http://hdl.handle.net/2097/2003 2013-05-24T06:59:59Z http://hdl.handle.net/2097/2158 Sensory characteristics of loins from pigs fed glycerol and ractopamine HCl during the last 28 days of finishing Duttlinger, A.W.; Houser, T.A.; DeRouchey, J.M.; Tokach, M.D.; Dritz, S.S.; Nelssen, J.L.; Goodband, R.D.; Prusa, K.J.; Huskey, L. Sensory characteristics were evaluated on a total of 80 loins from pigs fed diets containing glycerol, ractopamine HCl (RAC), and a combination of glycerol and RAC during the last 28 d prior to harvest. A total of 1,054 pigs were blocked by weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 10 replications per treatment. Pigs were fed corn-soybean meal-based diets. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design with main effects of glycerol (0% or 5%) and RAC (0 or 6.75 g/ton). Pork loins from 1 randomly selected barrow and gilt from each pen were used for sensory analysis. There were no glycerol × RAC interactions or main treatment effects for cooking loss or Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF). Additionally, there were no glycerol × RAC interactions or main treatment effects for the sensory traits including myofibrillar tenderness, overall tenderness, pork flavor intensity, or off-flavor intensity. There was a glycerol × RAC interaction (P < 0.01) for the sensory trait of connective tissue amount. The interaction was a result of increased connective tissue amounts when glycerol was added to the diet without RAC but numerically decreased amounts when glycerol was fed in combination with RAC. In conclusion, feeding dietary glycerol or RAC singularly or in combination for 28 d prior to slaughter did not influence sensory characteristics of center-cut pork loin chops. 2009-11-12T19:05:32Z http://hdl.handle.net/2097/2157 Incidence and severity of Arcanobacterium pyogenes injection site abscesses with needle or needle-free injection methods Gerlach, B.M.; Houser, T.A.; Hollis, L.C.; Tokach, M.D.; Nietfeld, J.C.; Higgins, J.J.; Anderson, G.A.; Goehring, B.L. A total of 198 nursery age pigs were used to evaluate the difference in the occurrence of injection site abscesses between needle-free jet injection and conventional needle-and-syringe injection systems. Pigs were fed for 21 d prior to treatment administration to acclimate the pigs to the environment of the Kansas State University Segregated Early Weaning Unit. On d 21, each pig received 4 injections of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, 1 in the neck and 1 in the ham by needle-free jet injection (Pulse Needle-Free Systems, Lenexa, KS) on 1 side and 1 in the neck and 1 in the ham on the opposite side by conventional needle-and-syringe injection. Immediately prior to injection, the external surface of the injection sites was contaminated with an inoculum of Arcanobacterium pyogenes. The pigs were then fed for a period of 27 and 28 d. On d 27 and 28, the pigs were humanely euthanized and sent to the Kansas State University Veterinary Diagnostics Laboratory, where necropsies were performed and the injection sites underwent histopathological evaluation. The needle-free jet injection system was associated with more injection site abscesses than the conventional needle-and-syringe injection method for both the neck (P = 0.06) and ham (P = 0.03) injection sites. Twelve abscesses were found at needle-free injection sites, whereas only 1 abscess was found where a conventional needle injection method was used. Five abscesses were found at the neck injection sites, and 8 abscesses were observed at the ham injection sites. Of the 13 abscesses found, 10 developed on the left side of the animal, and only 3 were on the right side. In summary, the implementation of needle-free jet injection systems in market hog production will be beneficial by eliminating the potential for needles and needle fragments in meat products, but it may increase the occurrence of injection site abscesses in pork carcasses that will need to be trimmed in pork processing plants. 2009-11-12T19:05:02Z http://hdl.handle.net/2097/2156 An evaluation of peptone as a specialty protein source in diets for nursery pigs Jones, C.K.; Tokach, M.D.; Goodband, R.D.; Nelssen, J.L.; Dritz, S.S.; DeRouchey, J.M.; McKilligan, D. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of select menhaden fish meal (SMFM), spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP), and two forms of a spray-dried ultra-filtrated porcine intestinal mucosa (Peptone 1 and 2; Protein Resources, West Bend, IA) on nursery pig performance. In Exp. 1, 216 weanling pigs (initial BW 11.9 lb) were fed either (1) a control diet containing no specialty protein sources or the control diet with (2) 4% SMFM during Phase 1 and 2% SMFM during Phase 2, (3) 4% SDAP during Phase 1 and no specialty protein sources during Phase 2, (4) 4% SDAP during Phase 1 and 2% SDAP during Phase 2, (5) 4% Peptone 1 during Phase 1 and no specialty protein sources during Phase 2, or (6) 4% Peptone 1 during Phase 1 and 2% Peptone 1 during Phase 2. Pigs were fed Phase 1 diets from d 0 to 10 postweaning followed by Phase 2 diets from d 10 to d 20 and a common Phase 3 diet that contained no specialty proteins for 7 d. From d 0 to 10 or d 0 to 27, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in ADG or F/G. In Exp. 2, 180 weanling pigs (initial BW 13.0 lb) were fed either (1) a control diet containing no specialty protein sources or the control diet with (2) 4% SMFM during Phase 1 and 2% SMFM during Phase 2, (3) 4% SDAP during Phase 1 and no specialty protein sources during Phase 2, (3) 4% SDAP during Phase 1 and 2% SDAP during Phase 2, (5) 4% Peptone 2 during Phase 1 and no specialty protein sources during Phase 2, or (6) 4% Peptone 2 during Phase 1 and 2% Peptone during Phase 2. Pigs were fed Phase 1 diets from d 0 to 10 postweaning followed by a Phase 2 diet from d 10 to d 25. Pigs were then fed a common Phase 3 diet that contained no specialty proteins for 7 d. From d 0 to 10, pigs fed diets containing Peptone 2 had improved (P < 0.10) F/G compared with pigs fed the control diet. Overall (d 0 to 32), pigs fed 4% Peptone 2 during Phase 1 and 2% Peptone 2 during Phase 2 had improved (P < 0.05) ADG compared with pigs fed 4% SMFM during Phase 1 and 2% SMFM during Phase 2. Pigs fed 4% Peptone 2 during Phase 1 and 2% Peptone 2 during Phase 2 had improved (P < 0.05) F/G compared with pigs fed all other diets. In conclusion, the Peptone products evaluated in these studies can be used in nursery pig diets without negatively affecting pig growth performance. However, the lack of response to animal plasma in these experiments indicates that further research is warranted. 2009-11-12T19:04:36Z http://hdl.handle.net/2097/2155 Effects of increasing feeding level during late gestation on sow and litter performance Shelton, N.W.; DeRouchey, J.M.; Neill, C.R.; Tokach, M.D.; Dritz, S.S.; Goodband, R.D.; Nelssen, J.L. A total of 108 gilts and sows (PIC 1050) and their litters were used over 2 gestation and lactation periods to determine the effect of increasing late gestation feeding level on sow and litter performance. Treatments were structured as a 2 × 2 factorial design with main effects of feeding level (0 or 2 lb of extra feed from d 90 to farrowing) and parity group (gilts or sows). The trial was conducted for 2 successive parities, with gilts and sows remaining on the same treatment for both parities. For the first gestation and lactation period, gilts had increased (P < 0.001) backfat thickness on d 35, 90, and 112 of gestation and at farrowing compared with sows but had increased (P < 0.001) lactation backfat loss. Increasing late gestation feed increased (P < 0.001) weight gain from d 90 to 112 in both gilts and sows. There were late gestation feeding level × parity interactions observed (P < 0.04) for ADFI and total feed intake for the overall lactation period. This was due to gilts having decreased lactation ADFI when fed extra feed in late gestation, but when sows were fed extra feed, lactation ADFI increased. Increasing feeding level in late gestation also increased (P < 0.04) total feed cost. A feeding level × parity interaction was observed (P < 0.04) for average weight of total born and live born pigs. Increasing feeding level in late gestation increased piglet birth weight in gilts but decreased piglet weight in sows. Gilts had increased (P < 0.02) number and total weight of the total born, live born, and number after fostering compared with older parity sows. Gilts weaned larger (P < 0.002) litters and had increased (P < 0.03) total litter weaning weight compared with older parity sows. At weaning, sows had a decreased (P < 0.002) weaning to breeding interval compared with gilts, and a late gestation feeding level × parity interaction was observed (P < 0.03) for conception rate. Gilts that received increased late gestation feed had a greater conception rate than those maintained on the same level, whereas a decrease in conception rate was observed when sows received increased late gestation feed. During the subsequent lactation period, a feeding level × parity interaction was detected (P < 0.005) for lactation backfat loss. This interaction was reflective of an increase in backfat loss in parity 2 sows as the late gestation feeding level was increased and a decrease in backfat loss in parity 3 and older sows with increasing late gestation feeding level. A feeding level × parity interaction was detected (P < 0.02) for lactation weight loss; parity 2 sows lost a greater amount of weight when late gestation feeding level was increased, whereas similar weight losses were observed between treatments in parity 3 and older sows. Total born and live born numbers and total litter weight were greater (P < 0.006) in parity 2 sows than in parity 3 and older sows. A late gestation feeding level × parity interaction was observed (P < 0.01) for average weight of both total born and live born pigs because of an increase in piglet birth weight as parity 2 sows were supplemented with 2 lb of additional feed in late gestation with a slight numeric decrease in parity 3 and older sows. Additional feed in late gestation increased (P < 0.02) average piglet weaning weight, with a large improvement observed in parity 2 sows. Total number weaned and total weight at weaning were increased (P < 0.004) in parity 2 sows compared with parity 3 and older sows. This trial indicates that adding extra feed to late gestation diets increased feed cost with no benefit in sow performance. In gilts, conception rate and litter weaning weight were increased during the second parity, but no other benefits were found. 2009-11-12T19:04:19Z