed the Bacillus product had firmer stools. For diet formulation, pigs fed the diet containing by-prod- ucts had increased (P = 0.01) ADFI compared with pigs fed the corn-soybean meal diet. With no difference in ADG, feed efficiency was poorer (P < 0.01) for pigs fed by-product diets. Pens that contained pigs fed by-product diets required more (P < 0.01) time to wash, which appeared to be the result of looser manure texture (P = 0.09) and increased (P = 0.08) manure buildup in pens where pigs were fed by-product-based diets. The Bacillus product tested did not improve growth performance, but altered fecal consistency and barn wash time.
Open Access
Effects of xylanase in growing-finishing diets varying in dietary energy and fiber on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and nutrient digestibility
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-02-16) Barnes, J.A.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; mtokach; goodband; dritz; jnelssen
A total of 576 pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050, 106 lb initial BW) were used in a 75-d trial to evaluate effects of xylanase (Porzyme 93010; Danisco Animal Nutrition, St. Louis, MO) in growing-finishing diets varying in dietary energy and fiber on growth perfor- mance, carcass characteristics, and nutrient digestibility. Pens of pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial (with or without xylanase and 3 dietary energy levels) with 8 pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment. The 6 treatments consisted of corn-soybean meal-based diets with added dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), wheat middlings (midds), and choice white grease (CWG) arranged to make low- (30% DDGS, 12.5% midds, and 0% CWG), medium- (15% DDGS, 6.25% midds, and 1.2% CWG), and high-energy diets (0% DDGS, 0% midds, and 2.4 % CWG) with or without xylanase (0 or 4,000 units xylanase per kilogram of diet). Diets were formulated to contain increasing dietary CWG in the medium- and high-energy treatments to maintain uniform dietary crude fat levels. All diets were fed in meal form and in 4 phases. No xylanase × energy interactions (P ≥ 0.06) occurred for any criteria evaluated. Overall (d 0 to 75), pigs fed diets with xylanase had poorer ADG (P < 0.02) compared with pigs fed diets without added xylanase. No differences were found in any other growth response criteria between pigs fed diets with or without xylanase. Pigs fed diets with increasing energy had improved (linear; P < 0.001) ADG and F/G with no effect on ADFI. For carcass traits, increasing energy improved carcass yield (linear; P < 0.01) and HCW (linear; P < 0.001), but increased backfat depth (linear; P < 0.01). Furthermore, pigs fed diets with increasing energy had lower lean percentage (linear; P < 0.003) and jowl fat iodine value (IV) (linear; P < 0.001). Apparent fecal digestibility of ADF improved (P < 0.002) with the addition of dietary xylanase; however, there were no differences in any other nutrient digestibility criteria evaluated. As dietary energy increased, apparent digestibility of DM, N, fat, GE, ADF, and NDF increased (linear, P < 0.02). Feeding pigs diets with increasing energy levels resulted in improved performance over those fed low-energy diets. Although ADF digestibility was increased with xylanase supplementation, growth performance, carcass characteristics, and other nutrient digestibility values did not improve.
Open Access
Effects of increasing NDF from either dried distillers grains with solubles or wheat middlings, individually or in combination, on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat quality in growing-finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-02-16) Asmus, M.D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; jderouch; jnelssen; mtokach; dritz; goodband
A total of 288 pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050, initially 83.6 lb) were used in an 87-d study to determine the effects of increasing dietary NDF from wheat middlings (midds) and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat quality of growing-finishing pigs. Pens of pigs were randomly allot- ted by initial weight and gender (4 barrows and 4 gilts per pen) to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 6 replications per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial plus 2 additional treatments with the main effects of added wheat middlings (0 or 19%) or DDGS (0 or 30%) to corn-soybean meal-based diets. The additional treatments were a diet containing 9.5% midds and 30% DDGS and a diet containing 19% midds and 15% DDGS. These combinations of midds and DDGS provided diets with different NDF concentrations ranging from 9.3 to 18.9%. Diets were fed in 4 phases. Choice white grease (CWG) was added to the diets to maintain similar ME in all diets within each phase. The only DDGS × midds interaction was a trend for carcass yield (P = 0.09). Adding either midds or DDGS to the diet reduced carcass yield by a similar magnitude, but the effect was not additive. Overall, (d 0 to 87), adding midds to the diet decreased (linear, P < 0.01) ADG, final BW, and HCW, and worsened (linear, P < 0.001) F/G and jowl iodine value (IV). Increasing DDGS did not influence growth performance or carcass traits except for an increase (linear, P < 0.001) in jowl fat IV. Pigs fed increasing NDF had decreased (linear, P < 0.05) ADG and HCW and poorer (linear, P < 0.02) F/G; however, these effects were driven by the pigs fed diets contain- ing midds and do not appear to be attributed solely to increased NDF levels. Increasing NDF also increased jowl fat iodine value, but increasing NDF with DDGS had a greater negative effect than increasing NDF through midds (due to the oil content of DDGS). Thus, increasing NDF has negative impacts on pig performance, carcass yield, and fat IV, but the effects appear to be more closely related to the individual ingredients used to increase NDF rather than NDF itself.
Open Access
Effects of lowering dietary NDF levels prior to marketing on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, carcass fat quality, and intestinal weights
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-02-16) Asmus, M.D.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; Houser, Terry A.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; jderouch; jnelssen; mtokach; dritz; goodband; houser
A total of 264 pigs (PIC 327 × 1050, initially 90.1 lb) were used in a 90-d study to determine the effects of withdrawal of high dietary NDF (provided by wheat middlings [midds] and dried distillers grains with solubles [DDGS]) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, carcass fat quality, and intestinal weights of growing-finishing pigs. Pens of pigs were randomly allotted by initial weight and gender to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 6 replications per treatment. There were 24 pens with 7 pigs per pen (3 barrows and 4 gilts) and 12 pens with 8 pigs per pen (4 barrows and 4 gilts). A positive control diet containing no DDGS or midds and a negative control diet containing 30% DDGS and 19% midds was fed the entire study duration (no withdrawal). The other 4 treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with the main effects of with- drawal time (23 or 47 d) and NDF level fed during the withdrawal (low or medium). Pigs on these treatments were fed the negative control diet containing 30% DDGS and 19% wheat midds (19% NDF) prior to their withdrawal treatment. The medium fiber withdrawal diet contained 15% DDGS and 9.5% midds (14.2% NDF). The low-fiber withdrawal diet was the positive control diet without DDGS or midds (9.3% NDF). Increasing the duration of the withdrawal lowered overall ADFI (linear, P < 0.03) and improved F/G (linear, P < 0.004); however, overall ADG was not affected. Withdrawing the high-fiber diet for the last 23 d did not influence (P > 0.61) growth performance. Withdrawing the high-fiber diet improved carcass yield (P < 0.004) with a greater response (P < 0.001) when the low-NDF diet was fed during the withdrawal instead of the medium NDF diet; however, increasing the withdrawal time from 23 to 47 d did not further improve yield (P = 0.11).
Open Access
Effect of regrinding dried distillers grains with solubles on finishing pig growth performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-02-16) De Jong, J.A.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Goodband, Robert D.; Dritz, Steven S.; dritz; mtokach; jderouch; jnelssen; goodband
A total of 1,235 barrows and gilts (PIC, 337 × 1050, initially 77.35 lb) were used in a 103-d study to determine the effects of regrinding dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on finishing pig growth performance. Pigs were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments with 23 replications per treatment. Treatments included: (1) a corn-soybean meal diet with “normal” DDGS (DDGS average particle size of 780 μ), and (2) the same corn-soybean meal diet with reground DDGS (DDGS average particle size of 691 μ). Diets were fed in 4 phases (77 to 117, 117 to 163, 163 to 196, and 196 to 270 lb for Phases 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively). Phase 1 and 2 diets contained 40% DDGS, and Phase 3 and 4 diets contained 20% DDGS. To achieve uniform lots of DDGS among treatments, semi-loads were split in half and left either as-received or reground. The DDGS was reground using a RMS 9X36 dual roller mill with corrugations set at 6-6 on top and 13-13 on the bottom. Within each of the individual phases, there were no differences (P > 0.18) in ADG, ADFI, or F/G. Similarly for the overall experiment, no differences (P < 0.24) in growth performance were found. These data indicate that regrinding DDGS (95 μ reduction in particle size) was not a large enough difference to affect growth performance; however, more research is needed to evaluate a greater reduction in particle size than achieved in the present study.
Open Access
The effects of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fat quality
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-02-16) Sotak, K.M.; Houser, Terry A.; Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; Goehring, B.; Skaar, G.R.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; houser; goodband; mtokach; dritz; jderouch; jnelssen
A total of 288 finishing pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050, initially 129.6 lb) were used in a 73-d study to determine the effects of increasing sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in sorghum- or corn-based diets on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fat quality. Pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design based on initial pen weight. The dietary treatments included sorghum-based diets with sorghum DDGS included at 0, 15, 30, or 45%; a sorghum-based diet with 30% corn DDGS; and a corn-based diet with 30% corn DDGS. Overall (d 0 to 73), increasing sorghum DDGS from 0 to 45% reduced (linear, P < 0.04) ADG and ADFI. Increasing sorghum DDGS increased (linear, P < 0.01) backfat iodine value (IV), and fat color became less red (a*; linear, P < 0.01) and tended to be less yellow (b*; linear, P < 0.06). No differences were observed in growth performance among pigs fed corn- or sorghum-based diets with 30% corn DDGS along with similar carcass characteristics, backfat, loin depth, fat-free lean index (FFLI), HCW, carcass yield, and backfat IV. Pigs fed sorghum-based diets with either 30% sorghum or corn DDGS had similar ADG, ADFI, and F/G, as well as similar carcass characteristics; however, pigs fed 30% sorghum DDGS had decreased (P < 0.01) backfat IV and fat color that was more white (L*) and less yellow (b*) in color than pigs fed 30% corn DDGS. We observed similar ADG, ADFI, and F/G, as well as carcass characteristics, for pigs fed corn- or sorghum-based diets with 30% DDGS. Backfat IV was greater in pigs fed increasing DDGS, with a notable increase in pigs fed corn DDGS compared with those fed sorghum DDGS. Feeding sorghum DDGS produces pork fat that is lighter in color and less yellow than those fed corn DDGS, which may have an important role in pork export markets.
Open Access
Determining the effect of the ratio of tryptophan to large neutral amino acids on the growth performance of finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-02-16) Nitikanchana, S.; Usry, J.L.; Bergstrom, J.R.; Tokach, Michael D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Goodband, Robert D.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; jderouch; goodband; jnelssen
A total of 96 pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050; initially 77.4 lb) were used in 2 14-d studies to determine the effect of standardized ileal digestible (SID) tryptophan to large neutral amino acids (LNAA) ratio on growth performance of finishing pigs. Pens of pigs were balanced by initial weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with 4 pigs per pen and 6 replications per treatment. The treatment diets were fed in 2 phases: early finishing phase (77 to 106 lb BW) and late finishing phase (183 to 217 lb BW), with a common diet fed in between. Dietary treatments included: (1) a corn-soybean meal-based diet without DDGS, (2) a cornsoybean meal-based diet with 45% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), (3) a corn-soybean meal-based diet without DDGS but supplemented with similar amounts of LNAA as the diet containing 45% DDGS, and (4) the LNAA-supplemented diet with added crystalline tryptophan to increase the SID tryptophan:LNAA ratio. The diets were formulated in a similar manner for the late finishing phase with the exception that DDGS were lowered to 30% of the diet. In the early finishing period (77 to 106 lb), pigs fed 45% DDGS diet had poorer F/G (P = 0.01) compared with pigs fed the other diets; however, no differences were found in other response criteria. During the late finishing period (183 to 217 lb), pig growth performance was not affected by dietary treatment. These results suggest that the high level of LNAA relative to trypto- phan in diets containing 30% DDGS or greater may not be responsible for the apparent increase in the tryptophan requirement of finishing pigs seen in previous studies.
Open Access
Determining the effects of tryptophan:lysine ratio in diets containing dried distillers grains with solubles on growth performance of finishing pigs
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-02-16) Nitikanchana, S.; Usry, J.L.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jderouch; jnelssen
A total of 1,235 pigs (PIC 1050 × 337; initially 149 lb) were used in a 71-d study to determine the effects of tryptophan:lysine ratio in diets containing 0, 20, or 40% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance of finishing pigs raised in a commercial environment. Pens of pigs were balanced by initial weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with 26 to 28 pigs per pen and 7 to 8 replications per treatment. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of standardized ileal digestible (SID) tryptophan:lysine ratio (16.5 or 20% of lysine) and DDGS (0, 20, or 40%). Overall (d 0 to d 71), no differences occurred in growth performance due to SID tryptophan:lysine ratio. Increasing DDGS resulted in poorer F/G (linear, P = 0.02), but did not influence other growth performance criteria. For carcass characteristics, increasing the SID tryptophan:lysine ratio increased (P = 0.02) carcass yield percentage with the greatest improvement in yield observed when diets contained high levels (20 and 40%) of DDGS (tryptophan × DDGS interaction, P = 0.07). Pigs fed high levels of DDGS had reduced loin depth (linear, P = 0.02); however, the lowest loin depth was at 40% DDGS for 16.5% SID tryptophan:lysine ratio and at 20% DDGS for 20% SID tryptophan:lysine ratio resulting in a tryptophan × DDGS interaction (quadratic, P = 0.02). A tendency of tryptophan × DDGS interaction (linear, P = 0.08) was observed for lean percentage, with lean percentage decreasing as DDGS increased in diets containing the 16.5% SID tryptophan:lysine ratio and no change in lean percentage as DDGS increased in diets containing the 20% SID tryptophan:lysine ratio. The tendency of interactions for yield and lean percentage indicate an advantage to increasing the SID tryptophan:lysine ratio in diets with high levels of DDGS, but no effects on growth performance were observed due to SID tryptophan:lysine ratio.
Open Access
Determining the effects of L-tryptophan addition to diets containing 30% dried distillers grains with solubles on finishing pig growth performance
(Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, 2012-02-16) Nitikanchana, S.; Usry, J.; Tokach, Michael D.; Goodband, Robert D.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Dritz, Steven S.; mtokach; dritz; goodband; jderouch; jnelssen
A total of 845 pigs (PIC 380 × Mosanto; initially 163 lb) were used in a 61-d study to determine the effects of L-tryptophan addition to diets containing 30% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on the growth performance of finishing pigs reared in a commercial environment. Pens of pigs were balanced by initial weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with 25 to 30 pigs per pen and 6 replications per treatment. Treatments included 4 standardized ileal digestible (SID) tryptophan:lysine ratios (15, 17, 19, and 21% of lysine) using crystal- line L-tryptophan added to the 15% diet. An additional diet used soybean meal as a source of tryptophan to provide a SID tryptophan:lysine ratio of 21%. Overall (d 0 to d 61), increasing the SID tryptophan:lysine ratio did not affect (P > 0.25) growth performance. Pigs fed a diet containing a 21% SID tryptophan:lysine ratio with added soybean meal as the tryptophan source had (P = 0.01) poorer F/G compared with pigs fed the diet with a 21% SID tryptophan:lysine ratio from crystalline tryp- tophan. Although not significant, pigs fed the 21% SID tryptophan:lysine ratio with soybean meal as the tryptophan source had a 3% reduction in ADG compared with those fed a SID tryptophan:lysine ratio of 21% using L-tryptophan. Otherwise, ADG and ADFI (P = 0.37, P = 0.82) were similar across all treatments. In conclusion, increasing the SID tryptophan:lysine ratio from 15 to 21% by adding crystalline tryptophan (L-tryptophan) did not influence finishing pig growth performance.